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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

tooth root
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. …

tooth root sensitivities
Oversensitivity of exposed roots of teeth to cold, hot, and sour foods because those roots are no longer protected by healthy gum and bone. Chronic gum disease contributes to toothache due to root sensitivities. The roots are the lower 2/3 of the teeth that are normally buried in bone. The bacterial toxins dissolve the bone around the roots and cau …

tooth sac
A capsule that encloses the developing tooth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth spasms
Infantile convulsions associated with teething. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth transplantation
The transfer of a tooth from one alveolus to another. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth-and-nail syndrome
<syndrome> Hypodontia associated with absent or very small nails at birth. Common among Dutch Mennonites in Canada. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth-borne
A term used to describe a prosthesis or part of a prosthesis which depends entirely upon the abutment teeth for support. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth-borne base
The denture base restoring an edentulous area which has abutment teeth at each end for support; the tissue which it covers is not used for support. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth, artificial
A fabricated tooth substituting for a natural tooth in a prosthesis. It is usually made of porcelain or plastic. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

tooth, cracked, syndrome
<syndrome> A toothache caused by a broken tooth (tooth fracture) without associated cavity or advanced gum disease. Biting on the area of tooth fracture can cause severe sharp pains. These fractures are usually due to chewing or biting hard objects such as hard candies, pencils, nuts, etc. Sometimes, the fracture can be seen by painting a spe …

tooth, deciduous
The 20 teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth, usually by the age of six years. All deciduous teeth are normally expected to erupt by the age of two and a half years. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Tooth, Howard
<person> English physician, 1856-1925. ... See: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. ... Synonym: dens. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tooth, impacted
A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

tooth, nonvital
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (boucher, clinical dental terminology, 4th ed) ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

tooth, supernumerary
An extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. Its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

tooth, unerupted
A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toothbill
<zoology> A peculiar fruit-eating ground pigeon (Didunculus strigiostris) native of the Samoan Islands, and noted for its resemblance, in several characteristics, to the extinct dodo. Its beak is stout and strongly hooked, and the mandible has two or three strong teeth toward the end. Or ts colour is chocolate red. ... Synonym: toothbilled pig …

toothbrushing
The act of cleaning teeth with a brush to remove plaque and prevent tooth decay. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

toothed
1. Having teeth; furnished with teeth. 'Ruby-lipped and toothed with pearl.' ... 2. <botany> Having marginal projecting points; dentate. ... <zoology> Toothed whale, any whale of the order Denticete. See Denticete. Toothed wheel, a wheel with teeth or projections cut or set on its edge or circumference, for transmitting motion by their ac …

toothed vertebra
Synonym for axis ... <botany> A stem, commonly used for the main stem of a whole plant or of an inflorescence. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

toothpaste
A dentifrice in paste form; usually contains binder, humectant, an abrasive, a detergent, flavoring agent and often caries preventives, anti-infective agents or other medicaments. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

top
1. To cover on the top; to tip; to cap; chiefly used in the past participle. 'Like moving mountains topped with snow.' (Waller) 'A mount Of alabaster, topped with golden spires.' (Milton) ... 2. To rise above; to excel; to outgo; to surpass. 'Topping all others in boasting.' (Shak) 'Edmund the base shall top the legitimate.' (Shak) ... 3. To rise to …

topagnosis
Inability to localise tactile sensations. ... Synonym: topoanesthesia. ... Origin: top-+ G. A-priv. + gnosis, recognition ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topalgia
Pain localised in one spot; a symptom occurring in neuroses whereby localised pain, without evident organic basis, is experienced. ... Origin: top-+ G. Algos, pain ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topaz
1. <chemical> A mineral occurring in rhombic prisms, generally yellowish and pellucid, also colourless, and of greenesh, bluish, or brownish shades. It sometimes occurs massive and opaque. It is a fluosilicate of alumina, and is used as a gem. ... 2. <ornithology> Either one of two species of large, brilliantly coloured humming birds of …

toper's nose
Synonym for rhinophyma ... A manifestation of severe acne rosacea resulting in significant enlargement of the nose and occurring primarily in men. It is caused by hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands and surrounding connective tissue. The nose is reddened and marked with numerous telangiectasias. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

topesthesia
The ability to localise a light touch applied to any part of the skin. ... Origin: top-+ G. Aisthesis, sensation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Topfer
Alfred E., German physician, *1858. ... See: Topfer's test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Topfer's test
An obsolete test for free hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents; dimethylaminoazobenzene is used as the indicator. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tophaceous
Sandy; gritty; pertaining to or manifesting the features of a tophus. ... Origin: L. Tophaceus ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tophaceous gout
Nodular masses of uric acid crystals (tophi) are deposited in different soft tissue areas of the body. Even though tophi are most commonly found as hard nodules around the fingers, at the tips of the elbows, and around the big toe, tophi nodules can appear anywhere in the body. They have been reported in unexpected areas such as in the ears, vocal …

tophi
The plural of tophus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

tophus
<rheumatology> A chalky deposit of sodium urate occurring in gout, tophi form most often around joints in cartilage, bone, bursae and subcutaneous tissue and in the external ear, producing a chronic foreign body inflammatory response. ... Origin: L. = porous stone ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

topic
One of the various general forms of argument employed in probable as distinguished from demonstrative reasoning, denominated by Aristotle topoi (literally, places), as being the places or sources from which arguments may be derived, or to which they may be referred; also, a prepared form of argument, applicable to a great variety of cases, with a s …

topica
Remedies for local external use. ... Origin: neut. Pl. Of Mod. L. Topicus, local ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topical
<pharmacology> Pertaining to a particular surface area, as a topical anti-infective applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied. ... Origin: Gr. Topikos ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

topical anaesthesia
Superficial loss of sensation in conjunctiva, mucous membranes or skin, produced by direct application of local anaesthetic solutions, ointments, or jellies. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topical anaesthetic
An anaesthetic that is applied or sprayed on the surface of the skin (or mucous membranes) for providing pain relief. Commonly used are benzocaine, butacaine, cyclomethycaine, lidocaine, tetracaine and dibucaine. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

topical antibiotics
A ointment (or cream) based medication that kills bacteria. ... Examples include Neosporin, Bactroban, Garamycin, bacitracin, gentamicin, mupirocin, neomycin, silver sulphasalazine, chloramphenicol and clindamycin. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

topical chemotherapy
Treatment with anticancer drugs in a lotion or cream. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Topinard
Paul, French anthropologist, 1830-1912. ... See: Topinard's facial angle, Topinard's line. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Topinard's facial angle
See: Jacquart's facial angle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Topinard's line
A line running between the glabella and the mental point. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topistic
Denoting an anatomically defined region in the nervous system. ... Origin: G. Topos, place ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topknot
1. A crest or knot of feathers upon the head or top, as of a bird; also, an orgamental knot worn on top of the head, as by women. 'A great, stout servant girl, with cheeks as red as her topknot.' (Sir W. Scott) ... 2. <zoology> A small Europen flounder (Rhoumbus punctatus). The name is also applied to allied species. ... Source: Websters Dictio …

topo-
Top- ... Place, topical. ... Origin: G. Topos ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topoanesthesia
Synonym: topagnosis. ... Origin: topo-+ anaesthesia ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topognosis
Topognosia ... Recognition of the location of a sensation; in the case of touch, topesthesia. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Gnosis, knowledge ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topogometer
A movable fixation target attached to the front of a keratometer, used in fitting contact lenses to measure the curvatures of the cornea in its peripheral zones. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Gonia, angle, + metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topographic anatomy
Synonym for regional anatomy ... An approach to anatomical study based on regions, parts, or divisions of the body (e.g., the foot or the inguinal region), emphasizing the relationships of various systemic structures (e.g., muscles, nerves, and arteries) within that area; distinguished from systemic anatomy. ... Synonym: topographic anatomy, topology …

topographic map
<anatomy, neurology> The spatially ordered projection of neurons onto their target, for example in the retino tectal projection, retinal ganglion cell axons project along the optic nerve to the contralateral tectum where they ramify to form terminal arbors. The target sites of the terminal arbors are ordered: neurons from a specific region of …

topographical control
Those phenomena of cell behaviour in which the shape of the local substrate of the cell affects its behaviour. ... See: contact guidance. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

topography
<microscopy> The surface features of an object or how it looks its texture, direct relation between these features and materials properties (hardness, reflectivity etc.). ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

topography, medical
The systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. Often associated with hippocrates, the process became a significant part of public health investigation and epidemiological methodology, particularly between the 17t …

topoinhibition
Term used to describe the inhibition of cell proliferation as the cells become closely packed on a culture dish: generally superseded by the term density dependent inhibition. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

topoisomerase
<enzyme> That change the degree of supercoiling in DNA by cutting one or both strands. Type I topoisomerases cut only one strand of DNA, type I topoisomerase of E. Coli (omega protein) relaxes negatively supercoiled DNA and does not act on positively supercoiled DNA. Type II topoisomerases cut both strands of DNA, type II topoisomerase of E. …

topoisomers
Different forms of a closed, circular DNA molecule, in each, only thelinking number differs. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Topolanski
Alfred, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1861-1960. ... See: Topolanski's sign. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Topolanski's sign
<clinical sign> Congestion of the pericorneal region of the eye in Graves' disease. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toponarcosis
A localised cutaneous anaesthesia. ... Origin: topo-+ narcosis ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toponym
A regional term; one designating a region as distinguished from the name of a structure, system, or organ. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Onyma, name ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toponymy
Topical or regional nomenclature, as distinguished from organonymy. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Onyma, name ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topopathogenesis
Topography of lesions related to their pathogenesis. ... Origin: topo-+ pathogenesis ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topophobia
<psychology> A neurotic dread of or related to a particular place or locality. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Phobos, fear ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topophylaxis
Prevention of arsphenamine shock by a tourniquet applied to the limb above the site of injection and its slow release five or six minutes later. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Phylaxis, protection ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toposcope
<instrument> An apparatus to project the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex as a spatial coordinate visual system. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Skopeo, to view ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topotecan
<drug, oncology> This alkaloid chemotherapy drug is a derivative of the drug camptothecin, which was originally isolated from a Chinese tree, Camptotheca acuminata but has also been found in the nothapodytes tree (Nothapodytes foetida).Topotecan is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor and is used to treat advanced ovarian cancer. ... (09 Oct 1997)< …

topothermesthesiometer
<instrument> A device for determining the temperature sense in different parts of the surface. ... Origin: topo-+ G. Therme, heat, + aisthesis, sensation, + metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

topotype
<zoology> A specimen collected at the type locality. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

topotypical population
<zoology> Population occurring at the type locality from which the type specimen was taken. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

topping and back pressure turbine
Turbines which operate at exhaust pressure considerably higher than atmospheric (noncondensing turbines). These turbines are often multistage types with relatively high efficiency. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

topping cycle
A cogeneration system in which electric power is produced first. The reject heat from power production is then used to produce useful process heat. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

toppling gait
<neurology> A gait in which the steps are uncertain and hesitant, and the patient totters and sometimes falls; probably due to a balance disorder; may be seen in elderly patients after a stroke. ... (06 Mar 2000) ...

topsoil
The upper part of the soil profile that is relatively rich in humus, which is technically known as the A-horizon of the soil profile. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

torch
A light or luminary formed of some combustible substance, as of resinous wood; a large candle or flambeau, or a lamp giving a large, flaring flame. 'They light the nuptial torch.' (Milton) Torch thistle. ... <botany> See Thistle. ... Origin: OE. Torche, F. Torche a torch, rag, wisp, pad; probably from a derivative of L. Torquere, tortum, to twi …

TORCH syndrome
<syndrome> A group of infections with similar clinical manifestations, although symptoms may vary in degree and time of appearance: toxoplasmosis, other infections, rubella, cytomegalovirus infection, and herpes simplex. These infections might be associated with underlying HIV infection. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

torcular herophili
Archaic term for confluence of sinuses. ... Origin: L. Wine-press of Herophilus, fr. Torqueo, to twist ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

tore supra
<radiobiology> Large tokamak in Cadarache (southern France). The second largest tokamak in Europe, largest tokamak using superconducting toroidal field magnets. Tore Supra has a circular cross-section (like TFTR), which limits the achievable confinement time and experimental flexibility. In addition to developing superconducting technology, i …

Torek operation
A two-stage operation for bringing down an undescended testicle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Torek, Franz
<person> U.S. Surgeon, 1861-1938. ... See: Torek operation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toremifene
<chemical> (z)-2-(4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-1-butenyl)phenoxy)-n,n-dimethylethanamine. A non-steroidal antioestrogenic antitumour agent with rare or mild side effects. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. ... Pharmacological action: antineoplastic agent, hormonal, oestrogen antagonists. ... Chemical name: …

toric
Relating to, or having the curvature of, a torus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toric lens
A lens in which both meridians are curved but not to the same degree. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Torkildsen
Arne, 20th century Norwegian neurosurgeon. ... See: Torkildsen shunt. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Torkildsen shunt
A ventriculocisternal shunt. ... See: shunt. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

torment
1. An engine for casting stones. ... 2. Extreme pain; anguish; torture; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind. 'The more I see Pleasures about me, so much more I feel Torment within me.' (Milton) ... 3. That which gives pain, vexation, or misery. 'They brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments.' …

tormentil
<botany> A rosaceous herb (Potentilla Tormentilla), the root of which is used as a powerful astringent, and for alleviating gripes, or tormina, in diarrhea. ... Origin: F. Tormentille; cf. Pr, It, & NL. Tormentilla, Sp. Tormentila; all fr. L. Tormentum pain. So called because it is said to allay pain. See Torment. ... Source: Websters Dicti …

tornado
Origin: From Sp. Or Pg. Tornar to turn, return, L. Tornare to turn, hence, a whirling wind. The Sp. & Pg. Tornada is a return. See Turn. ... <meteorology> A violent whirling wind; specifically, a tempest distinguished by a rapid whirling and slow progressive motion, usually accompaned with severe thunder, lightning, and torrents of rain, a …

tornado epilepsy
A type of focal epilepsy or partial seizure with an aura of severe vertigo and a feeling of being drawn up into space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tornwaldt
Gustavus Ludwig, German physician, 1843-1910. ... See: Tornwaldt's abscess, Tornwaldt's cyst, Tornwaldt's disease, Tornwaldt's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tornwaldt's abscess
Chronic infection of the pharyngeal bursa. ... See: Tornwaldt's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tornwaldt's cyst
Synonym for pharyngeal bursa ... <anatomy> A cystic notochordal remnant found inconstantly in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx at the lower end of the pharyngeal tonsil. ... Synonym: bursa pharyngea, Luschka's bursa, Tornwaldt's cyst. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tornwaldt's disease
Inflammation or obstruction of the pharyngeal bursa or an adenoid cleft with the formation of a cyst containing pus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Tornwaldt's syndrome
<syndrome> Nasopharyngeal discharge, occipital headache, and stiffness of posterior cervical muscles, with halitosis due to chronic infection of the pharyngeal bursa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

toroidal
<radiobiology> In the shape of a torus, or doughnut. Or: Coordinate indicating which part of the torus a particle is in. (Azimuthal coordinate, toroidal angle, etc.) Or: General term referring to toruses as opposed to other geometries. (for example, tokamaks and stellarators are examples of toroidal devices.) ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

toroidal beta
<radiobiology> Plasma beta using the toroidal magnetic field, i.e. Plasma pressure divided by toroidal field pressure. ... See: beta. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

toroidal current
<radiobiology> Current flowing in the toroidal direction (the long way) around a torus. (As distinct from poloidal currents flowing through the centre of the torus and around to the outside, the short way.) ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

toroidal divertor
<radiobiology> Divertor created by extracting toroidal field field lines at some point, forming an external loop outside the torus. Has the disadvantages that it breaks the axial symmetry of the torus, which converts a relatively simple, mostly 2-dimensional geometry to a comples 3-dimensional geometry. For an illustration refer to page 135 o …

toroidal field coils
<radiobiology> Coils in a toroidal system, typically wound around the torus in a solenoid-like arrangement, used to generate the toroidal magnetic field. Each turn completely surrounds the plasma. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

toroidal flux
<radiobiology> Magnetic field flux in the toroidal direction. ... See: magnetic fields. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...