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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


loa
Spirit in voodoo. Loas may be male or female, and include Maman Brigitte, the loa of death and cemeteries, and Aida-Wedo, the rainbow snake. Believers may be under the protection of one particular loa

Lomé Convention
Convention in 1975 that established economic cooperation between the European Economic Community and developing countries of Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific (ACP). It was renewed in 1979, 1985, 1989, and 2000

London, Greater
Metropolitan area of London, England, comprising the City of London, which forms a self-governing enclave, and 32 surrounding boroughs. Certain powers were exercised over this whole area by the Greater London Council (GLC) 1974–86. Area 1,580 sq km/610 sq mi Population (2001) 7,172,100

logical positivism
Doctrine that the only meaningful propositions are those that can be verified empirically. Metaphysics, religion, and aesthetics are therefore meaningless. However, the doctrine itself cannot be verified empirically and so is self-refuting. Logical positivism was characteristic of the Vienna Circle in the 1920s and 1930s, and was influenced by ...

Lotus
Motorcar company founded in 1952 by Colin Chapman (1928–1982), who built his first racing car in 1948, and also developed high-powered production saloon and innovative sports cars, such as the Lotus-Cortina and Lotus Elan. Lotus has been one of the leading Grand Prix manufacturers since they entered Formula 1 in 1960. Jim Clark, twice ...

Lower Austria
Largest federal state of Austria, bordered by the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the east, Burgenland to the southeast, Styria to the south, and Upper Austria to the west; area 19,174 sq km/7,403 sq mi; population (2001 est) 1,549,600. Its capital is Sankt Polten. The main towns are Wiener Neustadt and Krems. Vienna is a provi...

Lorraine
Region and former province of northeast France in the upper reaches of the Meuse and Moselle rivers; bounded in the north by Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany, and in the east by Alsace; area 23,547 sq km/9,092 sq mi; population (1999 est) 2,310,400. It comprises the départements of Meurthe-et-Moselle,...

Lorelei
In Germanic folklore, a river nymph of the Rhine who lures sailors onto the rock where she sits combing her hair. She features in several poems, including `Die Lorelei` by the German Romantic writer Heinrich Heine. The Lurlei rock south of Koblenz is 130 m/430 ft high

lodestar
Star used in navigation or astronomy, often Polaris, the Pole Star

Loren, Sophia
Italian film actor. Her boldly sensual appeal was promoted by her husband, the producer Carlo Ponti (1912–2007). Her combination of beauty and talent made her Italy's most famous movie star. She won an Academy Award for La Ciociara/Two Women (1961). Her work includes &...

Lotus 1-2-3
Spreadsheet computer program, produced by Lotus Development Corporation. It first appeared in 1982 and its combination of spreadsheet, graphics display, and data management contributed to the rapid acceptance of the IBM personal computer in businesses. Over 20 years later, Lotus 1-2-3 forms part of the Lotus SmartSuite office productivity s...

lone pair
In chemistry, a pair of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are not used in bonding. In certain circumstances, they will allow the atom to bond with atoms, ions, or molecules (such as boron trifluoride, BF3) that are deficient in electrons, forming coordinate covalent (dative) bonds in which they provide both of ...

lobotomy
Another name for the brain operation leucotomy

lode
Geological deposit rich in certain minerals, generally consisting of a large vein or set of veins containing ore minerals. A system of veins that can be mined directly forms a lode, for example the mother lode of the California gold rush. Lodes form because hot hydrothermal liquids and gases from magmas penetrate surrounding rocks, especially when ...

Louisiana Purchase
Purchase by the USA from France in 1803 of an area covering 2,144,000 sq km/828,000 sq mi, including the present-day states of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Oklahoma. The price paid was $15 million (60 million francs), or roughly 4 cents an acre. The purchase, which doubled the size of th...

London, Jack
(John Griffith Chaney) US novelist. He was a prolific author of naturalistic novels, adventure stories, and socialist reportage. His works, which are often based on his own life, typically concern the human struggle for survival again...

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth
Click images to enlargeUS poet. He is remembered for his ballads (`Excelsior`, `The Village Blacksmith`, `The Wreck of the Hesperus`) and the mythic narrative epics Evangeline (1847), The Song of Hiawatha (1855), and The Courtship of Miles Standi...

Lowell, Robert Traill Spence, Jr
US poet. His brutal yet tender verse stressed the importance of individualism, especially during times of war. His works include Lord Weary's Castle (1946; Pulitzer Prize), Life Studies (1959), and For the Union Dead (1964). Much of his poetry is confessional. Born in Boston, Massachu...

Long Beach
Port and industrial city in Los Angeles county, southwestern California, USA; population (2000 est) 461,500. Long Beach forms part of Greater Los Angeles and adjoins the San Pedro harbour of Los Angeles. Manufactured goods include aircraft, ships, petroleum products, chemicals, fabricated metals, electronic equipment, and processed food; th...

Long Island
Island east of Manhattan and southeast of Connecticut, USA, separated from the mainland by Long Island Sound and the East River; 193 km/120 mi long by about 48 km/30 mi wide; area 3,627 sq km/1,400 sq mi; population (2000 est) 7,448,600. It is mainly a residential district with farming in the east. Henry Hudson discovered th...

Los Angeles
City and port in southwestern California, USA; population (2000 est) 3,694,800; Los Angeles–Riverside–Orange County consolidated metropolitan area (also known as Greater Los Angeles) (1994 est) 15,302,000. In size of population it is the second-largest city and the second-largest metropolitan area in the USA. The city occu...

Louisiana
Click images to enlargeState in southern USA, bordered to the north by Arkansas, to the west by Texas, with the Sabine River and Toledo Bend Reservoir forming much of the boundary, and to the east by Mississippi, with the Mississippi and Pearl rivers forming much of the boundary; area 112,825 sq km/43,562 sq mi...

longitudinal wave
Wave in which the displacement of the medium's particles is in line with or parallel to the direction of travel of the wave motion. Various methods are used to reproduce waves, such as a ripple tank or a loosely-coiled spring, in order to understand their properties. If a loosely-coiled s...

loudness
Subjective judgement of the level or power of sound reaching the ear. The human ear cannot give an absolute value to the loudness of a single sound, but can only make comparisons between two different sounds. The precise measure of the power of a sound wave at a particular point is called its intensity. Accurate comparisons of sound levels may be m...

logic gate
In electronics, one of the basic components used in building integrated circuits. The five basic types of gate make logical decisions based on the functions NOT, AND, OR, NAND (NOT AND), and NOR (NOT OR). With the exception of the NOT gate, each has two or more inputs

lost-wax technique
Method of making sculptures; see cire perdue

London, Treaty of
Secret treaty signed on 26 April 1915 between Britain, France, Russia, and Italy. It promised Italy territorial gains (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) on condition that it entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and Russia). Italy's intervention did not achieve the rapid victories expected, and the terms o...

Lotharingia
Medieval region west of the Rhine, between the Jura mountains and the North Sea; the northern portion of the lands assigned to Lothair I when the Carolingian empire was divided. It was called after his son King Lothair, and later corrupted to Lorraine; it is now part of Alsace-Lorraine, France

Lorimer, Robert Stodart
Scottish architect. The most prolific architect representative of the Scottish Arts and Crafts Movement, Lorimer drew particularly from Scottish vernacular buildings of the 16th and 17th centuries to create a series of mansions and houses, practically planned, with picturesque, turreted exteriors. Lorimer started practice in Edinburgh in 1892. Exam...

local area network
In computing, a network restricted to small groups of rooms or buildings. Local area networks may range in size from only a few devices to as many as a few thousand devices, usually personal computers acting as workstations, as well as peripheral devices, such as printers. Central to the LAN is the f...

log on
In computing, the process by which a user identifies himself or herself to a multiuser computer and enters the system. Logging on usually requires the user to enter a password before access is allowed

log off
In computing, the process by which a user identifies himself or herself to a multiuser computer and leaves the system

longshore drift
Click images to enlargeMovement of material along a beach. When a wave breaks at an angle to the beach, pebbles are carried up the beach in the direction of the wave (swash). The wave returns to the sea at right angles to the beach (backwash) because that is the steepest gradient, carrying some pebbles with it. In this wa...

Lope de Vega,
(Carpio) Spanish poet and dramatist; see Vega, Lope de

loam
Type of fertile soil, a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and organic material. It is porous, which allows for good air circulation and retention of moisture

long jump
Field event in athletics in which competitors sprint and jump as far as possible into a sandpit from a takeoff board. The takeoff board is one metre from the landing area, and the sandpit measures nine metres in length. In international competitions, each competitor usually has three attempts, and the leading eight athletes then have a further thre...

loan
Form of borrowing by individuals, businesses, and governments. Individuals and companies usually obtain loans from banks. The loan with interest is typically paid back in fixed monthly instalments over a period of between one and five years in the UK, although longer-term loans and different repayment conditions may be arranged. Specific forms ...

local authority
Government at a local level in the UK. Examples include county councils, with district councils below them, in shire counties and metropolitan borough councils in city areas. Since 1997 most are unitary authorities, each providing a full range of local services. Such services already include education, social services, local roads, refuse collectio...

logo
Symbol representing a business, often linked to a brand name or trademark. It may be the name of a company in special type, or a drawing, or a combination of letters and pictures. The logo should be designed to present a positive image of the company to others and to be part of the marketing strategy of the organization

Longshan
Site of a sophisticated late Neolithic culture 2500–1700 BC in northern China now situated in the province of Shandong in the lower Huang He (Yellow River) valley. More advanced than Yangshao, the culture was the immediate precursor of the bronze-using Shang civilization. Its distinctive burnished black ceramics were kiln-fired and the...

Lombardy League, The
Italian regional political party, committed to federalism. It models itself on the 12th–13th century Lombard League. In 1993 it became the core of a new conservative-populist political grouping, the Northern League, led by Umberto Bossi, and fought the 1994 general election as part of the right-wing Freedom Alliance. The Northern Leagu...

Louis-Napoleon
Name by which Napoleon III was known

love
Affectionate or passionate devotion. The Greeks recognized four aspects of love: liking of something (storage), friendship or fondness of a person (philos), erotic love (eros), and selfless love (agape). The Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle both hold that love is ...

local colour
In art, basic colour of an object, unmodified by the effects of light or colour reflected from surrounding objects. When painting, it is of secondary importance to those modifications of colour reflected from other sources, or to the use of colour to convey emotion. When painting, an artist has to make continual choices about how to represent objec...

Loire, Pays de la
Agricultural region of western France; see Pays de la Loire

longhorn beetle
Beetle with extremely long antennae, usually equalling the length of the entire body, and often twice its length. Their bodies are 2–150 mm/0.1–6 in long, usually cylindrical, and often mimic wasps, moss, or lichens. The larvae, white or yellow grubs, are wood-borers, mostly attacking decaying or dead wood, but they may bore into ...

Lomu, Jonah
New Zealand rugby union wing three-quarter of Tongan descent. He made an enormous impact in the 1995 rugby World Cup in South Africa when he scored seven tries including four in the semi-final against England. At 1.96 m/6ft 5 in tall and weighing 118 kg/18.5 stone, but with great acceleration, he was stopped only by South African pl...

longship
Viking warship, probably developed in the 8th century. Longships were manoeuvrable and fast, well designed for raiding coastal settlements. They could carry 60 or more warriors and travelled under sail or by rowing. There were up to 30 rowing benches in standard longships (the `great ships` of the late Viking Age had even more). The lengt...

Lochhead, Liz
Scottish poet and playwright. She is well known for performing her own work. Her collections of poems include Memo for Spring (1972), The Grimm Sisters (1981), and Dreaming Frankenstein (1984). She has also written powerful work for the stage, including Mary Queen of Scots Got Her He...

long-sightedness
Nontechnical term for hypermetropia, a vision defect

loyalism
Movement in Northern Ireland that defends the principle of unionism and totally rejects any change in the status or government of Northern Ireland that might threaten its links with the UK. Loyalists will either use violence, or support the use of violence, to ensure that this link is maintained. The roots of modern loyalist paramilitary groups lie...

logogram
Symbol or character representing a morpheme or a word, but which is not a word itself. Logograms are an alternative to the alphabetic-phonetic system. Some logograms are in common use, including £ and &

lotus
(religion) Popular symbol in Hinduism and Buddhism. The flower of the lotus (a type of water lily) conveys the idea of beauty, and symbolizes the means to achieve non-attachment, as it lives in the earth but rises above the water. In Hinduism it has been used to represent the sun, and is a...

Lombardia
Italian name for Lombardy, a region of northern Italy

Lower Normandy
English name for Basse-Normandie, a coastal region of northwest France

Losar
Tibetan Buddhist festival celebrating the New Year. It is held at the new moon in February. Houses are spring-cleaned to sweep away any negative aspects from the previous year; evil spirits are scared away with firecrackers; and costumed monks perform New Year rituals and chants. Food is shared and there are contests to build elaborate ...

look-up table
In computing, a specific area on a worksheet in a spreadsheet program that is set aside for storing a grid of information. This can then be referenced in a formula using special look-up functions. A look-up table can be referred to directly, by cell reference, or can be used indirectly using functions to determine the position of a given va...

LSI
Technology that enables whole electrical circuits to be etched into a piece of semiconducting material just a few millimetres square. By the late 1960s a complete computer processor could be integrated on a single chip, or integrated circuit, and in 1971 the US electronics company Intel produced the first commercially available microprocessor. Very...

LSD
Psychedelic drug, a hallucinogen. Colourless, odourless, and easily synthesized, it is nonaddictive and nontoxic, but its effects are unpredictable. Its use is illegal in most countries. The initials are from the German Lysergsäurediäthylamid; the drug was first synthesized by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann (1906–...

Ltd
Abbreviation for Limited; see private limited company

lubricant
Substance used between moving surfaces to reduce friction. Carbon-based (organic) lubricants, commonly called grease and oil, are recovered from petroleum distillation. Extensive research has been carried out on chemical additives to lubricants, which can reduce corrosive wear, prevent the accumulation of `cold sludge` (often the resu...

lungfish
Any of a group of fleshy-finned bony fishes found in South America, Australia, and Africa. They have elongated bodies, and grow to about 2 m/6 ft, and in addition to gills have `lungs` with which they can breathe air during periods of drought conditions. (Genera Lepidosiren...

lugworm
Any of a group of marine annelid worms that grow up to 10 in/25 cm long. They are common burrowers between tidemarks and are useful for their cleansing and powdering of the beach sand, of which they may annually bring to the surface about 5,000 tonnes per hectare/2,000 tons per acre. (Genus Arenicola.)

lung
Click images to enlargeIn mammals, large cavity of the body, used for gas exchange. Most tetrapod (four-limbed) vertebrates have a pair of lungs occupying the thorax. The lungs are essentially an infolding of the body surface – a sheet of thin, moist membrane made of a single layer of cells, which is folded so as...

Ludwig III
King of Bavaria 1913–18, when he abdicated upon the formation of a republic

Lukács, Georg
Hungarian philosopher and literary critic, one of the founders of `Western` or `Hegelian` Marxism, a philosophy opposed to the Marxism of the official communist movement. He also wrote on aesthetics and the sociology of literature. In History and Class Consciousness (1923), he discussed the process of reificat...

Ludwig II
King of Bavaria from 1864, when he succeeded his father Maximilian II. He supported Austria during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, but brought Bavaria into the Franco-Prussian War as Prussia's ally and in 1871 offered the German crown to the king of Prussia. He was the composer Richard W...

Luxembourg Accord
French-initiated agreement of 1966 that a decision of the Council of Ministers of the European Community (now the European Union) may be vetoed by a member whose national interests are at stake

Ludwig I
King of Bavaria 1825–48, succeeding his father Maximilian Joseph I. He made Munich an international cultural centre, but his association with the dancer Lola Montez, who dictated his policies for a year, led to his abdication in 1848

Luxembourg
(city) Capital of the country of Luxembourg, on the Alzette and Pétrusse rivers, south of the Ardennes uplands; population (2005 est) 76,400. The 16th-century Grand Ducal Palace, European Court of Justice, and European Parliament secretariat are situated here, but plenary sessions...

Lutyens, Edwin Landseer
English architect. His designs ranged from the picturesque, such as Castle Drogo (1910–30), Devon, to Renaissance-style country houses, and ultimately evolved into a classical style as seen in the Cenotaph, London (1919), and the Viceroy's House, New Delhi, India (1912–31). His complex use of space, interest in tradition, and dist...

lute
Member of a family of plucked stringed musical instruments of the 14th–18th centuries, including the mandore, theorbo, and chitarrone. Lutes are pear-shaped with up to seven courses of strings (single or double), plucked with the fingers. Music for lutes is written in special notation called...

Lusitania
(Iberia) Ancient area of the Iberian peninsula, roughly equivalent to Portugal. Conquered by Rome in 139 BC, the province of Lusitania rebelled periodically until it was finally conquered by Pompey (73–72 BC). As constituted by Augustus in AD 5, the province included all of Portugal and m...

Luoyang
City in Henan province, China, south of the Huang He River; population (2000) 1,233,800. Industries include oil-refining and the production of glass, machinery, and tractors. Luoyang was the capital of China for nearly eight centuries under the Eastern Zhou (8th–3rd century BC) and other dynasties, and an important Buddhist centre in t...

Luo Guan Zhong
Chinese novelist who reworked popular tales into The Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Water Margin

Luo Kuan-chung
Alternative transliteration of Chinese writer Luo Guan Zhong

lumbago
Pain in the lower region of the back, usually due to strain or faulty posture. If it occurs with sciatica, it may be due to pressure on spinal nerves from a slipped disc. Treatment includes rest, application of heat, and skilled manipulation. Surgery may be needed in rare cases

Lully, Jean-Baptiste
French composer of Italian origin. He was court composer to Louis XIV of France. He composed music for the ballet and for Molière's plays, and established French opera with such works as Alceste (1674) and Armide et Rénaud (1686). He was also a ballet dancer

Lu Hsün
Alternative transliteration of Chinese writer Lu Xun

Lugano, Lake
Lake partly in Italy, between lakes Maggiore and Como, and partly in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland; area 49 sq km/19 sq mi. Noted for its beautiful scenery, it lies at an altitude of 271 m/890 ft and its greatest depth is 288 m/945 ft

Luftwaffe
German air force used both in World War I and (as reorganized by the Nazi leader Hermann Goering in 1933) in World War II. The Luftwaffe also covered anti-aircraft defence and the launching of the flying bombs V1 and V2. Germany was not supposed to have an air force under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles 1918, so the Luftwaffe was covertly...

Ludendorff, Erich von
German general, chief of staff to Hindenburg in World War I, and responsible for the eastern-front victory at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914. After Hindenburg's appointment as chief of general staff and Ludendorff's as quartermaster-general in 1916, he was also politically influential and the two were largely responsible for the c...

Lucretius
Roman poet and Epicurean philosopher. His De Rerum natura/On the Nature of The Universe, a didactic poem in six books, envisaged the whole universe as a combination of atoms, and had some concept of evolutionary theory. According to Lucretius, animals were complex but initially quite fortuitous clusters of atoms, only certain...

Lucknow
Capital of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, on the Gumti River, 70 km/46 mi northeast of Kanpur on a railway junction; population (2001 est) 2,266,900. Industries include engineering, chemicals, textiles, and many handicrafts. The city has many beautiful mosques including the Great Mosque and the Pearl Mosque. It was capital of the Nawabs...

Lucerne, Lake
Scenic lake surrounded by mountains in north-central Switzerland; area 114 sq km/44 sq mi. It lies at an altitude of 437 m/1,434 ft and its greatest depth is 215 m/705 ft. It has four main basins, connected by narrow channels. The lake is subject to sudden storms whipped up by the föhn wind

Lucca
(town) Town in Tuscany, northwest Italy, on the River Serchio, 60 km/37 mi northwest of Florence; population (2001) 81,900. Industries include weaving, food-processing, engineering, and the manufacture of chemicals. It was an independent republic from 1160 until its absorption into...

Lucan
Latin poet. Born in Córdoba, Spain, he was a nephew of the writer Seneca and favourite of Nero until the emperor became jealous of his verse. Lucan then joined a republican conspiracy and committed suicide on its failure. His epic poem Pharsalia, in ten books (the last incomplete), deals with the civil wars of Caesar and Pom...

Luanda
Capital, largest city, and main industrial port of Angola; population (2007 est) 2,977,200. Products include cotton, coffee, sugar, tobacco, timber, iron ore, motor vehicles, textiles, paper, fuel oil, and lubricants. Founded in 1575 by Portuguese settlers, it became a Portuguese colonial administrative centre as well as an outlet for slaves tr...

Luton
(town) Industrial town and administrative centre of Luton unitary authority situated in south central England, at the northern end of a river gap in the Chiltern hills, 48 km/30 mi north of London; population (2001) 185,550. Luton international airport is a secondary airport for London...

Luthuli, Albert John
South African politician, president of the African National Congress 1952–67. Luthuli, a Zulu tribal chief, preached nonviolence and multiracialism. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1960 for his advocacy of a nonviolent struggle against apartheid

Lutheranism
Click images to enlargeForm of Protestant Christianity derived from the life and teaching of Martin Luther; it is sometimes called Evangelical to distinguish it from the other main branch of European Protestantism, the Reformed. The most generally accepted statement of Lutheranism is that of the Confession of Augsburg...

Lusaka
Capital of Zambia from 1964 (of Northern Rhodesia 1935–64), 370 km/230 mi northeast of Livingstone; population (2000) 1,084,700. With good communications by rail, road, and air, and with hydroelectricity from the Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River, it is Zambia's chief centre of trade, industry, banking, and administration, as well as...

Luristan
Mountainous province in western Iran; area 28,800 sq km/11,120 sq mi; population (1991) 1,501,800. The capital is Khorramabad. The province is primarily inhabited by the Lur people who herd sheep and cattle. Excavation in the area has revealed a culture of the 8th–7th century BC with bronzes decorated with animal forms; its ori...

lupus
In medicine, any of various diseases characterized by lesions of the skin. One form (lupus vulgaris) is caused by the tubercle bacillus (see tuberculosis). The organism produces ulcers that spread and eat away the underlying tissues. Treatment is primarily with standard antituberculous drugs, but ultraviolet light may also be used. Lupus erythemato...

Lupercalia
Annual Roman festival of purification celebrated on 15 February. It has been associated with the Greek Lycaean Pan, god of flocks and herds (identified with the Roman Faunus), and the wolf (lupus) who supposedly suckled Romulus and Remus, the twin founders of Rome. Goats and dogs were sacrificed at the Lupercal at the foot of the...

Lundy Island
Rocky, granite island at the entrance to the Bristol Channel; 19 km/12 mi northwest of Hartland Point, Devon, southwest England; area 9.6 sq km/3.7 sq mi; population (2001) 19. Formerly used by pirates and privateers as a lair, it is now the site of a bird sanctuary and the first British Marine Nature Reserve (1986). It has Bron...

Luke, St
Traditionally the compiler of the third Gospel and of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. He is the patron saint of painters; his emblem is a winged ox, and his feast day 18 October. Luke is supposed to have been a Greek physician born in Antioch (Antakiyah, Turkey) and to have accompanied Paul after the ascension of Jesus

Lu Xun, pen-name of Chon Shu-jêu
Chinese short-story writer. His three volumes of satirically realistic stories, Call to Arms, Wandering, and Old Tales Retold, reveal the influence of the Russian writer Nicolai Gogol. He was also an important polemical essayist and literary critic

Lucullus, Lucius Licinius
Roman general and consul. As commander against Mithridates of Pontus 74–66 BC he proved to be one of Rome's ablest generals and administrators, until superseded by Pompey. He then retired from politics

Luddite
One of a group of people involved in machine-wrecking riots in northern England 1811–16. The organizer of the Luddites was referred to as General Ludd, but may not have existed. Many Luddites were hanged or transported to penal colonies, such as Australia. The movement, which began in Nottinghamshire and spread to Lancashire, Cheshire, Der...