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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Mantua
(town) Capital of Mantua province, Lombardy, Italy, on an island in a lagoon of the River Mincio, southwest of Verona; population (1990) 54,200. It is the market and service centre of a prosperous agricultural region. Industries include petrochemicals, engineering, plastics, brewing, and p...

Mansfield, Katherine
New Zealand writer. She lived most of her life in England. Her delicate artistry emerges not only in her volumes of short stories – such as In a German Pension (1911), Bliss (1920), and The Garden Party (1923) – but also in her letters and journal. She developed the technique of the...

manna
Sweetish exudation obtained from many trees such as the ash and larch, and used in medicine. The Old Testament (Exodus ch. 16) relates that God provided manna for the Israelites in the desert when there was no other food. The manna of the Bible is thought to have been from the tamarisk tree, or a form of lichen

Mann, Thomas
German novelist and critic. A largely subjective artist, he drew his themes from his own experiences and inner thoughts. He was constantly preoccupied with the idea of death in the midst of life and with the position of the artist in relation to society. His first novel was Buddenbrooks (1901), a saga of a merchant family which t...

Manila
Industrial port and capital of the Philippines, in the southwest of the island of Luzon, where the River Pasig enters Manila Bay; population of city (2000 est) 1,581,100; metropolitan area including Quezon City (2000 est) 9,932,600. Industries include textiles, tobacco, distilling, chemicals, shipbuilding, timber, and food processing. Manil...

Manichaeism
Religion founded by the Persian prophet Mani (Latinized as Manichaeus, c. 216–276). Despite persecution, Manichaeism spread and flourished until about the 10th century. Based on the concept of dualism, it held that the material world is evil, an invasion of the spiritual realm of light by the powers of darkness; particle...

Manhattan
Click images to enlargeIsland of the city of New York, USA, forming most of a borough; population (2000 est) 1,537,200. It is 20 km/12.5 mi long and 4 km/2.5 mi wide, and lies between the Hudson and East rivers. The rocks from which it is formed rise to a height of more than 73 m/240 ft in the north of the...

Manet, Edouard
French painter. One of the foremost French artists of the 19th century, he is often regarded as the father of modern painting. Rebelling against the academic tradition, he developed a clear and unaffected realist style that was one of the founding forces of Impressionism. His subjects were mainly contemporary, such as A Bar at the Folies&#...

Mandelstam, Osip Emilevich
Russian poet. He was a leader of the Acmeist movement. The son of a Jewish merchant, he was sent to a concentration camp by the communist authorities in the 1930s, and died there. His posthumously published work, with its classic brevity, established his reputation as one of the greatest 20th-century Russian poets. His wife Nadezhda's memoi...

Mandarin
Standard form of the Chinese language. Historically it derives from the language spoken by mandarins, Chinese imperial officials, from the 7th century onwards. It is used by 70% of the population and taught in schools of the People's Republic of China

Mandalay
Chief city of the Mandalay division of Myanmar (formerly Burma) and second city of the county, on the River Irrawaddy, about 495 km/370 mi north of the capital Yangon; population (2001 est) 1,037,000. The city is a major centre of commerce and of transport by road, rail, river, and air. Indus...

Manaus
Capital of Amazonas federal unit (state), northwest Brazil, on the Río Negro, 16 km/10 mi from its confluence with the River Solimó which forms the River Amazon; population (2000 est) 1,394,700. It is the industrial trading and commercial centre of the state, and its chief port, although 1,600 km/1,000 mi from the Atlantic. Ha...

Mameluke
Member of a powerful political class that dominated Egypt from the 13th century until their massacre in 1811 by Mehmet Ali. The Mamelukes were originally descended from freed Turkish slaves. They formed the royal bodyguard in the 13th century, and in 1250 placed one of their own number, Qutuz, on the throne. Mameluke sultans ruled Egypt and built a...

Malmö
Industrial port (shipbuilding, engineering, textiles) in southwestern Sweden, situated across the Øresund from Copenhagen, Denmark; population (2005 est) 258,000. Founded in the 12th century, Malmö is Sweden's third-largest city

Mallarmé, Stéphane
French poet. A leader of the Symbolist school, he became known as a poet's poet for his condensed, hermetic verse and unorthodox syntax, reaching for the ideal world of the intellect. His belief that poetry should be evocative and suggestive was reflected in L'Après-midi d'un faune/Afternoon of a Faun (18...

Maldon
English market town in Essex, at the mouth of the River Chelmer. It was the scene of a battle commemorated in a 325-line fragment of an Anglo-Saxon poem The Battle of Maldon, describing the defeat and death of Ealdorman Byrhtnoth by the Vikings in 991

Malay Peninsula
Southern projection of the continent of Asia, lying between the Strait of Malacca, which divides it from Sumatra, and the China Sea. The northern portion is partly in Myanmar (formerly Burma), partly in Thailand; the south forms part of Malaysia. The island of Singapore lies off its southern extremity

Malamud, Bernard
US novelist and short-story writer. He first attracted attention with The Natural (1952), a mythic story about a baseball hero. It established Malamud's central concern of moral redemption and transcendence, which was more typically dealt with in books set in Jewish immigrant communities. These drew on the magical element...

Makhachkala
City in northern Caucasia, capital, economic and cultural centre of the Dagestan Republic, in the southwestern Russian Federation; population (1996 est) 347,000. Makhachkala is a major port on the Caspian Sea; oil is piped here for export from Grozny and Izberbash. The city has aerospace, shipbuilding, oil-refining, textile, and food in...

Mallorca
Largest of the Balearic Islands, belonging to Spain, in the western Mediterranean; area 3,640 sq km/1,405 sq mi; population (2001 est) 702,100. The capital is Palma. The highest mountain on the island is Puig Mayor (1,445 m/4,741 ft). Industries include olives, figs, oranges, wine, br...

Mainz
River port and capital of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, on the left bank of the Rhine, 37 km/23 mi southwest of Frankfurt-am-Main; population (2005 est) 194,400. It is a major centre of the wine trade. Industries include computers (IBM), metal goods, precision instruments, chemicals, machinery, telecommunications, television br...

Maimonides, Moses
(Ben Maimon) Spanish-born Jewish rabbi and philosopher, one of the greatest Hebrew scholars. He attempted to reconcile faith and reason. His codification of Jewish law is known as the Mishneh Torah/Torah Reviewed (1180); he also formulated the Thirteen Principles...

Mailer, Norman Kingsley
US writer and journalist. One of the most prominent figures of post-war American literature, he gained wide attention with his first, best-selling book The Naked and the Dead (1948), a naturalistic war novel. His later works, which use sexual and scatological material, show...

Maikop
Capital city of the Adygeya (Adygei) Republic in the southwestern Russian Federation, 150 km/93 mi southwest of Stavropol on the River Bielaia; population (1996 est) 166,000. The main industries are the production of foodstuffs and tobacco, leather, and furniture. Maikop lies at the centre of an oil-producing region. Nearby oilfields, d...

Maidstone
Town and administrative headquarters of Kent, southeast England, on the River Medway; population (2001) 138,950. Industries include the manufacture of agricultural machinery, and paper and card for packaging. There are a number of medieval buildings, among them the parish church of All Saints', the late 14th-century Archbishop's Pal...

Maiden Castle
Prehistoric hill fort with later additional earthworks 3 km/1.8 mi southwest of Dorchester in Dorset, England. The site was occupied from 4000 BC, although the first identifiable settlement is late Neolithic (New Stone Age, about 2000 BC). The fort was stormed by the Romans in AD 43

mah-jong
Originally an ancient Chinese card game, dating from the Song dynasty 960–1279. It is now usually played by four people with 144 small ivory tiles, divided into three suits, dots (also called balls or circles), lines (also called bamboos), and characters

magnetism
Phenomena associated with magnetic fields. Magnetic fields are produced by moving charged particles. In electromagnets, electrons flow through a coil of wire connected to a battery; in permanent magnets, spinning electrons within the atoms generate the field. Substances differ in the extent to which they can be magnetized by an external field (...

maglev
High-speed surface transport using the repellent force of superconductive magnets (see superconductivity) to propel and support, for example, a train above a track. Technical trials on a maglev train track began in Japan in the 1970s, and a speed of 500 kph/310 mph was reached, with a cruisin...

MacArthur, Douglas
US general in World War II, commander of US forces in the Far East and, from March 1942, of the Allied forces in the southwestern Pacific. After the surrender of Japan he commanded the Allied occupation forces there. During 1950 he commanded the UN forces in Korea, but in April 1951, after expressing...

Macau
Former Portuguese possession on the south coast of China, about 65 km/40 mi west of Hong Kong, from which it is separated by the estuary of the Pearl River; it consists of a peninsula and the islands of Taipa and Colôane; area 17 sq km/7 sq mi; population (1999 est) 437,300. ...

Mabuse, Jan
Flemish painter. His visit to Italy in 1508 started a new vogue in Flanders for Italianate ornament and classical detail in painting, including sculptural nude figures, as in his Neptune and Amphitrite (c. 1516, Staatliche Museen, Berlin). His early works, in a purely Flemish style, include the Adorati...

Maastricht
Industrial city and capital of Limburg province, the Netherlands, on the River Maas, near the Dutch-Belgian frontier; population (2006 est) 120,200. Industries include metallurgy, textiles, and pottery. Maastricht dates from Roman times. It was the site of the Maastricht summit (see Maastricht Treaty) in December 1991

mandarin
Type of small orange

mandragora
Any of a group of almost stemless Old World plants with narcotic (pain-killing and sleep-inducing) properties, belonging to the nightshade family. They have large leaves, pale blue or violet flowers, and round berries known as devil's apples. (Genus Mandragora, family Solanaceae.) The humanlike shape of the root of &l...

mandrake
Another name for the plant mandragora

mangelwurzel
Variety of the common beet Beta vulgaris used chiefly as feed for cattle and sheep

mango
Evergreen tree belonging to the cashew family, native to India but now widely cultivated for its large oval fruits in other tropical and subtropical areas, such as the West Indies. (Mangifera indica, family Anacardiaceae.)

mangold
Another name for mangelwurzel

mangrove
Any of several shrubs and trees, especially of the mangrove family, found in the muddy swamps of tropical and subtropical coastlines and estuaries. By sending down aerial roots from their branches, they rapidly form close-growing mangrove thickets. Their timber is resistant to water penetration and damage by marine worms. Mangrove swamps are ri...

manioc
Another name for the plant cassava

maple
Click images to enlargeAny of a group of deciduous trees with lobed leaves and green flowers, followed by two-winged fruits, or samaras. There are over 200 species, chiefly in northern temperate regions. (Genus Acer, family Aceraceae.)

marguerite
European plant belonging to the daisy family. It is a shrubby perennial with white daisylike flowers. Marguerite is also the name of a cultivated variety of chrysanthemum. (Leucanthemum vulgare, family Compositae.)

marigold
Any of several plants belonging to the daisy family, including pot marigold (C. officinalis) and the tropical American T. patula, commonly known as French marigold. (Genera Calendula and Tagetes, family Compositae.)

marjoram
Aromatic herb belonging to the mint family. Wild marjoram (O. vulgare) is found in both Europe and Asia and has become naturalized in the Americas; the sweet marjoram (O. majorana) used in cooking is widely cultivated. (Genus Origanum or &l...

marrow
Trailing vine that produces large pulpy fruits, used as vegetables and in preserves; the young fruits of one variety are known as courgettes (US zucchini). (Cucurbita pepo, family Cucurbitaceae.)

marsh marigold
Click images to enlargePlant belonging to the buttercup family, known as the kingcup in the UK and as the cowslip in the USA. It grows in moist, sheltered places and has brilliant yellow five-sepalled flowers. (Caltha palustris, family Ranunculaceae.)

maté
Dried leaves of the Brazilian holly (Ilex paraguayensis), an evergreen shrub that grows in Paraguay and Brazil. The roasted, powdered leaves are made into a tea. (Family Aquifoliaceae.)

matrix
(biology) In biology, usually refers to the extracellular matrix

Maclean, Alistair
Scottish adventure novelist. His first novel, HMS Ulysses (1955), was based on wartime experience. It was followed by The Guns of Navarone (1957) and several other best-selling adventure novels. Many of his books were made into films. His work is meticulously accurate in detail as well as being full of susp...

magnetite
Black, strongly magnetic opaque mineral, Fe3O4, of the spinel group, an important ore of iron. Widely distributed, magnetite is found in nearly all igneous and metamorphic rocks. Some deposits, called lodestone, are permanently magnetized. Lodestone has been used as a compass since the first millennium ...

manganese ore
Any mineral from which manganese is produced. The main ores are the oxides, such as pyrolusite, MnO2; hausmannite, Mn3O4; and manganite, MnO(OH). Manganese ores may accumulate in metamorphic rocks or as sedimentary deposits, frequently forming nodules on the sea floor (sin...

marl
Crumbling sedimentary rock, sometimes called clayey limestone, including various types of calcareous clays and fine-grained limestones. Marls are often laid down in freshwater lakes and are usually soft, earthy, and of a white, grey, or brownish colour. They are used in cement-making and as fertilizer

magnetic flux
Measurement of the strength of the magnetic field around electric currents and magnets. Its SI unit is the weber; one weber per square metre is equal to one tesla. The amount of magnetic flux through an area equals the product of the area and the magnetic field strength at a point within that area

magnetron
Thermionic valve (electron tube) for generating very high-frequency oscillations, used in radar and to produce microwaves in a microwave oven. The flow of electrons from the tube's cathode to one or more anodes is controlled by an applied magnetic field

maser
In physics, a high-frequency microwave amplifier or oscillator in which the signal to be amplified is used to stimulate excited atoms into emitting energy at the same frequency. Atoms or molecules are raised to a higher energy level and then allowed to lose this energy by radiation emitted at a precise frequency. The principle has been extended...

mass spectrometer
Apparatus for analysing chemical composition by separating ions (charged particles) by their mass; the technique can distinguish different elements, different isotopes of an element, or different compounds. Positive ions of a substance are separated by an electromagnetic system, designed to focus particles of equal mass to a point where they ar...

mass–energy equation
German-Swiss-US physicist Albert Einstein's equation E = mc2, denoting the equivalence of mass and energy. In SI units, E is the energy in joules, m is the mass in kilograms, and c, the speed of light in a vacuum, is...

magnetic field
Click images to enlargeRegion around a permanent magnet, or around a conductor carrying an electric current, in which a force acts on a moving charge or on a magnet placed in the field. The field can be represented by lines of force parallel at each point to the direction of a small compass needle placed on them at that p...

magnification
Measure of the enlargement or reduction of an object in an imaging optical system. Linear magnification is the ratio of the size (height) of the image to that of the object. Angular magnification is the ratio of the angle subtended at the observer's eye by the image to the angle subtended by the object when viewed directly

Mach number
Ratio of the speed of a body to the speed of sound in the medium through which the body travels. In the Earth's atmosphere, Mach 1 is reached when a body (such as an aircraft or spacecraft) `passes the sound barrier`, at a velocity of 331 m/1,087 ft per second (1,192 kph/740 mph) at sea level. A space shuttle reaches Mach 15 (...

Malta, Knights of
Another name for members of the military-religious order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem

Man, Isle of
Island in the Irish Sea, a dependency of the British crown, but not part of the UK; area 570 sq km/220 sq mi; population (2001) 76,300, almost 50% of which lives in the capital Douglas and nearby Onchan. Other towns and cities include Ramsey, Peel, and Castletown. Industries include l...

manometer
Instrument for measuring the pressure of liquids (including human blood pressure) or gases. In its basic form, it is a U-tube partly filled with coloured liquid. Greater pressure on the liquid surface in one arm will force the level of the liquid in the other arm to rise. A difference between the...

Margaret
Princess of the UK, younger daughter of George VI and sister of Elizabeth II. In 1960 she married Anthony Armstrong-Jones, later created Lord Snowdon, but they were divorced in 1978. Their children are David, Viscount Linley (1961– ) and Lady Sarah Chatto (1964– )

Madras
(state) Former name of Tamil Nadu, a state of India

Marquesas Islands
Group of mountainous volcanic islands in French Polynesia (a French overseas territory), lying in the southern Pacific Ocean 1,184 km/736 mi northeast of Tahiti; area 1,270 sq km/490 sq mi; population (2002 est) 8,700. The administrative headquarters is Atuona on Hiva Oa. The largest ...

Massif Central
Upland region of south-central France with mountains and plateaux; area 93,000 sq km/36,000 sq mi, highest peak Puy de Sancy, 1,886 m/6,188 ft. It is a source of hydroelectricity. Although the Massif Central covers about one-seventh of France, it is home to only one-fifth of the population. Manufacturing is limited to the ci...

Massinger, Philip
English dramatist. He was the author of A New Way to Pay Old Debts (c. 1625). He collaborated with John Fletcher and Thomas Dekker, and has been credited with a share in writing Shakespeare's Two Noble Kinsmen and Henry VIII

manic depression
Mental disorder characterized by recurring periods of either depression or mania (inappropriate elation, agitation, and rapid thought and speech) or both. Sufferers may be genetically predisposed to the condition. Some cases have been improved by taking prescribed doses of lithium. Some manic-depressive patients have only manic attacks, others ...

masochism
Desire to subject oneself to physical or mental pain, humiliation, or punishment, for erotic pleasure, to alleviate guilt, or out of destructive impulses turned inward. The term is derived from Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

Mackmurdo, Arthur Heygate
English designer and architect. He founded the Century Guild in 1882, a group of architects, artists, and designers inspired by William Morris and John Ruskin. His textile designs are forerunners of art nouveau

Machel, Samora Moises
Mozambique nationalist leader, president 1975–86. Machel was active in the liberation front Frelimo from its conception in 1962, fighting for independence from Portugal. He became Frelimo leader in 1966, and Mozambique's first president from independence in 1975 until his death in a plane crash near the South African border

Martens, Wilfried
Belgian politician; prime minister 1979–92. He was president of the Dutch-speaking Social Christian Party (CVP) 1972–79 and, as prime minister, headed several coalition governments in the period 1979–92, when he was replaced by Jean-Luc Dehaene heading a new coalition

Marchais, Georges
French communist politician. As general secretary of the French Communist Party (PCF) 1972–94, Marchais presided over his party's decline, its vote dropping in parliamentary elections from 21% in 1973 to 10% in 1986, and in presidential elections to under 8% in 1988. Marchais had worked his way up the party organization despite...

Mass
(music) In music, a setting of the music for the main service of the Roman Catholic Church. The items of the Mass are sung in Latin and fall into two groups: the Ordinary (the items of the Mass are invariable, regardless of day or season) consists of the Kyrie, ...

mazurka
Any of a family of traditional Polish dances from the 16th century, characterized by foot-stamping and heel-clicking, together with a turning movement. The music for the mazurka is in triple time (3/4), with dotted rhythms and the accentuation of weak beats, on which phrases also begin and end. It is found at a variety of speeds, but is...

Massine, Léonide
Russian choreographer and dancer with the Ballets Russes. He was a creator of comedy in ballet and also symphonic ballet using concert music. His works include the first cubist-inspired ballet, Parade (1917), La Boutique fantasque (1919), and The Three-Cornered Hat (1919)

macroeconomics
Division of economics concerned with the study of whole (aggregate) economies or systems, including such aspects as government income and expenditure, the balance of payments, fiscal policy, investment, inflation, and unemployment. It seeks to understand the influence of all relevant economic factors on each other and thus to quantify and predict a...

Mandela, Winnie Madikizela
(Nomzamo) South African civil-rights activist, former wife of Nelson Mandela. A leading spokesperson for the African National Congress (ANC) during Nelson Mandela's imprisonment 1964–90, in 1991 she received a six-year prison sentence for her role in the kidnapping and assault...

Marshall Plan
Programme of US economic aid to Europe, set up at the end of World War II, totalling $13.3 billion throughout the life of the programme from 1948 to 1952 (equivalent to more than $88 billion late 1990s dollars). Post-war Europe was in a state of economic collapse and physical ruin and the USA, as the world's richest nation, intended...

Mali Empire
Muslim state in northwestern Africa during the 7th–15th centuries. Thriving on its trade in gold, it reached its peak in the 14th century under Mansa Musa (reigned 1312–37), when it occupied an area covering present-day Senegal, the Gambia, Mali, and southern Mauritania. Mali's territory was similar to (though larger than) that of...

magnetic tape
Narrow plastic ribbon coated with an easily magnetizable material on which data can be recorded. It is used in sound recording, audio-visual systems (videotape), and computing. For mass storage on commercial mainframe computers, large reel-to-reel tapes are still used, but cartridges are becoming popular. Various types of cartridge are ...

Mariana Trench
Lowest region on the Earth's surface; the deepest part of the sea floor. The trench is 2,400 km/1,500 mi long and is situated 300 km/200 mi east of the Mariana Islands, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Its deepest part is the gorge known as the Challenger Deep, which extends 11,034 m/36,210 ft below sea level

magazine
Publication brought out periodically, typically containing articles, essays, short stories, reviews, and illustrations. It is thought that the first magazine was Le Journal des savants, published in France in 1665. The first magazine in the UK was a penny weekly, the Athenian Gazette, better known later as the ...

Madagascar
Click images to enlargeIsland country in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa, about 400 km/280 mi from Mozambique. Government Madagascar is an emergent democratic state with a mixed presidential and executive political system. The 2007 constitution provides for a president, elected by universal suffrage for...

Malawi
Country in southeast Africa, bounded north and northeast by Tanzania; east, south, and west by Mozambique; and west by Zambia. Government The 1994 constitution provides for a president, who is head of state and government, and a single-chamber, 194-member assembly. Both are directly e...

Malaysia
Country in southeast Asia, comprising the Malay Peninsula, bounded north by Thailand, and surrounded east and south by the South China Sea and west by the Strait of Malacca; and the states of Sabah and Sarawak in the northern part of the island of Borneo (southern Borneo is part of Indonesia). Go...

Maldives
Group of 1,196 islands in the north Indian Ocean, about 640 km/400 mi southwest of Sri Lanka; only 203 of them are inhabited. Government The Maldives has a presidential political executive and is developing a multiparty political system. The 1968 constitution provides for a president, nominated by parliament and elected by a national refere...

Mali
Click images to enlargeLandlocked country in northwest Africa, bounded to the northeast by Algeria, east by Niger, southeast by Burkina Faso, south by Côte d'Ivoire, southwest by Senegal and Guinea, and west and north by Mauritania. Government Mali is a multiparty presidential democracy. The 1992 constitution pro...

Malta
Island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. Government Malta is a multiparty liberal democracy, with a prime ministerial political executive. The 1974 constitution provides for a 65-member house of representatives, elected by universal suffrage, through ...

Mauritania
Country in northwest Africa, bounded northeast by Algeria, east and south by Mali, southwest by Senegal, west by the Atlantic Ocean, and northwest by Western Sahara. Government The 1991 constitution provides for a two-chamber legislature, comprising an 81-member national assembly, elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, and ...

Mauritius
Island country in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar. Government Mauritius is a multiparty parliamentary democracy, with a prime ministerial political executive. The 1968 constitution, amended in 1969 and 1991, provides for a parliamentary form of government with a single-chamber legislative as...

maquis
General term for a largely evergreen type of vegetation common in many Mediterranean countries, consisting of scrub woodland with many low-growing tangled bushes and shrubs, typically including species of broom, gorse, and heather

marram grass
Coarse perennial grass that flourishes in sandy areas. Because of its tough, creeping roots, it is widely used to hold coastal dunes in place. (Ammophila arenaria, family Gramineae.)

mammal
Any of a large group of warm-blooded vertebrate animals characterized by having mammary glands in the female; these are used for suckling the young. Other features of mammals are hair (very reduced in some species, such as whales); a middle ear formed of three small bones (ossicles); a lower jaw consisting of two bones only; sev...

Manchu
Last ruling dynasty in China, from 1644 until its overthrow in 1912; its last emperor was the infant P'u-i. Originally a nomadic people from Manchuria, they established power through a series of successful invasions from the north, then granted trading rights to the USA and Europeans, which eventually brought strife and the Boxer Rebell...

Maoism
Form of communism based on the ideas and teachings of the Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong. It involves an adaptation of Marxism to suit conditions in China and apportions a much greater role to agriculture and the peasantry in the building of socialism, thus effectively bypassing the capitalist (industrial) stage envisaged by Marx. In addition,...

mahatma
Title conferred on Mohandas Gandhi by his followers as the first great national Indian leader

magic realism
In 20th-century literature, a fantastic situation realistically treated, as in the works of many Latin American writers such as Isabel Allende, Jorge Luis Borges, and Gabriel García Márquez. The technique of magic realism was pioneered in Europe by E T A Hoffman and Hermann Hesse. The term was coined in the 1920s to describe German pa...