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Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630
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Leone, SergioItalian film director and screenwriter. One of the pioneers of the `spaghetti Western`, he was largely responsible for making a star of the actor Clint Eastwood, starting with
Per un pugno di dollari/A Fistful of Dollars (1964). Leone's visually stylish, operatic films, many of them scored by Ennio Morricone, in...
Lemmon, JackUS actor. He collaborated with Billy Wilder on the comedies
Some Like It Hot (1959) and
The Apartment (1960), and teamed up with Walter Matthau on the popular
The Odd Couple (1968). His performances in
Mister Roberts (1955) and
Save the Tiger (1973) won h...
Lewis, JerryUS comic actor and director. His zany, daft comic persona, for example in his title character in
The Bellboy (1960), made him one of the most popular comedians of the 1950s and 60s. He worked in partnership with Dean Martin 1946–56; their film debut was in
My Friend Irma (1949). Other films with Martin...
Lendl, IvanCzech-born US lawn-tennis player. He won eight Grand Slam singles titles, including the US and French titles three times each, taking more than US$20 million in prize money. He retired from the game in December 1994, citing a degenerative spinal condition. Career highlights US Open 1985, 1986, 1987 French Open 1984, 1986, 1987 Australia...
Lean, DavidEnglish film director. His films, painstakingly crafted, include early work co-directed with the playwright Noël Coward, such as
Brief Encounter (1946). Among his later films are such accomplished epics as
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957; Academy Award),
Lawrence of Arabia (19...
Lewis,(William) British economist. His
Theory of Economic Growth (1955) was one of the first textbooks in the post-war era to explore the problems of the developing world. Lewis shared the Nobel Prize for Economics with US agricultural economist Theodore Schultz in 1979 for a ...
leptonAny of a class of elementary particles that are not affected by the strong nuclear force. The leptons comprise the electron, muon, and tau, and their neutrinos (the electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino), as well as their six antiparticles. In July 2000, researchers at Fermilab, in the USA, amassed the first direct evidence for the exi...
Leonard, Elmore(John, Jr) US novelist and screenwriter. A prolific writer, Leonard is the author of numerous Westerns and crime novels. His writing is marked by vivid dialogue, and his crime novels, usually set in Detroit or Florida, often reflect the peculiarities and violence of contemporary US society. Hi...
leaded petrolPetrol that contains antiknock, a mixture of the chemicals tetraethyl lead and dibromoethane. The lead from the exhaust fumes enters the atmosphere, mostly as simple lead compounds, which are poisonous to the developing nervous systems of children
legislatureLawmaking body or bodies in a political system. Some legislatures are unicameral (having one chamber), and some bicameral (with two). In most democratic countries with bicameral legislatures the `lower`, or popular, chamber is the more powerful but there are exceptions, the most notable being in the USA, where the upper chamber, the Senat...
Lee, Spike(Shelton Jackson) US film director, actor, and writer. Much of his work presents the harsh realities of contemporary working-class African-American life in a direct, often controversial manner. Among his most successful films are
Do the Right Thing (1989) and
letter string
Sequence of letters forming a phoneme or a morpheme. A letter string can be present in different words, where it represents similar or differing sounds, for example caught, daughter, laughter. A high proportion of common English words are not spelled as they are sounded. Many of these contain...
Leibovitz, Annie
US photographer. Her elaborately staged portraits of US celebrities appeared first in Rolling Stone magazine and later in Vanity Fair. She was chief photographer of Rolling Stone 1973–83. The odd poses in which her sitters allow themselves to be placed suggest an element of self-mock...
legato
Term used to describe music that is to be played or sung smoothly
Leninism
Modification of Marxism by Lenin which argues that in a revolutionary situation the industrial proletariat is unable to develop a truly revolutionary consciousness without strong leadership. The responsibility for this is taken on by the Communist Party, which acts as the `vanguard of the proletariat` in leading it to revolution, before t...
Le Duc Anh
Vietnamese soldier and communist politician, president 1992–97. A member of the politburo's military faction, he is regarded as a conservative, anxious to maintain tight party control over domestic policies. A long-standing member of the Vietnamese Communist Party, he led Vietcong combat units during the Vietnam War. Later, as a politb...
Leclerc, Phillipe
General in the Free French forces of World War II. A captain in the 4th French Infantry Division, he refused to surrender to the Germans in 1940. He was captured but escaped to the UK. He was appointed general officer commanding French Equatorial Africa and governor of Chad and Cameroun for the Free French, and changed his name to avoid repercussio...
Lewis, Lennox Claudius
English boxer. He won the World Boxing Council (WBC) world heavyweight title in 1992, becoming the first British boxer to do so in the 20th century. After defending the title successfully for nearly two years, he lost to Oliver McCall in 1994, but he regained the title in 1997. He became the undisputed heavyweight world champion in November 1999, d...
leased line
In computing, permanent dedicated digital telephone link used for round-the-clock connection within a network or between offices. For example, a bank may use leased lines to carry financial data between branches and head office. The infrastructure of the Internet is a network of leased lines that deliver guaranteed bandwidth at a fixed cost...
Lee, Ang
Taiwanese-born US film director, screenwriter, and producer. His film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) won four Academy Awards in 2001, including the award for Best Foreign Language Film, and was credited with re-popularizing the kung fu film genre. In 2006 he earned an Academy Award for Best Director for his film &l...
learning disability
Limitation in the ability to learn. Learning disabilities vary in degree and arise from a variety of origins, including dysfunction of the brain and childhood behavioural problems. Learning disabilities are often associated with other disabilities. The major causes of brain dysfunction are due to the presence of abnormal chromosomes, such as in Dow...
Lee,
(Nelle) US writer. Her only novel, To Kill a Mockingbird (1960), became a literary sensation, won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1961, and became an enduring classic. The film version, made in 1962, won three Academy Awards. Lee worked as a consultant on the screenplay ad...
Lefkosia
Greek name for Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus
leaflet
Conventionally, a one-page handbill, circular, or pamphlet intended to influence the readers actions (to support a cause or buy a product, or similar). Like a brochure, it is important that a leaflet is eye-catching and quickly understood
lectern
In a Christian place of worship, the stand from which a Bible reading takes place. It is often carved in the form of an eagle with outstretched wings, symbolizing the Christian belief that the Bible message should be spread throughout the world
length
Single-dimensional measure of an object from end to end. The SI unit of length is the metre
Lee, Myung-Bak
South Korean business leader and right-of-centre politician, president from 2008. After a career in business, in 1992 he moved into politics, being elected to South Korea's National Assembly, and in 2002 he was elected mayor of the capital, Seoul. In 2007 he won the Grand National Party's primary to become its presidential nominee a...
Lhasa
Click images to enlargeCapital of the autonomous region of Tibet, China, at 5,000 m/16,400 ft; population (2000) 171,700. Traditional products include handicrafts and light industrial goods. The holy city of Lamaism, Lhasa was closed to Westerners until 1904, when members of a British expedition led by Col Francis...
limestone
Click images to enlargeSedimentary rock composed chiefly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), either derived from the shells of marine organisms or precipitated from solution, mostly in the ocean. Various types of limestone are used as building stone. Karst is a type of limestone landscape. Caves commonly ...
Lippmann, Gabriel
French doctor. He invented the direct colour process in photography. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1908 for his photographic reproduction of colours by interference
lignite
Type of coal that is brown and fibrous, with a relatively low carbon content. As a fuel it is less efficient because more of it must be burned to produce the same amount of energy generated by bituminous coal. Lignite also has a high sulphur content and is more polluting. It is burned to generate power in Scandinavia and some European countries bec...
litmus
Dye obtained from various lichens and used in chemistry as an indicator to test the acidic or alkaline nature of aqueous solutions; it turns red in the presence of acid, and blue in the presence of alkali
litchi
Evergreen tree belonging to the soapberry family. The delicately flavoured egg-shaped fruit has a rough brownish outer skin and a hard seed. The litchi is native to southern China, where it has been cultivated for 2,000 years. (Litchi chinensis, family Sapindaceae.)
linseed
Seeds of the flax plant, from which linseed oil is produced, the residue being used as cattle feed. The oil is used in paint, wood treatments, and varnishes, and in the manufacture of linoleum floor coverings
liquorice
Perennial European herb belonging to the legume family. The long sweet root yields an extract that is made into a hard black paste and used in confectionery and medicines. (Glycyrrhiza glabra, family Leguminosae.)
linden
Another name for the lime tree
linen
Yarn spun and the textile woven from the fibres of the stem of the flax plant. Pieces of linen cloth have been found in the remains of Stone Age settlements and wrapped around mummies from Ancient Egypt. Linen was introduced by the Romans to northern Europe, where production became widespread. Religious refugees from the Low Countries in the 16th c...
lime
(tree) Any of a group of deciduous trees native to the northern hemisphere. The leaves are heart-shaped and coarsely toothed, and the flowers are cream-coloured and fragrant. (Genus Tilia, family Tiliaceae.)
lily of the valley
Plant belonging to the lily family, growing in woods in Europe, northern Asia, and North America. The small bell-shaped white flowers hang downwards from short stalks attached to a central stem; they are strongly scented. The plant is often cultivated. (Convallaria majalis, family Liliaceae.)
lime
(fruit) Sharp-tasting green or greenish-yellow citrus fruit of the small thorny lime bush, native to India. The white flowers are followed by the fruits, which resemble lemons but are more round in shape; they are rich in vitamin C. (Citrus aurantifolia, family R...
lichen
Any organism of a unique group that consists of associations of a specific fungus and a specific photosynthetic organism (an alga or a cyanobacterium) living together in a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiosis). Found as coloured patches or spongelike masses on trees, rocks, and other surfaces,...
Liaquat Ali Khan, Nawabzada
Indian politician, deputy leader of the Muslim League 1940–47, first prime minister of Pakistan from 1947. He was assassinated by objectors to his peace policy with India
Limbourg
Province of northeast Belgium, part of the Dutch-speaking Flemish community and region, bordered to the north and east by the Netherlands and the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Flemish and Walloon Brabant, Namur, and Luxembourg; area 2,422 sq km/935 sq mi; population (1997 est) 780,000. The capital is Hasselt, and other major towns i...
Libra
Faint zodiacal constellation on the celestial equator (see celestial sphere) adjoining Scorpius, and represented as the scales of justice. The Sun passes through Libra during November. The constellation was once considered to be a part of Scorpius, seen as the scorpion's claws. In astrology, the dates for Libra are between about 23 September an...
lithium
Soft, ductile, silver-white, metallic element, atomic number 3, relative atomic mass 6.941. It is one of the alkali metals (being found at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table). It has a very low density (far less than most woods), and floats on water (relative density 0.57); it is the lightest of all metals. Although in the reactivity ...
lime
(chemical) White powdery substance used in making mortar and cement. It is made commercially by heating calcium carbonate (CaCO3), obtained from limestone or chalk, in a lime kiln. Quicklime readily absorbs water to become calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2...
Lippershey, Hans
Dutch lensmaker, credited with inventing the telescope in 1608
lion
Click images to enlargeLarge wild cat with a tawny coat. The young have darker spot markings to camouflage them; these usually disappear with adulthood. The male has a heavy mane and a tuft at the end of the tail. Head and body measure about 2 m/6 ft, plus 1 m/3 ft of tail; lionesses are slightly smaller. ...
linnet
Small seed-eating bird belonging to the finch family, which is very abundant in Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. The male has a chestnut back with a pink breast and grey head, and a red breast and forehead during the breeding season; the female is mainly a dull brown. The linnet measures barely 13 cm/5 in in length, begins to bree...
limpet
Any of various marine snails belonging to several families and genera, found in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A limpet has a conical shell and adheres firmly to rocks by its disclike foot. Limpets leave their fixed positions only to graze on seaweeds, always returning to the same spot. The common ...
linkage
In genetics, the association between two or more genes that tend to be inherited together because they are on the same chromosome. The closer together they are on the chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over (one of the processes of recombination) and they are then described as being `tightly linked`
life cycle
Click images to enlargeIn biology, the sequence of developmental stages through which members of a given species pass. Most vertebrates have a simple life cycle consisting of fertilization of sex cells or gametes, a period of development as an embryo, a period of juvenile growth after hatching or birth, an adulthood inclu...
ling
(plant) Another name for common heather
liverwort
Nonvascular plant (with no `veins` to carry water and food), related to hornworts and mosses; it is found growing in damp places. (Class Hepaticae, order Bryophyta.) The plant exists in two different reproductive forms, sexual and asexual, which appear alternately (see alternation of ge...
lily
Any of a group of plants belonging to the lily family, of which there are about 80 species, most with showy, trumpet-shaped flowers growing from bulbs. The lily family includes hyacinths, tulips, asparagus, and plants of the onion genus. The name `lily` is also applied to many lilylike ...
lizard
Click images to enlargeReptile generally distinguishable from snakes, which belong to the same order, by having four legs, moveable eyelids, eardrums, and a fleshy tongue, although some lizards are legless and snakelike in appearance. There are over 3,000 species of lizard worldwide. (Suborder Lacertilia, order Squamata.)...
ling
(fish) Any of several deepwater long-bodied fishes of the cod family found in the North Atlantic. (Genus Molva, family Gadidae.)
Linnaeus, Carolus
Swedish naturalist and physician. His botanical work Systema naturae (1735) contained his system for classifying plants into groups depending on shared characteristics (such as the number of stamens in flowers), providing a much-needed framework for identification. He also devised the concise and precise system for naming pla...
lignin
Naturally occurring substance produced by plants to strengthen their tissues. It is difficult for enzymes to attack lignin, so living organisms cannot digest wood, with the exception of a few specialized fungi and bacteria. Lignin is the essential ingredient of all wood and is, therefore, of great commercial importance. Chemically, lignin is made u...
liana
Woody, perennial climbing plant with very long stems, which grows around trees right up to the top, where there is more sunlight. Lianas are common in tropical rainforests, where individual stems may grow up to 78 m/255 ft long. They have an unusual stem structure that makes them flexible, despite being woody
liver
Click images to enlargeIn vertebrates, large organ with many regulatory and storage functions. The human liver is situated in the upper abdomen, and weighs about 2 kg/4.5 lb. It is divided into four lobes. The liver receives the products of digestion (food absorbed from the gut and carried to the liver by the bloodstr...
ligament
Strong, flexible connective tissue, made of the protein collagen, which joins bone to bone at moveable joints and sometimes encloses the joints. Ligaments prevent bone dislocation (under normal circumstances) but allow joint flexion. The ligaments around the joints are composed of white fibrous tissue. Other ligaments are composed of yellow elastic...
linear motor
Type of electric motor, an induction motor in which the fixed stator and moving armature are straight and parallel to each other (rather than being circular and one inside the other as in an ordinary induction motor). Linear motors are used, for example, to power sliding doors. There is a magnetic force between the stator and armature; this for...
linear equation
In mathematics, a relationship between two variables that, when plotted on Cartesian axes, produces a straight-line graph; the equation has the general form y = mx + c, where m is the slope of the line represented by the equation and c is ...
limnology
Study of lakes and other bodies of open fresh water, in terms of their plant and animal biology, chemistry, and physical properties
lithosphere
Upper rocky layer of the Earth that forms the jigsaw of plates that take part in the movements of plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and a portion of the upper mantle. It is regarded as being rigid and brittle and moves about on the more plastic and less brittle asthenosphere. The lithosphere ranges in thickness from 2–3 km&#...
lithification
Conversion of an unconsolidated (loose) sediment into solid sedimentary rock by compaction of mineral grains that make up the sediment, cementation by crystallization of new minerals from percolating water solutions, and new growth of the original mineral grains. The term is less commonly used to refer to solidification of magma to form igneous roc...
liquid air
Air that has been cooled so much that it has liquefied. This happens at temperatures below about -196°C/-321°F. The various constituent gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and neon, can be separated from liquid air by the technique of fractional distillation. Air is liquefied by the Linde process, in which air is alterna...
light-emitting diode
Electronic component that converts electrical energy into light or infrared radiation in the range of 550 nm (green light) to 1,300 nm (infrared). They are used for displaying symbols in electronic instruments and devices. An LED is a diode made of semiconductor material, such as gallium arsenide phosphide, that glows when electricity is passed thr...
Lithuanian language
Indo-European language spoken by the people of Lithuania, which through its geographical isolation has retained many ancient features of the Indo-European language family. It acquired a written form in the 16th century, using the Latin alphabet, and is currently spoken by some 3–4 million people
lingua franca
Any language that is used as a means of communication by groups who do not themselves normally speak that language; for example, English is a lingua franca used by Japanese doing business in Finland, or by Swedes in Saudi Arabia. The term comes from the mixture of French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Turkish, and Arabic that was spoken around the M...
LISP
High-level computer-programming language designed for manipulating lists of data items. It is used primarily in research into artificial intelligence (AI). Developed in the late 1950s, and until recently common only in university laboratories, LISP is used more in the USA than in Europe, where the language PROLOG is often preferred for AI w...
Lizard Point
Click images to enlargeSouthernmost point of mainland England in Cornwall. The coast is broken into small bays, overlooked by two cliff lighthouses. Lizard Point is notable for Cornish heath and other plants similar to those found in southwest Europe. The headland is formed largely of greenish serpentine rock. Goonhilly D...
Livorno
(town) Industrial port and resort in Tuscany, western Italy, 75 km/47 mi southwest of Florence; population (2001) 156,300. Industries include shipbuilding, distilling, oil-refining, and motor vehicle manufacture. A fortress town since the 12th century, it was developed by the Medic...
Livingstone, David
Scottish missionary explorer. In 1841 he went to Africa, reaching Lake Ngami in 1849. He followed the Zambezi to its mouth, saw the Victoria Falls in 1855, and went to East and Central Africa 1858–64, reaching Lakes Shirwa and Nyasa. From 1866, he tried to find the source of the River Nile, and ...
Liverpool
City, seaport, and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, northwest England; population (2001) 469,000. Liverpool is the UK's chief Atlantic port with miles of specialized, mechanized quays on the River Mersey, and 2,100 ha/5,187 acres of dockland. The port handles 27.8 million tonnes/28.25 million tons of cargo annually. Imports inclu...
Lithuania
Country in northern Europe, bounded north by Latvia, east by Belarus, south by Poland and the Kaliningrad area of Russia, and west by the Baltic Sea. Government Lithuania has a multiparty semi-presidential political system. Under its 1992 constitution, Lithuania is a democratic-pluralist state, with a predominantly parliamentary form of exe...
lithography
Printmaking technique invented in 1798 by Aloys Senefelder, based on the mutual repulsion of grease and water. A drawing is made with greasy crayon on an absorbent stone, which is then wetted. The wet stone repels ink (which is greasy) applied to the surface and the crayon absorbs it, so that the drawing can be printed. Lithographic printing is use...
Lincolnshire
County of eastern England. Area 5,890 sq km/2,274 sq mi Towns and cities Lincoln (administrative headquarters), Skegness, Boston, Stamford Physical hills of Lincoln Edge and the Wolds; marshy coastline; the Fens in the southeast; rivers Trent, Welland, Witham Features Belton House (16...
Limerick
(town) County town of County Limerick and fourth-largest city in the Republic of Ireland, on the Shannon estuary; population (2002) 87,000. The city is divided into three parts: English Town, which is the old city on King's Island (an island in the Shannon estuary); Irish T...
light year
Distance travelled by a beam of light in a vacuum in one year. It is equal to approximately 9.4605 × 1012 km/5.9128 × 10 12mi
Liffey
Click images to enlargeRiver in the east of the Republic of Ireland; length 129 km/80 mi. The Liffey is formed by two streams that rise in the Wicklow Mountains near Enniskerry. It flows through County Kildare, past Kilcullen and Newbridge, and into Dublin Bay. The Liffey Plain is excellent land for pasture, and h...
lie detector
Instrument that records graphically certain body activities, such as thoracic and abdominal respiration, blood pressure, pulse rate, and galvanic skin response (changes in electrical resistance of the skin). Marked changes in these activities when a person answers a question may indicate that the person is lying
Liebknecht, Wilhelm
German socialist. A friend of the communist theoretician Karl Marx, with whom he took part in the revolutions of 1848, he was imprisoned for opposition to the Franco-Prussian War 1870–71. He was one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party 1875. He was the father of Karl Liebknecht
Liebig, Justus
German organic chemist who extended chemical research into other scientific fields, such as agricultural chemistry and biochemistry. He introduced the theory of compound radicals and discovered chloroform and chloral, and demonstrated the use of fertilizers. Isomers In the 1820s, Liebig began a long collaboration with Friedrich Wöhler. Liebig ...
Lichtenstein, Roy
US pop artist. He is best known for using advertising imagery and comic-strip techniques, often focusing on popular ideals of romance and heroism, as in Whaam! (1963; Tate Gallery, London). He has also produced sculptures in brass, plastic, and enamelled metal
liberation theology
Christian theory of Jesus' prime role as the `Liberator`, a representative of the poor and devoted to freeing them from oppression. Enthusiastically adopted by Christians (mainly Roman Catholic) in Latin America, it embraces the struggle towards a classless society, and has often led to violence. It has been criticized by some Roman C...
libel
In law, defamation published in a permanent form, such as in a newspaper, book, or broadcast
Liaoning
Province of northeast China, bounded to the east by Jilin, to the southeast by North Korea, to the south by Korea Bay and the Gulf of Liaodong, to the southwest by Hebei, and to the northwest by Inner Mongolia; area 151,000 sq km/58,300 sq mi; population (2000 est) 42,380,000. The capital is Shenyang, and other cities and towns include ...
Livy
Roman historian. He was the author of a History of Rome from the city's foundation to 9 BC, based partly on legend. It was composed of 142 books, of which 35 survive, covering the periods from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy to 293 BC and from 218 to 167 BC
Liao
River in northeast China; length 1,450 km/900 mi. The main headstream rises in the mountains of Inner Mongolia and flows east, then south to the Gulf of Liaodong. It is frozen from December to March
liturgy
In the Christian church, any written, authorized version of a service for public worship, especially the Roman Catholic Mass
Littlewood, Joan
(Maud) English theatre director. She established the Theatre Workshop in 1945 and was responsible for many vigorous productions at the Theatre Royal, Stratford, London, 1953–75, such as A Taste of Honey (1959), Brendan Behan's The Hostage (1959...
litany
In the Christian church, a form of prayer or supplication led by a priest with set responses by the congregation. It was introduced in the 4th century
literary criticism
Assessment and interpretation of literary works. The term `criticism` is often taken to mean exclusively adverse comment, but in fact it refers to all literary assessment, whether positive or negative. Contemporary criticism offers analyses of literary works from structuralist, semiological, feminist, Marxist, and psychoanalytical perspec...
Li Po
Taoist Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty (618–907). He used traditional literary forms, but his exuberance, the boldness of his imagination, and the intensity of his feeling have won him recognition as perhaps the greatest of all Chinese poets. Although he was mostly concerned with higher themes, he is also remembered for his celebratory verses...
Liszt, Franz
Hungarian pianist and composer. An outstanding virtuoso of the piano, he was an established concert artist by the age of 12. His expressive, romantic, and frequently chromatic works include piano music (Transcendental Studies, 1851), Masses and oratorios, songs, organ music, and a symphony. Much of his music is programmatic; ...
Limitation, Statutes of
In English law, acts of Parliament limiting the time within which legal action must be inaugurated. Actions for breach of contract and most other civil wrongs must be started within six years. Personal injury claims must usually be brought within three years. In actions in respect of land and of contracts under seal, the period is 12 years
Lilienthal, Otto
German aviation pioneer who inspired US aviators Orville and Wilbur Wright. From 1891 he made and successfully flew many gliders, including two biplanes, before he was killed in a glider crash. Lilienthal demonstrated the superiority of cambered wings over flat wings – the principle of the aerofoil. In his planes the pilot was suspended by the...
Liège
(city) Industrial city, capital of Liège province in eastern Belgium, southeast of Brussels, almost bisected by the River Meuse, and bounded on the east side by Germany; population (2006 est) 187,100. It is one of the largest river ports in Europe. Weapons, textiles, paper, and chemic...
