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Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630
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kindergartenAnother term for nursery school
King, B B(Riley) US blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. One of the most influential electric-guitar players, he became an international star in the 1960s. His albums include
Blues Is King (1967),
Lucille Talks Back (1975),
Blues 'n' Jazz&l...
kidney machine
Medical equipment used in dialysis
Kirkland, Gelsey
US ballet dancer. She danced with seemingly effortless technique and innate musicality. She joined the New York City Ballet in 1968, where George Balanchine staged a new Firebird for her (1970) and Jerome Robbins chose her for his Goldberg Variations (1971) and other ballets. In 1974 Mikhail Baryshnikov sought ...
Killiecrankie, Battle of
In British history, during the first Jacobite uprising, defeat on 27 July 1689 of General Mackay (for William of Orange) by John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee, a supporter of James II, at Killiecrankie, Scotland. Despite the victory, Claverhouse was killed by a chance shot and the revolt soon petered out; the remaining forces were rout...
kinesis
(Plural kineses) in biology, a nondirectional movement in response to a stimulus; for example, woodlice move faster in drier surroundings. Taxis is a similar pattern of behaviour, but there the response is directional
kitchen-sink painters
Loose-knit group of British painters, active in the late 1940s and early 1950s. They depicted drab, everyday scenes with an aggressive technique and often brilliant, `crude` colour. The best known were John Bratby, Derrick Greaves (1927– ), Edward Middleditch (1923–1987), and Jack Smith (1928– ). These painter...
kite
(mathematics) Quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent equal sides. The geometry of this figure follows from the fact that it has one axis of symmetry
Kirghizia
Alternative form of Kyrgyzstan, a country in central Asia
Kishinev
Russian name for Chisinau, the capital of Moldova
kinetic art
A work of art that has movement or parts that are set in motion. The movement may be real or imagined. Movement may be mechanically powered (for example, by electricity, or air or water motion), or produced by the viewer moving past a work, or the work given the illusion of movement, such as op art, which appears to flicker. Kinetic art sometimes m...
kitsch
In the arts, anything that claims to have an aesthetic purpose but is tawdry and tasteless. It usually applies to cheap sentimental works produced for the mass market, such as those found in souvenir shops and chain stores, but it is also used for any art that is considered in bad taste. In the 1960s pop art began to explore the potential of kitsch...
Kim Jong Il
North Korean communist politician, national leader from 1994, when he succeeded his father, Kim Il Sung in what was the first dynastic succession in the communist world. Despite his official designation `Dear Leader`, he lacked his father's charisma and did not automatically inherit the public adulation accorded to him. In October 199...
Kieslowski, Krzysztof
Polish film director and screenwriter. One of the great European auteurs of the 1980s and 1990s, his films are often personal narratives with broader moral and political implications. His `Three Colours` trilogy – Trois couleurs: Bleu/Blue (1993), Trois couleurs: Blanc/White (1993...
kiss of life
In first aid, another name for artificial respiration
kirtan
Hindu song of praise. Other songs and hymns are known as bhajan. In a temple, music and dance may also form part of the worship
kitchen-sink drama
Genre of British drama which depicts the real and often sordid quality of family life. The plays are socially and politically motivated, seeking to focus attention on the destruction of moral values caused by consumerism and the break down of community. Writers include Arnold Wesker and John Osborne. Kitchen-sink drama is related to the kitchen...
kiral karna
Sikh term for honest and appropriate work. All Sikhs are expected to work to keep themselves; it is regarded as dishonourable to beg or live off the earnings of others. This applies equally to Sikhs who want to concentrate on devotion to prayer and religious study. Sikhs also regard the right use of money earned as important. Money is used to p...
kiddush
Jewish prayer and act of blessing. It forms part of the ceremony of the Sabbath or a holy festival conducted in the home or in synagogue. The kiddush prayer is recited over wine and challah (plaited bread), or other food, which is then shared by those present. In a family ceremony, the father makes kiddush by blessing wine to celebrate the joyful a...
Klimt, Gustav
Austrian painter. He was influenced by Jugendstil (art nouveau) and was a founding member of the Vienna Sezession group in 1897. His paintings, often sensual and erotic, have a jewelled effect similar to mosaics, for example The Kiss (1909; Musée des Beaux-Arts, Strasbourg). His many portraits incl...
Klaproth, Martin Heinrich
German chemist who first identified the elements uranium and zirconium, in 1789, and was the second person to isolate titanium, chromium, and cerium. He was a pioneer of analytical chemistry
Klee, Paul
Swiss painter and graphic artist. He was one of the most original and prolific artists of the 20th century. Endlessly inventive and playful, and suggesting a childlike innocence, his works are an exploration of the potential of line, plane, and colour. Twittering Machine(1922; Museum of Modern Art, New York) is typical. Klee ...
Klemperer, Otto
German conductor. He was celebrated for his interpretation of contemporary and classical music (especially Beethoven and Brahms). He conducted the Los Angeles Orchestra 1933–39 and the Philharmonia Orchestra, London, from 1959
kleptomania
Behavioural disorder characterized by an overpowering desire to possess articles for which one has no need. In kleptomania, as opposed to ordinary theft, there is no obvious need or use for what is stolen and sometimes the sufferer has no memory of the theft
Klondike
Former gold-mining area in northwest Yukon Territory, Canada, near Dawson, where the Klondike and Yukon rivers meet. It is named after the river valley (length 193 km/120 mi) near where gold was found in August 1896. By 1898, at the height of the `Klondike Gold Rush`, over 30,000 pe...
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb
German poet. His religious epic Der Messias/The Messiah (1748–73) and Oden/Odes (1771) anticipated Romanticism. Written in hexameters, Der Messias is a very uneven poem, some parts of it being imbued with deep feeling and fervour, while others are flat and trivial
Klammer, Franz
Austrian skier. He won a record 26 World Cup downhill races 1974–1985, plus one win in the combined event. He was an Olympic gold medallist in 1976. He was the combined world champion in 1974, and the World Cup downhill champion 1975–78 and 1983. He was the most successful Austrian skier in World Cup competition until February 2000 when H...
Klein, Melanie
Austrian child psychoanalyst. She pioneered child psychoanalysis and play studies, and was influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories. She published The Psychoanalysis of Children (1960). Klein intended to follow a medical career. She gave this up when she married, but after the birth of her three children became interested in ps...
Klaus, Václav
Czech politician and economist, prime minister of the Czech Republic 1993–97 and president from 2003. Before the break-up of Czechoslovakia, he served as finance minister in the government of Václav Havel and was chair of Civic Forum from 1990, breaking away to form the right-of-centre Civic Democratic Party (CDP) in 1991. Whi...
km
Symbol for kilometre
knot
(bird) Wading bird belonging to the sandpiper family. It is about 25 cm/10 in long, with a short bill, neck, and legs. In the winter, it is grey above and white below, but in the breeding season, it is brick-red on the head and chest and black on the wings and back. It feeds on insects...
knifefish
Any of a group of fishes in which the body is deep at the front and drawn to a narrow or pointed tail at the rear, the main fin being the well-developed long ventral (stomach) fin that completes the knifelike shape. The ventral fin is rippled for forward or backward movement. Knifefishes produce electrical fields, which they use for navigation....
knocking
In a spark-ignition petrol engine, a phenomenon that occurs when unburned fuel-air mixture explodes in the combustion chamber before being ignited by the spark. The resulting shock waves produce a metallic knocking sound. Loss of power occurs, which can be prevented by reducing the compression ratio, re-designing the geometry of the com...
knowledge-based system
Computer program that uses an encoding of human knowledge to help solve problems. It was discovered during research into artificial intelligence that adding heuristics (rules of thumb) enabled programs to tackle problems that were otherwise difficult to solve by the usual techniques of computer science. Chess-playing programs have been strength...
Kneller, Godfrey
German-born portrait painter who lived in England from 1674. A successful and prolific painter of nearly 6,000 portraits, he dominated English portraiture of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was court painter to Charles II, James II, William III, and George I. Kneller was knighted in 1692 and made a baronet in 1715. Among his painting...
knighthood, orders of
Fraternity carrying with it the rank of knight, admission to which is granted as a mark of royal favour or as a reward for public services. During the Middle Ages in Europe such fraternities fell into two classes: religious and secular. The first class, including the Templars and the Knights of St John, consisted of knights who had taken religi...
knitting
Method of making fabric by looping and knotting yarn, originally with two or four needles. Knitting may have developed from crochet, which uses a single, hooked needle, or from netting. A mechanized process for making stockings was developed in the 16th century, but it was not until the mid-20th century that the invention of the knitting machin...
Knossos
Middle and Late Bronze Age settlement, 8 km/5 mi south of present-day Iraklion, Crete. Knossos is one of the main cities of what is known as the Minoan civilization (a modern name derived from the legend of King Minos). The archaeological site, excavated by Arthur Evans in 1899–1935, inc...
knot
(unit) In navigation, unit by which a ship's speed is measured, equivalent to one nautical mile per hour (one knot equals about 1.15 miles per hour). It is also sometimes used in aviation
Knesset
The Israeli parliament, consisting of a single chamber of 120 deputies elected for a period of four years
knapweed
Any of several weedy plants belonging to the daisy family. In the common knapweed (C. nigra), also known as a hardhead, the hard, dark buds break open at the top into pale purple composite flowers. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America. (Genus Centaurea, family Compositae.)
Knock
Village and parish in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland, 11 km/7 mi northeast of Claremorris; the village has a small population (1,400 in 2002) but as an international place of pilgrimage receives a reputed 1.5 million visitors per year. Knock is known as the site of alleged apparitions of the Virgin Mary (the first on 21 August 1879), and ...
kneading
In ceramics, an essential step for the preparation of clay before working or firing. In kneading, the clay is cut, folded, squeezed, and worked until it is warm, soft, and easy to mould. The process also removes any air bubbles trapped in the clay, as these can cause the clay form to crack during firing
kohlrabi
Variety of kale, which is itself a variety of cabbage; it is used for food and resembles a turnip. The leaves of kohlrabi shoot from a round swelling on the main stem. (Brassica oleracea caulorapa or B. oleracea gongylodes, family Cruciferae.)
Koran
The sacred book of Islam, written in Arabic. It is said to have been divinely revealed through the angel Jibra'el (Gabriel) to the prophet Muhammad between about AD 610 and 632. The Koran is the prime source of all Islamic ethical and legal doctrines. The Koran is divided into 114 suwar (chapters...
Kochi
(port) Town and port in Kerala state, India, on the Malabar coast; population (1991) 564,000; urban agglomeration (1991) 1,139,540. It is a fishing port, naval training base, and an industrial centre with oil refineries; ropes and clothing are also manufactured here. It exports coi...
Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich
Russian designer of the first Soviet intercontinental missile, used to launch the first Sputnik satellite in 1957, and of the Vostok spacecraft in which Yuri Gagarin made the world's first space flight in 1961. Korolev and his research team built the first Soviet liquid-fuel rocket, launched in 1933. His innovations in ro...
kookaburra
Largest of the world's kingfishers, found in Australia, with an extraordinary laughing call. It feeds on insects and other small creatures. The body and tail measure 45 cm/18 in, the head is greyish with a dark eye stripe, and the back and wings are flecked brown with grey underparts. It nest...
koala
Marsupial (mammal that carries its young in a pouch) found only in eastern Australia. It feeds almost entirely on eucalyptus shoots. It is about 60 cm/2 ft long, and resembles a bear (it is often incorrectly described as a `koala bear`). The popularity of its greyish fur led to its almo...
Korean language
Language of Korea, written from the 5th century AD in Chinese characters until the invention of an alphabet by King Sejong 1443. The linguistic affiliations of Korean are unclear, but it may be distantly related to Japanese. The alphabet was discouraged as `vulgar letters` (onmun) and banned by the colonizing Japanese o...
Kollontai, Alexandra Mikhailovna
Russian revolutionary, politician, and writer. In 1905 she published On the Question of the Class Struggle, and, as commissar for public welfare, was the only female member of the first Bolshevik government. She campaigned for domestic reforms such as acceptance of free love, simplification of divorce laws, and collective child c...
Korean War
Click images to enlargeWar from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea (supported by China) and South Korea, aided by the United Nations (the troops were mainly US). North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the Security Council of the United Nations, owing to a walk-out by the USSR, voted to oppose them....
Koch,
(Heinrich Hermann) German bacteriologist who was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis. Koch and his assistants devised the techniques for culturing bacteria outside the body, and formulated the rules for sho...
Kourou
(town) Second-largest town of French Guiana, northwest of Cayenne, site of the Centre Spatial Guyanais (Guianese Space Centre) of the European Space Agency (ESA); population (2005 est) 27,000 (14% of the total population of French Guiana). ESA launches have included SMART-1 on ...
Kolkata
Capital of West Bengal state in India, on the River Hooghly, the westernmost mouth of the River Ganges, some 130 km/80 mi north of the Bay of Bengal; population (2001 est) 4,580,500; metropolitan area (2001 est) 13,216,500. It is chiefly a commercial and industrial centre, its industries including engineering, shipbuilding, jute and oth...
Kobe
Deep-water port on Osaka Bay in Hyogo prefecture, southern Honshu island, Japan; population (2000) 1,494,000. It was a treaty port between 1868 and 1899, for foreigners exempt from Japanese law. Port Island, an artificial island of 5 sq km/3 sq mi in Kobe harbour, was created in 1960–68 from the rock of nearby mountains. It was one...
Kodály, Zoltán
Hungarian composer and educationalist. With Béla Bartók, he recorded and transcribed Magyar folk music, the scales and rhythm of which he incorporated in a deliberately nationalist style. His works include the cantata Psalmus Hungaricus (1923), a comic opera Háry János (1925–27), and or...
Koestler, Arthur
Hungarian-born British writer. Imprisoned by the Nazis in France 1940, he escaped to England. His novel Darkness at Noon (1940), regarded as his masterpiece, is a fictional account of the Stalinist purges, and draws on his experiences as a prisoner under sentence of death during the Spanish Civil War. He also wrote extensivel...
Kokoschka, Oskar
Austrian expressionist painter. Initially influenced by the Vienna Sezession painters, he painted vivid landscapes, and highly charged allegories and portraits, for example The Bride of the Wind (The Tempest) (1914; Kunstmuseum, Basel). His writings include expressionist plays and poetry. Kokoschka studied crafts in Vienna, a...
kola
Alternative spelling of cola, any of a group of tropical trees
Kola Peninsula
Peninsula in the far northwestern Russian Federation, between the Barents Sea and the White Sea. Administratively, it forms part of Murmansk oblast (region). Its total area is 129,500 sq km/50,000 sq mi, and it has a population of 1.3 million (of whom 2,000 are Saami). The port of Murmansk and the mining centre of Kirovsk are the chief cities. ...
Kolchak, Alexander Vasilievich
Russian admiral, commander of the White forces in Siberia after the Russian Revolution. He proclaimed himself Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918, but was later handed over to the Bolsheviks by his own men and shot
Koniev, Ivan Stepanovich
Soviet marshal who in World War II liberated Ukraine from the invading German forces 1943–44 and then in 1945 advanced from the south on Berlin to link up with the British-US forces. He commanded all Warsaw Pact forces 1955–60
Kon-Tiki
Legendary creator god of Peru and sun king who ruled the country later occupied by the Incas and was supposed to have migrated out into the Pacific. The name was used by explorer Thor Heyerdahl in 1947 for his raft
Konya
City in southwestern central Turkey; population (2000) 742,700. Carpets and silks are made here, and the city contains the monastery of the dancing dervishes
Korda, Alexander
Hungarian-born British film producer and director. He was a dominant figure in the British film industry during the 1930s and 1940s. His films as director include Marius (1931), in France, and The Private Life of Henry VIII (1933), in England. He was the producer of The Scarlet Pimpernel ...
kosher
Conforming to religious law with regard to the preparation and consumption of food; in Judaism, conforming to the food laws (kashrut) of the Torah (as laid down in Deuteronomy and Leviticus) and the Mishnah. Forbidden food is called trefah. For example, only animals that chew the cud and have cloven (split) hooves may be eaten; cows and she...
Kossuth, Lajos
Hungarian nationalist and leader of the revolution of 1848. He proclaimed Hungary's independence of Habsburg rule, became governor of a Hungarian republic in 1849, and, when it was defeated by Austria and Russia, fled first to Turkey and then to exile in Britain and Italy
Kosciusko, Mount
Highest mountain in Australia (2,228 m/7,310 ft), in the Snowy Mountains of the Australian Alps in southeast New South Wales, close to the border with Victoria and 390 km/240 mi to the southwest of Sydney. The mountain was named by the Polish-born mineralogist and explorer Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki (1797–1873), who climbed it i...
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Andrzej
Polish general and nationalist. He served with George Washington in the American Revolution (1776–83). He returned to Poland in 1784, fought against the Russian invasion that ended in the partition of Poland, and withdrew to Saxony. He returned again in 1794 to lead the revolt against the occupation, but was defeated by combined Russian and Pr...
Kosygin, Alexei Nikolaievich
Soviet politician, prime minister 1964–80. He was elected to the Supreme Soviet in 1938, became a member of the Politburo in 1946, deputy prime minister in 1960, and succeeded Khrushchev as premier (while Brezhnev succeeded him as party secretary). In the late 1960s Kosygin's influence declined
koto
Plucked Japanese string instrument; a long zither of ancient Chinese origin with 13 silk or nylon strings stretched over moveable bridges. It rests on the floor and the strings are plucked with ivory plectrums worn on the thumb and two fingers of the right hand. The left hand presses the strings behind the bridges to alter the tuning, add ornam...
Kowloon
Peninsular area on the Chinese coast, until July 1997 part of the British crown colony of Hong Kong; population (2001 est) 2,024,000; the city of Kowloon is a residential area. The walled city of Kowloon was created in 1898, when Britain leased the New Territories from China; China reserved jurisdiction over a disused fort, a site of 2....
Kohl, Helmut
German conservative politician, leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 1976–98, West German chancellor (prime minister) 1982–90, and German chancellor from 1990–98. He oversaw the reunification of East and West Germany 1989–90 and in 1990 won a resounding victory to become the first chancellor of a reunited Germany. His ...
Kong Zi
Pinyin form of Confucius, Chinese philosopher
Kollwitz, Käthe
German graphic artist and sculptor. One of the leading expressionists, she is noted for her harrowing and often disturbing drawings, etchings, lithographs, and woodcuts on the themes of social injustice, poverty, and human suffering, as in the woodcut cycle Never Again War! (1924). Her woodcut The Mothers (...
Korea, North
See North Korea
Korea, South
See South Korea
Kordofan
Former province of central Sudan, known as the `White Land`; area 146,932 sq km/56,730 sq mi; population (1983) 3,093,300. In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states: North, South, and West Kordofan. Although it has never been an independent state, it has a character of its own. It is mainly undulating plain, wit...
Kosovo
Autonomous region 1945–1990 of southern Serbia; capital Priština; area 10,900 sq km/4,207 sq mi; population (2003 est) 2,088,700, of which about 80% are Albanians; Serbs and Muslims are the dominant minorities. A largely mountainous region, it includes the fertile valleys of Kosovo and Metohija and is drained by th...
Konoe, Fumimaro, Prince
Japanese politician and prime minister 1937–39 and 1940–41. He helped to engineer the fall of the Tojo government in 1944 but committed suicide after being suspected of war crimes. He entered politics in the 1920s and was active in trying to curb the power of the army in government
Korean
Person who is native to or an inhabitant of Korea; also the language and culture. There are approximately 33 million Koreans in South Korea, 15 million in North Korea, and 3 million elsewhere, principally in Japan, China (Manchuria), Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and the USA
koan
In Zen Buddhism, a superficially nonsensical question or riddle used by a Zen master to help a pupil achieve satori (enlightenment). It is used in the Rinzai school of Zen. A koan supposedly cannot be understood through the processes of logic; its solution requires attainment of a higher level of insight. An often repeated ex...
Komi
(republic) Republic in the northwestern Russian Federation; area 415,900 sq km/160,579 sq mi; population (1996) 1,185,000 (74% urban) (58% Russian, 23% Komi). The capital is Syktyvkar and Vorkuta is another city. The republic is partly in the Arctic Circle and is largel...
Korbut, Olga Valentinovna
Soviet gymnast. She attracted world attention at the 1972 Olympic Games with her lively floor routine, winning three gold medals for the team, beam, and floor exercises. Career highlights Olympic Games gold beam 1972; gold floor 1972; gold team 1972, 1976; silver uneven bars 1972; silver beam 1976 World Championships gold vault 1974...
Kongur Shan
Mountain peak in China, 7,719 m/25,325 ft high, part of the Pamir Plateau. The 1981 expedition that first reached the summit was led by British climber Chris Bonington
Korea
Peninsula in East Asia, divided into north and south; see North Korea, and South Korea
Kommunizma, Pik
Highest mountain in the Pamirs, a mountain range in Tajikistan in Central Asia; height 7,495 m/24,590 ft. It was first climbed by a Soviet expedition in 1933
Kongo
African kingdom flourishing in the lower Congo region in the 14th–18th centuries. Although it possessed a sophisticated system of government, its power began to decline early in the 17th century under the impact of intensified slave trading and the interventions of Portuguese merchants and missionaries. In the late 19th century the kingdom was...
Kovalevskaia, Sofya Vasilevna
Russian mathematician and novelist who worked on partial differential equations and Abelian integrals. In 1886 she won the Prix Bordin of the French Academy of Sciences for a paper on the rotation of a rigid body about a point, a problem the 18th-century mathematicians Euler and Lagrange had both failed to solve
Kovac, Michal
Slovak politician, president 1993–98, when Czechoslovakia split in two to become the Czech and Slovak republics. He was known to favour some confederal arrangement with the Czech Republic and, in consequence, his election was welcomed by the Czech government. Born in Lubiša in eastern Slovakia, Kovac was educated at the Commercial Academy...
Koivisto, Mauno Henrik
Finnish politician, prime minister 1968–70 and 1979–82, and president 1982–94. He was finance minister 1966–67 and led a Social Democratic Party coalition as prime minister 1968–70. He became interim president in 1981 after the resignation of Urho Kekkonen, and was elected president the following year. As president he share...
Kohima, Battle of
One of the most savage battles of World War II, April–May 1944, as the Allied garrison at Kohima, a town in Manipur province, northeast India, repulsed a wave of Japanese attacks with severe casualties
Kok, Wim
Dutch trade unionist and politician, leader of the Partij van der Arbeid (PvdA; Labour Party) (PvdA) and prime minister 1994–2002. After an inconclusive general election in May 1994, Kok eventually succeeded in forming a broad-based three-party coalition of the PvdA with the People's Party of Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Dem...
Kourou
(river) River in French Guiana
kora
Plucked harp-lute with 21 strings, from West Africa. It is used by professional male musicians known as jalolu (singular jali) of the Mandinka people of Gambia and Senegal. The kora mainly accompanies narrations, recitations, and songs in honour of a patron
Koror
Former provisional capital of the republic of Palau, on Koror Island, in the Caroline Islands of the western Pacific, 1,303 km/810 mi southwest of Guam, and 853 km/530 mi southeast of Manila; population (2004 est) 14,000. It is a commercial and tourist centre, with a copra-processing plant. Payments from the US government for the ma...
Kosovo Liberation Army
Paramilitary force that operated in the predominantly ethnic Albanian province of Kosovo, in Serbia, and fought for the independence of Kosovo. The KLA emerged as an organized movement in 1996, and by 1998 found itself in command of an uprising, which quickly spread across parts of the province. Labelled a terrorist organization by the Serb authori...
Koštunica, Vojislav
Serbian nationalist politician and president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (the separate countries of Montenegro and Serbia from 2006) from 2000 to 2003 after a disputed poll victory. A wave of demonstrations was required before the election result was recognized by outgoing president Slobodan Miloševic. An economic liberal and advocat...
Kolskiy Poluostrov
Russian name for Kola Peninsula, a peninsula in far northwestern Russia
