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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

optical scrambler
<microscopy> An optical device for scrambling the image of a non-uniform light source so that it now fills the condenser aperture uniformly without appreciable loss of total luminous flux through the microscope. The scrambler can be a simple loop of a single optical fibre with its ends appropriately polished ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

optical sectioning
<microscopy> The use of high numerical aperture objective and condenser lenses on a microscope to achieve a shallow depth of field. With a very shallow depth of field, objects above and below focus contribute little to the in-focus image, so that a clean optical section is obtained. ... See: depth of field. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

optical staining
<microscopy> Producing colour in the microscopical image so as to differentiate one part of the object from another. One way is by use of Rheinberg filters. Another is to use polarized light on an anisotropic specimen. Another important method is by dispersion staining. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

optical storage devices
A computer disk read by a laser beam, containing data prerecorded by a vendor. The buyer cannot enter or modify data in any way but the advantages lie in the speed of accessibility, relative immunity to damage, and relatively low cost of purchase. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

optical transfer function
<microscopy> The relationship between the image produced by an optical instrument and the amplitude and phase of a periodic specimen, measured at various spatial frequencies. ... The optical transfer function curve, which shows how well contrast is maintained for finer specimen details, is a complex function, of which the real term gives the r …

optical tubelength
<microscopy> The distance from the second principal focal plane of the objective to the front focal plane of the ocular. This distance is about 180 mm for high-power objectives, less for those of low power. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

optically
By optics or sight; with reference to optics. ... <chemistry> Optically active, Optically inactive, terms used of certain metameric substances which, while identical with each other in other respects, differ in this, viz, that they do or do not produce right-handed or left-handed circular polarization of light. Optically positive, Optically ne …

optically active
<chemistry> A material which can rotate plane-polarized light. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

opticianry
The professional practice of filling prescriptions for ophthalmic lenses, dispensing spectacles, and making and fitting contact lenses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optico-
See: opto-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

opticociliary
Relating to the optic and ciliary nerves. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

opticokinetic nystagmus
Synonym for optokinetic nystagmus ... Nystagmus induced by looking at moving visual stimuli. ... Synonym: opticokinetic nystagmus, railroad nystagmus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

opticopupillary
Relating to the optic nerve and the pupil. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optimal
The best, the most favourable. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

optimism
1. <psychology> The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature, being the work of God, is ordered for the best, or that the ordering of things in the universe is such as to produce the highest good. ... 2. A disposition to take the most hopeful view; opposed to pessimism. ... Origin: L. Optimus the best; akin to optio choice: cf. F. Optimism …

optimum
The best or most suitable; e.g., denoting the dose of a remedy likely to give most benefit with fewest side effects, the temperature or pH at which an enzyme has maximal activity. ... Origin: L. Ntr. Sing. Of optimus, best ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optimum dose
The dose of a drug or radiation that will produce the desired effect with minimum likelihood of undesirable symptoms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optimum pH
<biochemistry> The pH at which an enzyme has maximum potency and efficiency. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

optimum temperature
The temperature at which any operation, such as the culture of any special microorganism, is best carried on. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

opto-
Optico- ... Optical; optic; ocular. ... Origin: G. Optikos, optical, from ops, eye ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optokinetic
See: optokinetic nystagmus. ... Origin: opto-+ G. Kinesis, movement ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optokinetic nystagmus
Nystagmus induced by looking at moving visual stimuli. ... Synonym: opticokinetic nystagmus, railroad nystagmus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optomeninx
Synonym: retina. ... Origin: opto-+ G. Meninx, membrane ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optometrist
Professional trained to provide primary eye and vision care and improve vision with glasses, contact lenses, etc. An optometrist is an o.d. (doctor of optometry), not an m.d. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

optometry
The professional practice of primary eye and vision care that includes the measurement of visual refractive power and the correction of visual defects with lenses or glasses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

optomyometer
An instrument for determining the relative power of the extrinsic muscles of the eye. ... Origin: opto-+ G. Mys, muscle, + metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

optotypes
Test letters. ... See: test types. ... Origin: opto-+ G. Typos, type ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

opv
<virology> A live vaccination, administered orally to children for protection against the polio virus. Typically given at 2, 4 and 15 months. A final oral vaccine is recommended at 4-6 years. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

or
A particle that marks an alternative; as, you may read or may write, that is, you may do one of the things at your pleasure, but not both. It corresponds to either. You may ride either to London or to Windsor. It often connects a series of words or propositions, presenting a choice of either; as, he may study law, or medicine, or divinity, or he ma …

ora
Plural of L. Os, the mouth. ... An edge or a margin. ... Origin: L. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

ora serrata
The serrated extremity of the optic part of the retina, located a little behind the ciliary body and marking the limits of the percipient portion of the membrane. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Orabase
<chemical> Used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

orad
1. In a direction toward the mouth. ... 2. Situated nearer the mouth in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of aborad. ... Origin: L. Os, mouth, + ad, to ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral
<anatomy> Pertaining to the mouth, taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral medication or an oral thermometer. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

oral (erosive) lichen planus
Oral manifestations of lichen planus characterised by white striae (Wickham's striae) of the oral mucous membrane and sometimes associated with ulceration; patients may or may not exhibit a history of cutaneous lichen planus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral biology
That aspect of biology devoted to the study of biological phenomena associated with the oral cavity in health and disease (e.g., dental caries, mastication, periodontal disease). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral cancer
Cancer within the mouth. Please see MedicineNet site on ral cancer for more information. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral candidiasis
Synonym for candidiasis ... <gastroenterology, microbiology, oncology> Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. ... It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body and is generally caused by Candida albicans, it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (oral candidiasis), re …

oral cavity
The region consisting of the vestibulum oris, the narrow cleft between the lips and cheeks, and the teeth and gums, and the cavitas oris propria. ... Synonym: cavitas oris, cavum oris, mouth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral cavity proper
The space between the dental arches, limited posteriorly by the isthmus of the fauces (palatoglossal arch). ... Synonym: cavitas oris propria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral cholecystogram
<radiology> Dose: 6 x 0.5 gram tablets after evening meal, peak opacification in 14-19 hrs. (13-35% excreted in urine) patient selection: bilirubin less than 5mg% (unless secondary to haemolysis), contraindicated in serious liver disease, relative contraindications in peritonitis, postoperative ileus, acute pancreatitis nonvisualization of ga …

oral contraceptive
Any orally effective preparation designed to prevent conception. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral epithelial nevus
Synonym for white sponge nevus ... An autosomal dominant condition of the oral cavity characterised by soft, white or opalescent, thickened and corrugated folds of mucous membrane; other mucosal sites are occasionally involved simultaneously. ... Synonym: familial white folded dysplasia, oral epithelial nevus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral fissure
Synonym for rima oris ... The mouth slit; the aperture of the mouth. ... Synonym: oral fissure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral fistula
An abnormal passage within the mouth communicating between two or more anatomical structures. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral focal mucinosis
An area of myxomatous connective tissue; the mucosal counterpart of cutaneous focal mucinosis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral haemorrhage
Bleeding from the blood vessels of the mouth, which may occur as a result of injuries to the mouth, accidents in oral surgery, or diseases of the gums; the term should not be used for the escape of blood from the mouth due to internal injuries. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral hairy leukoplakia
A whitish lesion that appears on the side of the tongue and inside cheeks. The lesion appears raised, with a ribbed or hairy surface. ... Oral hairy leukoplakia occurs mainly in people with declining immunity and may be caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

oral health
The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral hygiene
The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral hygiene index
A combination of the debris index and the dental calculus index to determine the status of oral hygiene. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral lactose tolerance test
A test for lactose deficiency; the plasma glucose response to an oral lactose load is measured as in the (oral) glucose tolerance test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral manifestations
Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral medicine
A branch of dentistry dealing with diseases of the oral and paraoral structures and the oral management of systemic diseases. (hall, what is oral medicine, anyway? clinical update: national naval dental centre, march 1991, p7-8) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral membrane
Synonym for buccopharyngeal membrane ... A bilaminar (ectoderm and endoderm) membrane derived from the prochordal plate; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum. ... Synonym: oral membrane, oropharyngeal membrane. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral mucosa
The mucous membrane of the oral cavity, including the gingiva. ... Synonym: tunica mucosa oris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral part of pharynx
Synonym for oropharynx ... The area of the throat at the back of the mouth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral pathology
The branch of dentistry concerned with the aetiology, pathogenesis, and clinical, gross, and microscopic aspects of oral and paraoral disease, including oral soft tissues, the teeth, jaws, and salivary glands. ... Synonym: dental pathology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral pharynx
Synonym for oropharynx ... The area of the throat at the back of the mouth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral phase
In psychoanalytic personality theory, the earliest stage in psychosexual development, lasting through the first 18 months of life, during which the oral zone is the centre of the infant's needs, expression, gratification, and pleasurable erotic experiences; has a strong influence on the organization and development of the child's psyche. ... (05 Mar …

oral physiotherapy
The use of a toothbrush, interdental stimulator, floss, irrigating device, or other adjunctive aid to maintain oral health ... Origin: physio-+ G. Therapeia, treatment ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral plate
A circumscribed area of fusion of foregut endoderm and stomodeal ectoderm in the embryo which breaks through early in development to establish the oral opening. ... See: buccopharyngeal membrane. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral polio vaccine
<drug> A live vaccination, administered orally to children for protection against the polio virus. Typically given at 2, 4 and 15 months. A final oral vaccine is recommended at 4-6 years. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

oral poliovirus vaccine
An aqueous suspension of live, attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus (types 1, 2, and 3) given orally for active immunization against poliomyelitis. ... See: Sabin vaccine. ... Synonym: poliomyelitis vaccines. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral region
The region of the face including the lips and mouth. ... Synonym: regio oralis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral shields
Removable appliances used in orthodontic treatment, usually placed between the labial and buccal mucosa and the teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral smear
Synonym for alimentary tract smear ... A group of cytologic specimens containing material from the mouth (oral smear), oesophagus and stomach (gastric smear), duodenum (paraduodenal smear), and colon, obtained by specialised lavage techniques; used principally for the diagnosis of cancer of those areas. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral stage
The earliest of the stages of infantile psychosexual development, lasting from birth to 12 months or longer. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral stereotypy
Synonym for verbigeration ... Constant repetition of meaningless words or phrases; seen in schizophrenia. ... Synonym: catalogia, cataphasia, oral stereotypy. ... Origin: L. Verbum, word, + gero, to carry about ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral submucous fibrosis
A precancerous condition of the oral mucosa and upper aerodigestive tract characteristically in a native of India. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral surgeon
<specialist> A physician specialist expert in the surgical treatment of the jaw, face, teeth and associated structures. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

oral surgery
The branch of dentistry concerned with the diagnosis and surgical and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries, and deformities of the oral and maxillofacial region. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oral surgical procedures
Procedures used to treat disease, injuries, and defects of the oral and maxillofacial region. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

oral teeth
Synonym for anterior teeth ... <dentistry> Your centrals, laterals, and cuspids. These are the teeth in the front of your mouth. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

oral ulcer
A loss of mucous substance of the mouth showing local excavation of the surface, resulting from the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. It is the result of a variety of causes, e.g., denture irritation, aphthous stomatitis (stomatitis, aphthous), noma, necrotizing gingivitis (gingivitis, necrotizing, ulcerative), toothbrushing, and various i …

oral vestibule
That part of the mouth bounded anteriorly and laterally by the lips and the cheeks, posteriorly and medially by the teeth and/or gums, and above and below by the reflections of the mucosa from the lips and cheeks to the gums. ... Synonym: vestibulum oris, buccal cavity, vestibule of mouth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orale
A point at the lingual side of the alveolar termination of the premaxillary suture. ... Origin: Mod. L. Punctum orale, oral point, fr. L. Os (or-), mouth ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orality
In freudian psychology, a term used to denote the psychic organization derived from, and characteristic of, the oral period of psychosexual development. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Oram
S., 20th century English cardiologist. ... See: Holt-Oram syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orang
Synonym for orang-outang ... <zoology> An arboreal anthropoid ape (Simia satyrus), which inhabits Borneo and Sumatra. Often called simply orang. ... Alternative forms: orang-outan, orang-utan, ourang-utang, and oran-utan. ... It is over four feet high, when full grown, and has very long arms, which reach nearly or quite to the ground when the bo …

orang-outang
<zoology> An arboreal anthropoid ape (Simia satyrus), which inhabits Borneo and Sumatra. Often called simply orang. ... Alternative forms: orang-outan, orang-utan, ourang-utang, and oran-utan. ... It is over four feet high, when full grown, and has very long arms, which reach nearly or quite to the ground when the body is erect. Its colour is r …

orange
1. <botany> The fruit of a tree of the genus Citrus (Citrus Aurantium). It is usually round, and consists of pulpy carpels, commonly ten in number, inclosed in a leathery rind, which is easily separable, and is reddish yellow when ripe. ... There are numerous varieties of oranges; as, the bitter orange, which is supposed to be the original sto …

orange G
An azo dye, C16H10N2O7S2Na2, used as a cytoplasmic stain in histologic techniques. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orange wood
A soft wood used in dentistry for placement of bridges, crowns, etc. By biting pressure, also used as a burnishing point in the polishing of root surfaces. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

oratory
Origin: OE. Oratorie, fr. L. Oratorium, fr. Oratorius of praying, of an orator: cf. F. Oratoire. See Orator, Oral, and cf. Oratorio. ... A place of orisons, or prayer; especially, a chapel or small room set apart for private devotions. 'An oratory [temple] . . . In worship of Dian.' (Chaucer) 'Do not omit thy prayers for want of a good oratory, or p …

Orbeli effect
The fatigue of a muscle stimulated by its nerve (i.e., indirectly) is reduced by concurrent stimulation of sympathetic fibres to the muscle; thought to be caused by norepinephrine diffusing from adrenergic fibres which innervate blood vessels in the muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Orbeli, Leon
<person> Russian physiologist, 1882-1958. ... See: Orbeli effect. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicular
Circular or nearly so. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

orbicular bone
Synonym for lenticular process of incus ... A knob at the tip of the long limb of the incus which articulates with the stapes. ... Synonym: processus lenticularis incudis, lenticular apophysis, lenticular bone, orbicular bone, orbicular process, orbiculare, os orbiculare, os sylvii. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicular ligament
Synonym for annular ligament ... <anatomy> One of a number of ligament's encircling various parts; the principal annular ligament's are those of the stapes, radius, and trachea. ... See: annular ligament of the radius, annular ligament of the stapes, annular ligaments of the trachea. ... Synonym: ligamentum annulare, orbicular ligament. ... (05 M …

orbicular ligament of radius
Synonym for annular ligament of the radius ... The ligament that encircles and holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint and enabling pronation/supination of forearm; receives the radial collateral ligament of the elbow. ... Synonym: ligamentum annulare radii, ligamentum orbiculare radii, orbi …

orbicular muscle
Synonym for orbicularis muscle ... <anatomy> A sphincter-like sheet of muscle that encircles an orifice such as the mouth or the palpebral fissures. ... Synonym: musculus orbicularis, orbicular muscle, orbicularis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicular muscle of eye
Synonym for orbicularis oculi muscle ... <anatomy> Consists of three portions: orbital part, or external portion, which arises from frontal process of maxilla and nasal process of frontal bone, encircles aperture of orbit, and is inserted near origin; palpebral part, or internal portion, which arises from medial palpebral ligament, passes thro …

orbicular muscle of mouth
Synonym for orbicularis oris ... <anatomy, muscle> Origin, by nasolabial band from septum of the nose, by superior incisive bundle from incisor fossa of maxilla, by inferior incisive bundle from lower jaw each side of symphysis; insertion, fibres surround mouth between skin and mucous membrane of lips and cheeks, and are blended with other mus …

orbicular process
Synonym for lenticular process of incus ... A knob at the tip of the long limb of the incus which articulates with the stapes. ... Synonym: processus lenticularis incudis, lenticular apophysis, lenticular bone, orbicular bone, orbicular process, orbiculare, os orbiculare, os sylvii. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicular zone
Synonym for zona orbicularis ... Fibres of the articular capsule of the hip joint encircling the neck of the femur. ... Synonym: orbicular zone, ring ligament, zonular band. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbiculare
Synonym: lenticular process of incus. ... Origin: L., fr. Orbiculus, a small disk ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicularis
1. Circular; denoting a circular or disk-shaped structure. ... Synonym: orbicularis muscle. ... Origin: L. Fr. Orbiculus, a small disk ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicularis muscle
<anatomy> A sphincter-like sheet of muscle that encircles an orifice such as the mouth or the palpebral fissures. ... Synonym: musculus orbicularis, orbicular muscle, orbicularis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

orbicularis oculi muscle
<anatomy> Consists of three portions: orbital part, or external portion, which arises from frontal process of maxilla and nasal process of frontal bone, encircles aperture of orbit, and is inserted near origin; palpebral part, or internal portion, which arises from medial palpebral ligament, passes through each eyelid, and is inserted into la …