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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

total parenteral nutrition
<pharmacology> Intravenous feeding that provides patients with all essential nutrients when they are unable to feed themselves. ... Acronym: TPN ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

total pelvic exenteration
Removal of the urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureter, vagina, uterus, adnexa, rectum, anus, and adjacent lymph nodes; a colostomy and urinary diversion are necessary. ... Synonym: Brunschwig's operation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total peripheral resistance
The total resistance to flow of blood in the systemic circuit; the quotient produced by dividing the mean arterial pressure by the cardiac minute-volume. ... Synonym: peripheral resistance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total placenta previa
Synonym for placenta previa centralis ... Placenta previa in which the placenta entirely covers the internal os of the cervix. ... Synonym: central placenta previa, total placenta previa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total push therapy
The application of all available therapy's to the treatment of a psychiatric patient in a hospital setting. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total quality management
The application of industrial management practice to systematically maintain and improve organization-wide performance. Effectiveness and success are determined and assessed by quantitative quality measures. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

total refractory period
The absolute refractory period plus the relative refractory period. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total sclerectasia
Uniform stretching of the entire sclera, typically seen in buphthalmos. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total spinal anaesthesia
Spinal anaesthesia extensive enough to produce loss of sensation in all extracranial sensory roots. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total suspended particulates
The quantity of solid particles in a gas or exhaust stream. Any finely divided material (solid or liquid) that is airborne with a diameter smaller than a few hundred micrometres. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

total suspended solids
The organic and inorganic material left on a standard glass fibre filter (0.45 micron) after a water sample is filtered through it. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

total synechia
Adhesion of the entire surface of the iris to the lens capsule. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

total transfusion
Synonym for exchange transfusion ... Removal of most of a patient's blood followed by introduction of an equal amount from donors. ... Synonym: exsanguination transfusion, substitution transfusion, total transfusion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

totally intrathoracic stomach
<radiology> Defect in the central tendon of the diaphragm in combination with a slight volvulus in the transverse axis of the stomach behind the heart, findings: cardia may be intrathoracic (usually) or subdiaphragmatic, greater curvature may be on right or left side see: hiatal hernia ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

tote mism
Belief in a kinship with, or a mystical relationship between, a group or individual and a totem. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

totem
An object (usually an animal or plant) serving as the emblem of a family or clan and often as a reminder of its ancestry; something that serves as a revered symbol. ... Origin: Amer. Indian ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

totemistic
Relating to totemism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

totipotency
<embryology> The ability of a cell or nucleus to develop into any type of specialised cell or nucleus, i.e., the ability of a single cell to develop and differentiate into a complete organism. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

totipotent
<embryology> Capable of giving rise to all types of differentiated cell found in that organism. A single totipotent cell could, by division, reproduce the whole organism. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

totipotent cell
An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into any type of body cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

totipotential protoplasm
Living matter with the least recognizable differentiation of structure but with the greatest potential, all cell organs being formable by it. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

totiviridae
<virology> A family of fungus-infecting viruses which have isometric particles that contain double-stranded RNA. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

totivirus
A genus of RNA fungi viruses in the family totiviridae. Some of the viruses contain additional satellite RNA or defective RNA. Transmission occurs during cell division, sporogenesis and cell fusion. The type species is saccharomyces cerevisiae virus l-a. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toucan
1. <ornithology> Any one of numerous species of fruit-eating birds of tropical America belonging to Ramphastos, Pteroglossus, and allied genera of the family Ramphastidae. They have a very large, but light and thin, beak, often nearly as long as the body itself. most of the species are brilliantly coloured with red, yellow, white, and black i …

touch
1. To come in contact with; to hit or strike lightly against; to extend the hand, foot, or the like, so as to reach or rest on. 'Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear Touched lightly.' (Milton) ... 2. To perceive by the sense of feeling. 'Nothing but body can be touched or touch.' (Greech) ... 3. To come to; to reach; to attain to. 'The god, vindic …

touch cell
Synonym for tactile cell ... One of the epithelioid cell's of a corpusculum tactus. ... Synonym: touch cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

touch corpuscle
Synonym for tactile corpuscle ... One of numerous oval bodies found in the papillae of the skin, especially those of the fingers and toes; they consist of a connective tissue capsule in which the axon fibrils terminate around and between a pile of wedge-shaped epithelioid cells. ... Synonym: corpusculum tactus, Meissner's corpuscle, oval corpuscle, t …

touchstone
1. <chemical> Lydian stone; basanite; so called because used to test the purity of gold and silver by the streak which is left upon the stone when it is rubbed by the metal. See Basanite. ... 2. Any test or criterion by which the qualities of a thing are tried. 'The foregoing doctrine affords us also a touchstone for the trial of spirits. ... & …

toughened silver nitrate
Silver nitrate mixed with silver chloride and allowed to dry. Usually applied to the ends of small wooden applicator sticks or made available as pencils. These are used after wetting as a caustic chemical for the removal of warts. ... Synonym: fused silver nitrate, lunar caustic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Touraine, Albert
<person> French dermatologist, 1883-1961. ... See: Christ-Siemens-Touraine syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tourette syndrome
<syndrome> Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics present with tics occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significan …

Tourette's disease
Synonym for tourette syndrome ... <syndrome> Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics present with tics occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. The disturbance cau …

Tourette's syndrome
<syndrome> A neurologic disease of unknown cause that presents with multiple tics (uncontrolled behaviour), associated with snorting, sniffing and involuntary vocalisations. The explosive utterance of obscenities is common. Treatment is with haloperidol. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

tourmaline
<chemical> A mineral occurring usually in three-sided or six-sided prisms terminated by rhombohedral or scalenohedral planes. Black tourmaline (schorl) is the most common variety, but there are also other varieties, as the blue (indicolite), red (rubellite), also green, brown, and white. The red and green varieties when transparent are valued …

Tournay sign
Synonym for Tournay's phenomenon ... Dilation of the pupil in the abducting eye on extreme lateral gaze. This is present in only a small percentage of the normal popupation and has no known association with disease. ... Synonym: Tournay sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tournay, Auguste
<person> French ophthalmologist, 1878-1969. ... See: Tournay sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tournay's phenomenon
Dilation of the pupil in the abducting eye on extreme lateral gaze. This is present in only a small percentage of the normal popupation and has no known association with disease. ... Synonym: Tournay sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tourniquet
<equipment> An apparatus designed for the compression of the vessels of the limb. A loosely applied tourniquet can impede venous blood flow out of the extremity. A tightly applied tourniquet can also impede arterial blood flow into the extremity. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

tourniquet poditis
Postischemic acute inflammatory oedema in the foot (or paw), as the result of complete obstruction of the circulation to that member by use of a tourniquet; produced experimentally in animals as a means of evaluating the anti-inflammatory efficacy of drugs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tourniquet test
See: capillary fragility test, Rumpel-Leede test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tourniquets
Devices for the compression of a blood vessel by application around an extremity to control the circulation and prevent the flow of blood to or from the distal area. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Tourtual, Kaspar
<person> Prussian anatomist, 1802-1865. ... See: Tourtual's membrane, Tourtual's sinus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tourtual's membrane
Synonym for quadrangular membrane ... The elastic fibra membrane that extends from the ventricular fold of the larynx upward to the aryepiglottic fold; it attaches anteriorly to the epiglottis and posteriorly to the lateral margin of the arytenoid and corniculate cartilages. ... Synonym: membrana quadrangularis, Tourtual's membrane. ... (05 Mar 2000)< …

Tourtual's sinus
Synonym for supratonsillar fossa ... The interval between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches above the tonsil, most obvious after the tonsil has regressed in the adult. ... Synonym: fossa supratonsillaris, supratonsillar recess, Tourtual's sinus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Touton giant cell
A xanthoma cell in which the multiple nuclei are grouped around a small island of nonfoamy cytoplasm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Touton, Karl
<person> German dermatologist, *1858. ... See: Touton giant cell. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tovell tube
An armored tracheal tube with a wire spiral embedded in the wall to prevent obstruction of the lumen when the tube is compressed and kinking when the tube is bent at a sharp angle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tovell, Ralph
<person> U.S. Anaesthesiologist, 1901-1967. ... See: Tovell tube. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

towel
A cloth used for wiping, especially one used for drying anything wet, as the person after a bath. ... <botany> Towel gourd, the fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Luffa aegyptiaca; also, the plant itself. The fruit is very fibrous, and, when separated from its rind and seeds, is used as a sponge or towel. ... Synonym: Egyptian bath sponge, and d …

tower
1. A mass of building standing alone and insulated, usually higher than its diameter, but when of great size not always of that proportion. A projection from a line of wall, as a fortification, for purposes of defense, as a flanker, either or the same height as the curtain wall or higher. ... A structure appended to a larger edifice for a special pu …

tower skull
Synonym for oxycephaly ... A type of craniosynostosis in which there is premature closure of the lambdoid and coronal sutures, resulting in an abnormally high, peaked, or conically shaped skull. ... Synonym: acrocephalia, acrocephaly, hypsicephaly, hypsocephaly, oxycephalia, steeple skull, tower skull, turricephaly. ... Origin: G. Oxys, pointed, + kep …

town
1. Formerly: An inclosure which surrounded the mere homestead or dwelling of the lord of the manor. The whole of the land which constituted the domain. A collection of houses inclosed by fences or walls. ... 2. Any number or collection of houses to which belongs a regular market, and which is not a city or the see of a bishop. ... 3. Any collection o …

Towne projection
Reverse tilted AP radiographic projection devised to permit demonstration of the entire occipital bone, foramen magnum, and dorsum sellae, as well as the petrous ridges. ... Synonym: half axial view, half-axial projection, Towne view. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Towne projection radiograph
See: Towne projection. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Towne view
Synonym for Towne projection ... Reverse tilted AP radiographic projection devised to permit demonstration of the entire occipital bone, foramen magnum, and dorsum sellae, as well as the petrous ridges. ... Synonym: half axial view, half-axial projection, Towne view. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Towne, E
<person> U.S. Otolaryngologist, 1883-1957. ... See: Towne projection, Towne projection radiograph, Towne view. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

township
1. The district or territory of a town. ... In the United States, many of the States are divided into townships of five, six, seven, or perhaps ten miles square, and the inhabitants of such townships are invested with certain powers for regulating their own affairs, such as repairing roads and providing for the poor. The township is subordinate to t …

toxaemia
1. <microbiology> The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. ... 2. <biochemistry> A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, for example toxaemia of pregnancy. ... Origin: Gr. Haima = blood ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

toxaemia of pregnancy
<obstetrics> A condition seen in the third trimester of pregnancy that is characterised by hypertension, swelling and the presence of protein in the urine. ... Synonym: preeclampsia. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

toxaemic
Pertaining to, affected by, or manifesting the features of toxaemia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxaemic jaundice
Synonym for haemolytic jaundice ... <haematology> Haemolytic jaundice is a type of jaundice, where the skin takes on a yellowish hue, which occurs when red blood cells have been destroyed (by haemolysis). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

toxaemic retinopathy of pregnancy
Sudden angiospasm of retinal arterioles, later followed by retinal vascular signs of advanced hypertensive retinopathy; vascular changes disappear rapidly after termination of the pregnancy. ... Synonym: eclamptic retinopathy, gravidic retinopathy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxalbumins
Phytotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxanaemia
Anaemia resulting from the effects of a haemolytic poison. ... Origin: G. Toxikon, poison, + anaemia ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxaphene
<chemical> A very complex, but reproducible mixture of at least 177 c10 polychloro derivatives, having an approximate overall empirical formula of c10-h10-cl8. It is used as an insecticide and may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: fourth annual report on carcinogens (ntp 85-002, 1985). ... Pharmacological action: carcinogens, insec …

toxascariasis
Infections with nematodes of the genus toxascaris. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toxascaris
An ascarid nematode found primarily in the small intestine of the larger felidae as well as dogs and cats. It differs from toxocara in that the larvae do not migrate through the lungs. It does occasionally produce visceral larva migrans (larva migrans, visceral) in man, although more rarely than does toxocara. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Toxascaris leonina
An ascarid nematode of the dog that differs from Toxocara in that the larvae do not migrate through the lungs; the entire developmental cycle occurs in the gut. This parasite has been found in humans in a few instances and is a cause of visceral larva migrans in children, though less frequently implicated than is Toxocara canis. ... Origin: G. Toxon …

toxic
Pertaining to, due to or of the nature of a poison or toxin, manifesting the symptoms of severe infection. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

toxic amaurosis
Blindness due to optic neuritis caused by methyl alcohol, lead, arsenic, quinine, or other poisons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic amblyopia
Synonym for toxic amaurosis ... Blindness due to optic neuritis caused by methyl alcohol, lead, arsenic, quinine, or other poisons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic anaemia
Any anaemia resulting from the destructive effects of a chemical, metabolic poison, bacterial toxin, venom, and similar materials. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic cataract
A cataract caused by drugs or chemicals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic cirrhosis
Cirrhosis of the liver resulting from chronic poisoning, as by lead or carbon tetrachloride. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic cyanosis
Cyanosis due to methemoglobin formation resulting from the action of certain drugs, e.g., nitrites. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic delirium
Delirium caused by the action of a poison. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic effect
<physiology> The physiologic, physical or laboratory manifestations or derangement that can be attributed to the presence of a substance within the body. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

toxic epidermal necrolysis
A syndrome in which a large portion of the skin becomes intensely erythematous with epidermal necrosis, and peels off in the manner of a second-degree burn, often simultaneous with the formation of flaccid bullae, resulting from drug sensitivity or of unknown cause; the level of separation is subepidermal, unlike staphylococcal scalded skin syndrom …

toxic equivalent
The amount of toxin or other poison per kilogram of body weight necessary to kill an animal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic goiter
A goiter that forms an excessive secretion, causing signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic haemoglobinuria
Haemoglobinuria occurring after the ingestion of various poisons, in certain blood diseases, and in certain infections. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic hydrocephalus
Thrombotic hydrocephalus associated with some general infection or toxic state. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic megacolon
<gastroenterology, surgery> An acute nonobstructive dilation of the colon, seen in advanced ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

toxic multinodular goiter
Condition in which the thyroid gland contains multiple lumps (nodules) that are overactive, produce excess thyroid hormones and thereby cause hyperthyroidism. This condition is also known as parry's disease or plummer's disease. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toxic nephrosis
Acute oliguric renal failure due to chemical poisons, septicaemia, or bacterial toxaemia; frequently associated with extensive necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic neuritis
Neuritis caused by an endogenous or exogenous toxin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic nodular goitre
<endocrinology> An enlarged thyroid gland which contains nodules which release excess thyroid hormone. This condition usually arises from long-standing simple goitre in the elderly. ... Symptoms of hyperthyroidism result. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...

toxic psychosis
A psychosis caused by some toxic substance, whether endogenous or exogenous. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic retinopathy
Retinal changes due to prolonged administration of various drugs. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic shock
See toxic shock syndrome. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toxic shock syndrome
<syndrome> A blood-borne bacterial infection caused by the genus Staphylococcus. Usually effects menstruating females under the age of thirty and was associated in the past with the use of a particular type of tampon (no longer used). ... Common symptoms include: fever, chills, vomiting, sore throat, headache and decreased urine output. Progre …

toxic substances
A chemical or mixture of chemicals that presents a high risk of injury to human health or to the environment. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

toxic tetanus
Synonym for drug tetanus ... Tonic spasms caused by strychnine or other tetanic. ... Synonym: toxic tetanus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxic unit
A unit formerly synonymous with minimal lethal dose but which, because of the instability of toxins, is now measured in terms of the quantity of standard antitoxin with which the toxin combines. ... See: L doses, minimal lethal dose. ... Synonym: toxin unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxicaemia
Synonym for toxaemia ... 1. <microbiology> The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. ... 2. <biochemistry> A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, for example toxaemia of pregnancy. ... Origin: Gr. Haima = blood ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

toxicant
Synonym: poisonous. ... 2. Any poisonous agent, specifically an alcoholic or other poison, causing symptoms of what is popularly called intoxication. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toxicity
The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

toxicity test
<investigation> Controlled laboratory test to determine the toxicity of a chemical to an organism in terms of specific chemical concentrations. ... An acute toxicity test establishes the concentration required to kill a predetermined proportion of test organisms within a relatively short period of time, typically 4 days or less. A chronic toxi …

toxicity tests
Tests that determine the toxicity of a substance. These include tests of clinical drugs, foods, environmental pollutants, etc. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toxico-
Poison, toxin. ... Origin: G. Toxikon, bow, hence (arrow) poison ... (05 Mar 2000) ...