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Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630
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Jiang Qing-guoTaiwanese politician, eldest son of Jiang Jie Shi (Chiang Kai-shek), prime minister 1972–78, president 1978–88. After Jiang Jie Shi's Kuomintang (Guomindang, nationalist) forces fled to Taiwan in 1949, in the wake of the communist takeover of the Chinese mainland, Jiang Qing-guo worked to strengthen the security and intelligen...
Jinnah, Muhammad AliIndian politician, Pakistan's first governor general from 1947. He was president of the Muslim League in 1916 and 1934–48, and by 1940 was advocating the need for a separate state of Pakistan. At the 1946 conferences in London he insisted on the partition of British India into Hindu and Muslim states
jinniIn Muslim mythology, a member of a class of spirits able to assume human or animal shape
jingoismBlinkered, war-mongering patriotism. The term originated in 1878, when the British prime minister Disraeli developed a pro-Turkish policy, which nearly involved the UK in war with Russia. His supporters' war song included the line `We don't want to fight, but by jingo if we do ...`
Ji'nanCity and capital of Shandong province, China; population (2000) 2,795,100. Industries include engineering, food-processing, flour-milling, and the manufacture of textiles, iron, steel, heavy goods vehicles, machine tools, and chemicals. History Founded in the 8th century BC, Ji'nan was an early religious centre. The city was visited...
Jilin(province) Province of northeast China, bounded to the northeast by Heilongjiang, to the southeast by Russia, to the south by North Korea, to the southwest by Liaoning, and to the northwest by Inner Mongolia; area 187,000 sq km/72,000 sq mi; population (2000 est) 27,280,000. The ca...
jihadHoly war undertaken by Muslims against nonbelievers. In the Mecca Declaration (1981), the Islamic powers pledged a jihad against Israel, though not necessarily military attack
JiddahPort in Hejaz, Saudi Arabia, on the eastern shore of the Red Sea, about 80 km/50 mi west of Mecca; population (2004) 2,801,500. The country's leading industrial centre, its industries include cement, steel, oil refining, and pottery. It exports animal hides, mother-of-pearl, coffee, and carpets. Pilgrims, many of whom now arrive...
JiangxiProvince of southeast China, bounded to the north by Hubei and Anhui, to the east by Zhejiang and Fujian, to the south by Guangdong, and to the west by Hunan; area 164,800 sq km/63,600 sq mi; population (2000 est) 41,400,000. The capital is Nanchang; other cities and towns include Ganzhou, Ji'an, Jingdezhen, Jiujiang, and Pingxi...
Jiang Jie ShiChinese nationalist Kuomintang (Guomindang) general and politician, president of China 1928–31 and 1943–49, and of Taiwan from 1949, where he set up a US-supported right-wing government on his expulsion from the mainland by the communist forces. Jiang took part in the revolution of ...
JiangsuProvince on the coast of east China, bounded to the north by Shandong, to the east by the Yellow Sea, to the southeast by Shanghai, to the south by Zhejiang, and to the west by Anhui; area 102,200 sq km/39,450 sq mi; population (2000 est) 74,380,000, the most densely populated province in China. The capital is Nanjing, which is the prov...
Jiang QingChinese communist politician, third wife of the party leader Mao Zedong. In 1960 she became minister for culture, and played a key role in the 1966–69 Cultural Revolution as the leading member of the Shanghai-based Gang of Four, who attempted to seize power in 1976. She was imprisoned in 1981. Jiang was a Shanghai actor when in 1937 she me...
Jim Crow lawsLaws designed to enforce racial segregation and deny black Americans their civil rights. These laws originated in the 1880s and were common in the southern USA until the 1960s. The US Supreme Court decision
Plessy v.
Ferguson (1896) legitimized these laws by affirming segregation under the `separate but eq...
Jiang ZeminChinese communist politician, leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1989–2002 and state president 1993–2003. He succeeded Zhao Ziyang as Communist Party leader after the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989, and during the next decade he steered a middle course of market-centred economic reform while maintaining the CCP's monop...
Jin dynastyHereditary rulers of northern China, including Manchuria and part of Mongolia, from 1122 to 1234, during the closing part of the Song era (960–1279). The dynasty was founded by Juchen (Jurchen) nomad hunters, who sacked the northern Song capital Kaifeng in 1126, forcing the Song to retreat south to Hangzhou. The Jin eventually ruled northern C...
jingleCatchy tune and, often, words that work through rhythm and repetition of sound for advertising purposes, used within most sections of the media including television and journalism. Jingles aim to stick in the minds of their hearers in order to sell a product or service effectively
Jonathan, Chief(Joseph) Lesotho politician. A leader in the drive for independence, Jonathan became prime minister of Lesotho in 1965. His rule was ended by a coup in 1986. As prime minister, Jonathan played a pragmatic role, allying himself in turn with the South African government and the Organization of A...
jonquilSpecies of small daffodil, with yellow flowers. It is native to Spain and Portugal, and is cultivated in other countries. (
Narcissus jonquilla, family Amaryllidaceae.)
Joyce, James(Augustine Aloysius) Irish writer. His originality lies in evolving a literary form to express the complexity of the human mind, and he revolutionized the form of the English novel with his linguistic technique which had a far-reaching influence on many modern authors. His works include th...
JoshuaIn the Old Testament, successor of Moses, who led the Jews in their return to, and conquest of, the land of Canaan. The city of Jericho was the first to fall – according to the Book of Joshua, the walls crumbled to the blast of his trumpets
Joseph of Arimathaea, StIn the New Testament, a wealthy Jew, member of the Sanhedrin (supreme court), and secret supporter of Jesus. On the evening of the Crucifixion he asked the Roman procurator Pilate for Jesus' body and buried it in his own tomb. Feast day 17 March
Joseph IIHoly Roman Emperor from 1765, son of Francis I (1708–1765). The reforms he carried out after the death of his mother, Maria Theresa in 1780 provoked revolts from those who lost privileges
Joseph(Old Testament) In the Old Testament, the 11th and favourite son of Jacob, sold into Egypt by his jealous half-brothers. After he had risen to power there, they and his father joined him to escape from famine in Canaan
Joseph(New Testament) In the New Testament, the husband of the Virgin Mary, a descendant of King David of the Tribe of Judah, and a carpenter by trade. Although, according to Christian faith, Jesus was not the son of Joseph, Joseph was his legal father. According to Roman Catholic tradition, he had ...
Jordan(river) River rising on Mount Hermon, Syria, at 550 m/1,800 ft above sea level and flowing south for about 320 km/200 mi via the Lake of Tiberias (the Sea of Galilee) to the Dead Sea, 390 m/1,290 ft below sea level. It is the lowest river in the world. It occupies the northern part...
Jordaens, JacobFlemish painter. His style follows Rubens, whom he assisted in various commissions. Much of his work is exuberant and on a large scale, including scenes of peasant life and mythological subjects, as well as altarpieces and portraits. He was the pupil of Adam van Noort, whose daughter he married, and his development is parallel with that of Rubens, ...
Jonson, Ben(jamin)English dramatist, poet, and critic.
Every Man in his Humour (1598) established the English `comedy of humours`, in which each character embodies a `humour`, or vice, such as greed, lust, or avarice. This was followed by
Cynthia's Revels (1600) and
The Poetaster (1601)...
JonahHebrew prophet whose name is given to a book in the Old Testament. According to this, he fled by ship to evade his mission to prophesy the destruction of Nineveh, the ancient capital of Assyria. The crew threw him overboard in a storm, as a bringer of ill fortune, and he spent three days and nights in the belly of a whale before coming to land
Johnson, SamuelEnglish lexicographer (writer of dictionaries), author, and critic. He was also a brilliant conversationalist and dominant figure in 18th-century London literary society. His
Dictionary (1755) provided the pedigree for subsequent lexicography and remained authoritative for over...
Johnson, Andrew17th president of the USA 1865–69, a Democrat. He was a congressman from Tennessee 1843–53, governor of Tennessee 1853–57, senator 1857–62, and vice-president in 1865. He succeeded to the presidency on Abraham Lincoln's assassination (15 April 1865). His conciliatory policy to the defeated South after the Civil War invol...
Johnson, AmyEnglish aviator. She made a solo flight from England to Australia in 1930, in 9 1/2 days, and in 1932 made the fastest ever solo flight from England to Cape Town, South Africa. Her plane disappeared over the English Channel in World War II while she was serving with the Air Transport Auxiliary
Johnson, Lyndon Baines36th president of the USA 1963–69, a Democrat. He was a member of Congress 1937–49 and the Senate 1949–60. Born in Texas, he brought critical Southern support as J F Kennedy's vice-presidential running mate in 1960, and became president on Kennedy's assassination. After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson successfully wo...
John o' GroatsVillage in the northeast of the Highland unitary authority, Scotland, about 3 km/2 mi west of Duncansby Head, the furthest point from Land's End on the British mainland. It is named after the Dutchman John de Groot, who built a house there in the 16th century. There are ferry connections to B...
John BullImaginary figure who is a personification of England, similar to the American Uncle Sam. He is represented in cartoons and caricatures as a prosperous farmer of the 18th century. The name was popularized by Dr John Arbuthnot's political satire
History of John Bull (1712), advocating the Tory policy of peace with France
John of GauntEnglish noble and politician, fourth (and third surviving) son of Edward III, Duke of Lancaster from 1362. He distinguished himself during the Hundred Years' War. During Edward's last years, and the years before Richard II attained the age of majority, he acted as head of government, and Parliament protested against his corrupt rule. He was...
John of the Cross, StSpanish Carmelite friar from 1564, who was imprisoned several times for attempting to impose the reforms laid down by St Teresa of Avila. His verse describes spiritual ecstasy
John the Baptist, StIn the New Testament, an itinerant preacher. After preparation in the wilderness, he proclaimed the coming of the Messiah and baptized Jesus in the River Jordan. He was later executed by Herod Antipas at the request of Salome, who demanded that his head be brought to her on a platter. John was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth (a cousin of Jesus&#...
John, StClick images to enlargeNew Testament apostle. Traditionally, he wrote the fourth Gospel and the Johannine Epistles (when he was bishop of Ephesus), and the Book of Revelation (while exiled to the Greek island of Patmos). His emblem is an eagle; his feast day is 27 December. The differences between the fourth Gospel an...
John, Gwen(dolen Mary)Welsh painter. She lived in France for most of her life. Many of her paintings depict young women or nuns (she converted to Catholicism in 1913), but she also painted calm, muted interiors. Her style was characterized by a sensitive use of colour and of tone
JohannesburgLargest city of South Africa, situated on the Witwatersrand in Gauteng Province; population (2001) 3,225,800. It is the centre of a large gold-mining industry; other industries include engineering works, chemicals, paper, electrical goods, meat-chilling plants, and clothing factories. The city is also an important financial centre, ...
Joffre, Joseph Jacques CésaireMarshal of France during World War I. He was chief of general staff in 1911. The German invasion of Belgium in 1914 took him by surprise, but his stand at the Battle of the Marne resulted in his appointment as supreme commander of all the French armies in 1915. His failure to make adequate preparations at Verdun in 1916 and the military disasters o...
JodhpurClick images to enlargeCity in Rajasthan, India, 490 km/310 mi southwest of Delhi; population (2001) 846,400. Handicraft industries such as ivory carving and lacquerware are important, and railway parts, textiles, and bicycles are manufactured here. It is a market centre. It was formerly the capital of Jodhpur pri...
JobIn the Old Testament, Hebrew leader who in the Book of Job questioned God's infliction of suffering on the righteous while enduring great sufferings himself. Although Job comes to no final conclusion, his book is one of the first attempts to explain the problem of human suffering in a world believed to be created and governed by a God who is al...
Joan of Arc, StFrench military leader who inspired the French at the Siege of Orléans 1428–29 and at the Battle of Patay, north of Orléans, in 1429. As a young peasant girl, she was the wrong age, class, and gender to engage in warfare, yet her `heavenly voices` instructed her to expel the ...
Joubert, Piet(Petrus Jacobus) Boer general in South Africa. He opposed British annexation of the Transvaal 1877, proclaimed its independence in 1880, led the Boer forces in the First South African War against the British 1880–81, defeated Jameson in 1896, and fought in the Second South African War
Jones, InigoEnglish classical architect. He introduced the Palladian style to England. He was employed by James I to design scenery for Ben Jonson's masques and was appointed Surveyor of the King's Works 1615–42. He designed the Queen's House, Greenwich (1616–35), and the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London (1619–22)
joint(biology) Click images to enlargePoint of movement or articulation in any animal with a skeleton. In vertebrates, it is the point where two bones meet. Some joints allow no motion (the sutures between the bones of the skull), others allow a ver...
Joplin, Janis(Lyn) US blues and rock singer. She sang with the San Francisco group Big Brother and the Holding Company 1966–68. Together they appeared at the Monterey International Pop Festival in 1967, and recorded the album
Cheap Thrills in 1968, which included the legendary `...
joystickIn computing, an input device that signals to a computer the direction and extent of displacement of a hand-held lever. It is similar to the joystick used to control the flight of an aircraft. Joysticks are sometimes used to control the movement of a cursor (marker) across a display screen, but a...
JobcentreIn the UK, a state-run employment exchange. Jobcentres were part of the Employment Service until 2002, when they were combined with benefits offices under Jobcentre Plus, an agency that is part of the Department for Work and Pensions
Joplin, ScottUS ragtime pianist and composer. He was considered the leading representative of `classic rag`, in which the standard syncopated rhythm was treated with some sophistication. His `Maple Leaf Rag` (1899) was the first instrumental sheet music to sell a million copies, and `The Entertainer` (1902), as the Academy Award...
Joule, James PrescottEnglish physicist. His work on the relations between electrical, mechanical, and chemical effects led to the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics. He determined the mechanical equivalent of heat (Joule's equivalent) in 1843, and the SI unit of energy, the joule, is named after him. He also discovered Joule's law, which defines the r...
Josephson junctionDevice used in `superchips` (large and complex integrated circuits) to speed the passage of signals by a phenomenon called `electron tunnelling`. Although these superchips respond a thousand times faster than the silicon chip, they have the disadvantage that the components of the Josephson junctions operate only at temperatures ...
Josephson, Brian DavidWelsh physicist, a leading authority on superconductivity. He shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973 for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier (the Josephson effect), which led to the development of the Josephson junction
jouleSI unit of work and energy (such as potential energy, kinetic energy, or electrical energy)
Joint European TorusExperimental nuclear-fusion machine, known as JET
Johnson, Philip CortelyouUS architect and architectural historian. Originally designing in the international style of Mies van der Rohe, he later became an exponent of postmodernism. He designed the giant AT&T building in New York City in 1982 – a pink skyscraper with a Chippendale-style cabinet top. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, and educated at Harvard, he became,...
Josquin Des PrezFranco-Flemish composer. His combination of Flemish counterpoint and Italian harmony, learnt while in the service of the Rome papal chapel in 1484–1503, marks a peak in Renaissance vocal music. In addition to Masses on secular as well as sacred themes, including the
Missa `L'Homme armé`/
Ma...
Jordan
(country) Click images to enlargeCountry in southwest Asia, bounded north by Syria, northeast by Iraq, east, southeast, and south by Saudi Arabia, south by the Gulf of Aqaba, and west by Israel. Government Jordan is a constitutional monarchy, w...
John XXII
Pope 1316–34. He spent his papacy in Avignon, France, engaged in a long conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor, Ludwig of Bavaria, and the Spiritual Franciscans, a monastic order who preached the absolute poverty of the clergy
John XXIII
Pope from 1958. He improved relations with the USSR in line with his encyclical Pacem in Terris/Peace on Earth (1963), established Roman Catholic hierarchies in newly emergent states, and summoned the Second Vatican Council, which reformed church liturgy and backed the ecumenical movement
John III, Sobieski
King of Poland from 1674. He became commander-in-chief of the army in 1668 after victories over the Cossacks and Tatars. A victory over the Turks in 1673 helped to get him elected to the Polish throne, and he saved Vienna from the besieging Turks in 1683
John I
King of Portugal from 1385. An illegitimate son of Pedro I, he was elected by the Cortes (parliament). His claim was supported by an English army against the rival king of Castile, thus establishing the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance in 1386. He married Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt
John IV
King of Portugal from 1640. Originally duke of Braganza, he was elected king when the Portuguese rebelled against Spanish rule. His reign was marked by a long war against Spain, which did not end until 1668
John VI
King of Portugal and regent for his insane mother Maria I from 1799 until her death in 1816. He fled to Brazil when the French invaded Portugal in 1807 and did not return until 1822. On his return Brazil declared its independence, with John's elder son Pedro as emperor
John Paul I
Pope 26 August–28 September 1978. His name was chosen as the combination of his two immediate predecessors
Joseph I
Holy Roman Emperor from 1705 and king of Austria, of the house of Habsburg. He spent most of his reign involved in fighting the War of the Spanish Succession
joint venture
In business, a collaborative undertaking in which two or more legal entities contribute capital and expertise and share risk. Joint ventures are often arranged between companies involved in large projects, or by those seeking to expand their markets by setting up in business abroad with the benefit of local knowledge
Johns, Jasper
US painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He was one of the foremost exponents of pop art. He rejected abstract art, favouring such mundane subjects as flags, maps, and numbers as a means of exploring the relationship between image and reality. His work employs pigments mixed with wax (encaustic) to create a rich surface with unexpected delicacies of c...
John
(I) King of England from 1199 and acting king from 1189 during his brother Richard (I) the Lion-Heart's absence on the Third Crusade. Although branded by contemporaries as cruel and power-hungry, he is now recognized as a hardworking, able, reforming monarch, who travelled the coun...
Jodrell Bank
Site in Cheshire, England, of the Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories of the University of Manchester. Its largest instrument is the 76-m/250-ft radio dish (the Lovell Telescope), completed in 1957, modified in 1970, and upgraded in 2001 and 2002, given a new surface and drive system. A 38 × 25-m/125 × 82-ft elli...
Jolson, Al
Russian-born US singer and entertainer. Popular in Broadway theatre and vaudeville, he starred in the first talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927). Other films include The Singing Fool (1928), Say It with Songs (1929), Mammy (1930), Go into Your Dance...
journeyman
A man who served his apprenticeship in a trade and worked as a fully qualified employee. The term originated in the regulations of the medieval trade guilds; it derives from the French journée (`a day`) because journeymen were paid daily. Each guild normally recognized three grades of worker – apprentices,...
Jones, Allen
English painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He was a leading figure in the pop art movement of the 1960s. His colourful paintings are executed in the style of commercial advertising, and unabashedly celebrate the female form, for example, Perfect Match (1966–67; Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne). One of the most commi...
Johnson, Michael
US track and field athlete. At Atlanta in 1996 Johnson became the first man in Olympic history to win gold medals at both 200 and 400 metres. In the 200-metre final he set a new world record of 19.32 seconds and finished 0.36 seconds ahead of the second placed athlete, a margin of victory only bettered by Jesse Owens at the 1936 Olympics. In 19...
Jospin, Lionel Robert
French socialist politician, first secretary of the Socialist Party (PS) 1981–88 and 1995–97, then prime minister 1997–2002, under President Jacques Chirac, heading a `pluralist left` coalition with communist, green, and left-wing radical parties. A moderate within the PS, he was a close ally of François Mitterrand...
John Dory
Marine bony fish also called a dory
Johnson, Martin Osborne
English rugby union second row forward. He captained the British Lions on their victorious tour of South Africa in 1997 and led England to the World Cup in 2003. He was a bulwark of the England scrum since making his international debut in 1993, and was a key member of the England team that won four successive Triple Crowns in the Five Nations (lat...
jobseekers allowance
Social security benefit included by the UK Conservative government in the Jobseekers Act 1995. The allowance became effective from October 1996. It replaced unemployment benefit and income support, combining them into one payment for the unemployed. The Labour government inherited the jobseekers allowance after winning the May 1997 general election...
Johnson, Jack
US heavyweight boxer. He overcame severe racial prejudice to become the first black to win the world heavyweight title in 1908 and was one of boxing's greatest and most controversial champions. After winning the title in Australia in 1908 with a knockout of Tommy Burns, he defended the championship successfully against a succession of `gre...
Joliot-Curie, Irène
French physicist, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. She and her husband Frédéric Joliot were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of artificial radioactivity. She was professor of physics at the Sorbonne from 1937, and director of the Radium Institute 1946–56
joining
Putting parts together to make new products. This is called assembling. Materials can be joined together in a number of different ways. The joints can be temporary or permanent, they can be fixed, or they can move. Joints can be made by shaping the materials so that they fit together. There is a wide...
Jones, Ieuan Wyn
Welsh nationalist politician, deputy first minister (and minister for economy and transport) in the Welsh Assembly government from 2007. Leader of Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, from 2001, he brought the party into government for the first time, in coalition with the Welsh Labour Party, after the May 2007 elections to the Welsh Assembly ...
JP
Abbreviation for justice of the peace
JPEG
Used to describe a compression standard set up by that group and now widely accepted for the storage and transmission of colour images. The JPEG compression standard reduces the size of image files considerably, although it is a lossy compression format. Repeating editing and resaving JPEGs will adversely affect their appearance
JPL
Abbreviation for Jet Propulsion Laboratory
juvenile delinquency
Offences against the law that are committed by young people
Jutland, Battle of
World War I naval battle between British and German forces on 31 May 1916, off the west coast of Jutland. Its outcome was indecisive, but the German fleet remained in port for the rest of the war
Jutland
Peninsula of northern Europe; area 29,500 sq km/11,400 sq mi. It is separated from Norway by the Skagerrak and from Sweden by the Kattegat strait, with the North Sea to the west. The larger northern part belongs to Denmark, the southern part to Germany. Dairying and livestock raising are the main occupations of eastern Jutland; Årh...
Jute
Member of a Germanic people who originated in Jutland but later settled in Frankish territory. They occupied Kent, southeast England, in about 450, according to tradition under Hengist and Horsa, and conquered the Isle of Wight and the opposite coast of Hampshire in the early 6th century
Justin, St
One of the early Christian leaders and writers known as the Fathers of the Church. Born in Palestine of a Greek family, he was converted to Christianity and wrote two Apologies in its defence. He spent the rest of his life as an itinerant missionary, and was martyred in Rome. Feast day 1 June
justice of the peace
In England, an unpaid magistrate. In the USA, where JPs receive fees and are usually elected, their courts are the lowest in the states, and deal only with minor offences, such as traffic violations; they may also conduct marriages
jurisprudence
The science of law in the abstract – that is, not the study of any particular laws or legal system, but of the principles upon which legal systems are founded
Jura Mountains
Series of parallel mountain ranges running along the French–Swiss frontier between the Rivers Rhône and Rhine, a distance of 250 km/156 mi. The highest peak is Crête de la Neige (1,723 m/5,650 ft). The mountains give their name to the Jura département of France, and in 1979 a Jura canton was establishe...
junta
The military rulers of a country, especially after an army takeover, as in Turkey in 1980. Earlier examples include Argentina, under Juan Perón and his successors; Chile, under Augusto Pinochet; Paraguay, under Alfredo Stroessner; Peru, under Manuel Odría; and Uruguay, under Juan Bordaberry. More recently, Myanmar has been...
Juno
In Roman mythology, the principal goddess, identified with the Greek Hera. The wife of Jupiter and queen of heaven, she was concerned with all aspects of women's lives and also regarded as a patroness of commerce
July Revolution
Revolution 27–29 July 1830 in France that overthrew the restored Bourbon monarchy of Charles X and substituted the constitutional monarchy of Louis Philippe, whose rule (1830–48) is sometimes referred to as the July Monarchy
Juliana
Queen of the Netherlands 1948–80. The daughter of Queen Wilhelmina (1880–1962), she married Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld in 1937. She abdicated in 1980 and was succeeded by her daughter Beatrix
Julian the Apostate
Roman emperor. Born in Constantinople, the nephew of Constantine the Great, he was brought up as a Christian but early in life became a convert to paganism. Sent by Constantius to govern Gaul in 355, he was proclaimed emperor by his troops in 360, and in 361 was marching on Constantinople when Constantius' death allowed a peaceful succession. H...
judicial separation
Action in a court by either husband or wife, in which it is not necessary to prove an irreconcilable breakdown of a marriage, but in which the grounds are otherwise the same as for divorce. It does not end a marriage, but a declaration may be obtained that the complainant need no longer cohabit with the defendant. The court can make similar orders ...
