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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Istanbul
Click images to enlargeCity and chief seaport of Turkey, on both sides of the Bosporus at its entrance into the Sea of Marmara; population (2003 est) 9,419,00, urban agglomeration 10,048,900. It produces textiles, shoes, motor vehicles, ships, chemicals, food products, tobacco, cement, glass, and leather. The city is ...

isolationism
In politics, concentration on internal rather than foreign affairs; a foreign policy having no interest in international affairs that do not affect the country's own interests. .BTXT: In the USA, isolationism is usually associated with the Republican Party, especially politicians of the Midwest (for example, the Neutrality Acts 1935...

Israel
(ancient kingdom) Ancient kingdom of northern Palestine, formed after the death of Solomon by Jewish peoples seceding from the rule of his son Rehoboam and electing Jeroboam as their leader. It is named after the descendants of the Old Testament patriarch Jacob, whose name was changed to Israe...

isobar
Line drawn on maps and weather charts linking all places with the same atmospheric pressure (usually measured in millibars). When used in weather forecasting, the distance between the isobars is an indication of the barometric gradient (the rate of change in pressure). Where the isobars are close tog...

Isma'ili
Member of an Islamic group, the second-largest Shiite community in Islam (after the Twelver Shi'is). Isma'ilis comprise several smaller groups, the most important of which are the Nizari Isma'ilis, from 1094; the Da'udi Isma'ilis; the Musta'li Isma'ilis; and the Sulaymani Isma'ilis

Ismail
Khedive (governor) of Egypt 1866–79. A grandson of Mehmet Ali, he became viceroy of Egypt in 1863, and in 1866 received the title of khedive from the Ottoman sultan. He amassed huge foreign debts and in 1875 Britain, at Prime Minister Disraeli's suggestion, bought the khedive's Suez Canal shares for nearly £4 million, establishing...

Isle of Wight
See Wight, Isle of

Islington
Inner borough of north Greater London, including the suburbs of Finsbury, Barnsbury, and Holloway; population (2001) 175,800. Features include the Sadler's Wells music hall, built in 1638 when Clerkenwell springs were exploited and Islington Spa became famous, and the present Sadler's Wells theatre (1927–31), where opera and ballet...

Isle of Man
See Man, Isle of

Islamabad
Capital of Pakistan from 1967 (replacing Karachi), in the Potwar district, at the foot of the Margala Hills, at the head of navigation of the Jhelum River and immediately northwest of Rawalpindi; population (1998) 529,200, (2007 calc) 834,400. The city was designed by Constantinos Doxiadis in the 1960s, and its Arabic name means `city of p...

Isis
(goddess) Principal goddess of ancient Egypt; the daughter of Geb and Nut (Earth and Sky); and the personification of the throne of her brother-husband Osiris. She searched for the body of Osiris after he was murdered by his brother, Set. Her son, the sky god Horus, defeated and ca...

Ishtar
Mesopotamian goddess of fertility, sexual love, wedlock, maternity, and war, worshipped by the Babylonians and Assyrians, and personified as the legendary queen Semiramis. She was the equivalent of the Canaanite and Syrian Astarte. In Babylonian mythology the god Tammuz, the personification of natural growth and decay, was her husband and brother. ...

Ishmael
In the Old Testament, the son of Abraham and his wife Sarah's Egyptian maid Hagar; traditional ancestor of Muhammad and the Arab people. He and his mother were driven away by Sarah's jealousy. Muslims believe that it was Ishmael, not Isaac, whom God commanded Abraham to sacrifice, and that Ishmael helped Abraham build the Kaaba in Mecca

Isherwood, Christopher
(William Bradshaw) English-born US novelist. He lived in Germany from 1929–33 just before Hitler's rise to power, a period that inspired Mr Norris Changes Trains (1935) and Goodbye to Berlin (1939), creating the character of Sally Bowles, the ...

Isaac
In the Old Testament, a Hebrew patriarch, son of Abraham and Sarah, and father of Esau and Jacob

Isabella II
Queen of Spain from 1833, when she succeeded her father Ferdinand VII (1784–1833). The Salic Law banning a female sovereign had been repealed by the Cortes (parliament), but her succession was disputed by her uncle Don Carlos de Bourbon (1788–1855). After seven years of civil war, the Carlists were defeated. She abdicated in favour of her...

isomer
Chemical compound having the same molecular formula but with different molecular structure. For example, the organic compounds butane (CH3(CH2)2CH3) and methyl propane (CH3CH(CH
isotope
One of two or more atoms that have the same atomic number (same number of protons), but which contain a different number of neutrons, thus differing in their relative atomic mass. They may be stable or radioactive (as a radioisotope), naturally occurring, or synthesized. For example, hydrogen has the isotopes 2H (deuterium) a...

isostasy
Condition of gravitational equilibrium of all parts of the Earth's crust. The crust is in isostatic equilibrium if, below a certain depth, the weight and thus pressure of rocks above is the same everywhere. The idea is that the lithosphere floats on the asthenosphere as a piece of wood floats on ...

Islam
Click images to enlargeReligion founded in the Arabian peninsula in the early AD 600s. It emphasizes the `oneness of God` (Arabic tauhid), his omnipotence, beneficence, and inscrutability. Its sacred book is the Koran, which Muslims believe was divinely revealed to Muhammad, the prophet or messenger of Allah (Go...

Issigonis, Alec
Turkish-born British engineer who designed the Morris Minor (1948) and the Mini-Minor (1959) cars, comfortable yet cheaper to run than their predecessors. He is credited with adding the word `mini` to the English language. He was knighted in 1969. Overseeing the separate approaches of styling, interior packaging, body engineering,...

ISO
(photography) In photography, a numbering system for rating the speed of films, devised by the International Standards Organization

Islamic art
Art and design of the Muslim world, dating from the foundation of the Islamic faith in the 7th century AD. Having developed few artistic traditions of their own, the Muslim Arabs who conquered parts of Asia, Europe, and North Africa in the late 7th and early 8th centuries adopted elements of Byzantine, Coptic, and Persian art, fusing them into a di...

Israel
(country) Click images to enlargeCountry in Southwest Asia, bounded north by Lebanon, east by Syria and Jordan, south by the Gulf of Aqaba, and west by Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. Government is a multiparty parliamentary democr...

Isabella
(I) Queen of Castile from 1474, after the death of her brother Henry IV. By her marriage with Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, the crowns of two of the Christian states in the Spanish peninsula cemented their dynastic link. Her youngest daughter was Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of...

Ishiguro, Kazuo
Japanese-born British novelist. His novel An Artist of the Floating World won the 1986 Whitbread Prize, and The Remains of the Day, about an English butler coming to realize the extent of his self-sacrifice and self-deception, won the 1989 Booker Prize and was made into a successful film in 1993. Hi...

Isidore of Seville
Spanish philosopher, theologian, writer, and missionary. His Etymologiae was the model for later medieval encyclopedias and helped to preserve classical thought during the Middle Ages. As archbishop of Seville from 600, he strengthened the church in Spain and converted many Jews and Aryan Visigoths. His Chronica Maiora&l...

Israëls, Jozef
Dutch painter. In 1870 he settled in The Hague and became a leader of the Hague School of landscape painters, who shared some of the ideals of the Barbizon School in France. His low-keyed and sentimental scenes of peasant life recall the work of Millet. Born in Groningen of Jewish parents, he trained in Amsterdam under Kruseman, and in Paris wi...

isorhythm
In music, a form in which a given rhythm cyclically repeats, although the corresponding melody notes may change. It was used in European medieval music, and is still practised in classical Indian music. The composers Alban Berg, John Cage, and Olivier Messiaen used isorhythmic procedures

Isolde
In Celtic and medieval legend, the wife of King Mark of Cornwall who was brought from Ireland by King Mark's nephew Tristan. She and Tristan accidentally drank the aphrodisiac given to her by her mother for her marriage, were separated as lovers, and finally died together

island
Area of land surrounded entirely by water. Australia is classed as a continent rather than an island, because of its size. Islands can be formed in many ways. Continental islands were once part of the mainland, but became isolated (by tectonic movement, erosion, or a rise in sea level, for example). ...

ischaemic heart disease
Disorder caused by reduced perfusion of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. It is the commonest cause of death in the Western world, leading to more than a million deaths each year in the USA and about 160,000 in the UK. See also coronary artery disease. Early symptoms of IHD include angina...

ISDN
Abbreviation for Integrated Services Digital Network, a telecommunications system

Islamic architecture
Click images to enlargeThe architecture of the Muslim world, highly diverse but unified by climate, culture, and a love of geometric and arabesque ornament, as well as by the mobility of ideas, artisans, and architects throughout the region. The central public buildings are mosques, often with a dome and minaret; dome...

island arc
Curved chain of volcanic islands. Island arcs are common in the Pacific where they ring the ocean on both sides; the Aleutian Islands off Alaska are an example. The volcanism that forms island arcs is a result of subduction of an oceanic plate beneath another plate, as evidenced by the presence of ocean trenches on the convex side of the arc, a...

islets of Langerhans
Groups of cells within the pancreas responsible for the secretion of the hormone insulin. They are sensitive to blood sugar levels, producing more hormone when glucose levels rise

ISP
In computing, abbreviation for Internet Service Provider

Islamic medicine
Medicine of the Arab-speaking world (Spain, North Africa, Arabia, Turkey, and Persia, now Iran) from the foundation of Islam in the early 7th century to the beginning of the European Renaissance in the 15th century. Following the end of the Roman Empire in AD 476 Europe was plunged into the Dark Ages, a period of regression and lost knowledge, ...

Islas Canarias
Spanish for the Canary Islands, a group of volcanic islands and autonomous Spanish community off the northwest coast of Africa

Istanbul Bogazi
Turkish name for the Bosporus, a strait joining the Black Sea with the Sea of Marmar

Islas Baleares
Spanish name for the Balearic Islands, a group of Mediterranean islands forming an autonomous region of Spain

Isa
Muslim Arabic name for the New Testament figure Jesus, regarded as a prophet in Islam. Muslims believe that Jesus was born of Mary, a virgin, but that it is blasphemy to think, as Christians do, that God would send himself to earth and then kill himself. They believe that people can earn forgiveness from God by repentance, and that Jesus was not ki...

isometric projection
Three-dimensional drawing where all the sides are measured full size and scaled with the drawing at 30° to the horizontal

Islam ethics
Questions of right and wrong considered according to Islam. Islam teaches that the only God is Allah, and that it is a sin (known as shirk) to make other things or people equal to Allah by admiring them, worshipping them, or putting inappropriate effort and desire into obtaining them. Other actions that are strictly forbidden include murder, theft,...

Israeli Labour Party
Moderate, left-of-centre Zionist party, which supports territorial compromise as a means of achieving peace with Israel's Arab neighbours. The party's roots go back to Mapai (the Israel Workers' Party), which began in the 1930s, and to Jewish movements in late-19th century Russia. The Israeli Labour Party was formed in 1968,...

Israeli Occupied Territories
Arab territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently occupied. These territories comprised the Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula (captured from Egypt), the West Bank and East Jerusalem (captured from Jordan), and the Golan Heights (captured from Syria). Israeli governments encouraged the expansion of Jewish settlements ...

italic
Style of printing in which the letters slope to the right like this, introduced by the printer Aldus Manutius of Venice in 1501. It is usually used side by side with the erect Roman type to distinguish titles of books, films, and so on, and for purposes of emphasis and (mainly in the USA) citation. The term `italic` is ...

iteroparity
In biology, the repeated production of offspring at intervals throughout the life cycle. It is usually contrasted with semelparity, where each individual reproduces only once during its life

Italian language
Member of the Romance branch of the Indo-European language family, the most direct descendant of Latin. Broadcasting and films have standardized the Italian national tongue, but most Italians speak a regional dialect as well as standard Italian. The standard language originates in the Tuscan dialect of the Middle Ages, particularly as used for ...

Italian art
Painting and sculpture of Italy from the early Middle Ages to the present. In the 4th century AD Christian art emerged from Roman art, which was adapted to give expression to religious beliefs and sentiments. Throughout the next 14 centuries Roman art was to be the source of constant reappraisals and renewals in the evolution of the visual arts in ...

Italy
Click images to enlargeCountry in southern Europe, bounded north by Switzerland and Austria, east by Slovenia, Croatia, and the Adriatic Sea, south by the Ionian and Mediterranean seas, and west by the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian seas and France. It includes the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia and Sicily. Government The 194...

Ithaca
Greek island in the Ionian Sea, area 93 sq km/36 sq mi; population (2001) 3,100. Important in pre-classical Greece, Ithaca was (in Homer's poem) the birthplace of Odysseus, though this is sometimes identified with the island of Lefkada (some archaeologists have equated ancient Ithaca with Lefkada rather than modern Ithaca)

Itaipu Dam
World's largest hydroelectric plant, situated on the Paraná River on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. A joint Brazilian-Paraguayan venture, it came into operation in 1984 and has a capacity of 12,600 megawatts. It supplies hydroelectricity to a wide area, including most of Paraguay and the industrial areas of southern Brazil

IT
Abbreviation for information technology

Ithaki
Greek name for Ithaca, a Greek island in the Ionian sea

Italy: history 1796–1870
The period 1796 to 1871 was marked by two major events: the invasion of Italy by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1796, leading to the Napoleonic era that ended in 1815; and the rise of nationalist movements, leading to the eventual unification of Italy. When Rome was taken from the French in 1870, the Italian peninsula was fully united as a single na...

ivy
Any of an Old World group of woody climbing, trailing, or creeping evergreen plants. English or European ivy (H. helix) has shiny five-lobed leaves and clusters of small, yellowish-green flowers followed by black berries. It climbs by means of rootlike suckers put out from its stem, and causes damage to trees. (Genus <...

Ivy League
Eight long-established colleges and universities in the USA with prestigious academic and social reputations: Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Yale

Ives, Charles Edward
US composer. He experimented with atonality, quarter tones, and clashing time signatures, decades before the avant-garde movement. Most of his music uses (simultaneous) quotations from popular tunes, military marches, patriotic songs, and hymns of the time. He wrote four symphonies, including the Dvorakian Symphony No. 1 (189...

ivory
Hard white substance of which the teeth and tusks of certain mammals are made. Among the most valuable are elephants' tusks, which are of unusual hardness and density. Ivory is used in carving and other decorative work, and is so valuable that poachers continue to illegally destroy the remaining ...

Ivory, James
(Francis) US film director. He established his reputation with the Indian-made Shakespeare Wallah (1965), which began collaborations with Ishmail Merchant and the writer Ruth Prawer Jhabvala. Ivory subsequently directed films in various genres in India, the USA, and Euro...

Ivan
(III) Grand Duke of Muscovy from 1462. He revolted against Tatar overlordship by refusing tribute to Grand Khan Ahmed in 1480. He claimed the title of tsar (Caesar), and used the double-headed eagle as the Russian state emblem

Ivan
(IV) Grand Duke of Muscovy from 1533. He assumed power in 1544 and was crowned as first tsar of Russia in 1547. He conquered Kazan in 1552, Astrakhan in 1556, and Siberia in 1581. He reformed the legal code and local administration in 1555 and established trade relations with England. In his l...

IVF
Abbreviation for in vitro fertilization

Iwo Jima
Largest of the three Japanese Volcano Islands in the western Pacific Ocean, 1,222 km/760 mi south of Tokyo; area 22 sq km/9 sq mi. Annexed by Japan in 1891, Iwo Jima, also known as Naka Iojima, was captured by the USA in 1945 after fierce fighting. It was returned to Japan in 1968

Iwo Jima, Battle of
Intense fighting between Japanese and US forces 19 February–17 March 1945 during World War II. In February 1945, US marines landed on the island of Iwo Jima, a Japanese air base, intending to use it to prepare for a planned final assault on mainland Japan. The 22,000 Japanese troops put up a fan...

Izmir
Port and naval base in Turkey; population (2003 est) 2,398,200. It is Turkey's second-largest seaport and its third-largest city; its exports include tobacco, cotton, carpets, and fresh fruits and vegetables. Products include steel, electronics, textiles, tobacco, cement, petrochemicals, and plastics. The largest annual trade fa...

Iznik
Modern name of ancient Nicaea, a town in Turkey noted for the richly decorated pottery and tiles produced there in the 15th and 16th centuries

Izetbegovic, Alija
Bosnia-Herzegovinan politician, president 1990–96 and member of the rotating three-person collective presidency 1996–2000. A lifelong opponent of communism, he founded the Stranka Demokratski Akcije (SDA; Party of Democratic Action) in 1990, ousting the communists in the multiparty elections that year. He represented the Bosni...

javelin
Spear used in athletics events. The men's javelin is about 260 cm/8.5 ft long, weighing 800 g/28 oz; the women's 230 cm/7.5 ft long, weighing 600 g/21 oz. It is thrown from a scratch line at the end of a run-up. The centre of gravity on the men's javelin was altered in 1986 to reduce the vast distances that were ...

Java
(island) Most populated island of Indonesia, situated between Sumatra and Bali; area (with the island of Madura) 132,000 sq km/51,000 sq mi; population (with Madura; 2000 est) 118,230,300. The capital is Jakarta (which is also the capital of Indonesia). The island is divided in...

jaundice
Yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by an excess of bile pigment in the bloodstream. Approximately 60% of newborn babies exhibit some degree of jaundice, which is treated by bathing in white, blue, or green light that converts the bile pigment bilirubin into a water-soluble compound that can be excreted in urine. ...

Jarry, Alfred
French satiric dramatist. His grossly farcical Ubu Roi (1896) foreshadowed the Theatre of the Absurd and the French Surrealist movement in its freedom of staging and subversive humour

Japan Current
Warm ocean current flowing from Japan to North America

Japanese art
Click images to enlargeEarly Japanese art was heavily influenced by China and Korea. Like other Far Eastern countries, Japanese art represented nature from a more spiritual perspective rather than pursuing scientific realism; nature was seen as a part of a whole to be projected through the life and experience of the i...

Jansenism
Christian teaching of Cornelius Jansen, which divided the Roman Catholic Church in France in the mid-17th century. Emphasizing the more predestinatory approach of St Augustine of Hippo's teaching, Jansenism was supported by the philosopher Pascal and Antoine Arnauld (a theologian linked with the abbey of Port Royal). Jansenists were excommu...

janissary
Bodyguard of the Ottoman sultan, the Turkish standing army from the late 14th century until 1826. Until the 16th century janissaries were Christian boys forcibly converted to Islam; after this time they were allowed to marry and recruit their own children. The bodyguard ceased to exist when it revolted against the decision of the sultan in 1826...

Janácek, Leoš
Czech composer. He became director of the Conservatory at Brno in 1919 and professor at the Prague Conservatory in 1920. His music, highly original and influenced by Moravian folk music, includes arrangements of folk songs, operas (Jenufa, (1904), The Cunning Little Vixen (1924)), and the choral Glagol...

Jammu
Winter capital of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India, 130 km/80 mi north of Amritsar; population (2001) 378,400. It stands on the River Tavi, a tributary of the Chenab, and was linked to India's rail system in 1972. It was once a seat of the Rajput dynasty. There is a Sanskrit library containing many rare manuscripts

James
(I) King of Aragón from 1213, when he succeeded his father. He conquered the Balearic Islands and took Valencia from the Moors, dividing it with Alfonso X of Castile by a treaty of 1244. Both these exploits are recorded in his autobiography Libre dels feyts/Chronicle...

James, William
US psychologist and philosopher. He was among the first to take an approach emphasizing the ends or purposes of behaviour and to advocate a scientific, experimental psychology. His Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) is one of the most important works on the psychology of religion. In his classic Principles of Psych...

James, P(hyllis) D(orothy)
English detective novelist. Her first novel, Cover Her Face (1962), introduced her hero Superintendent Adam Dalgliesh, and she introduced her heroine, private investigator Cordelia Gray, in An Unsuitable Job for a Woman (1972). Many of her detective novels were filmed for television, and her dystopian novel <...

James, Jesse Woodson
US bank and train robber. He was a leader, with his brother Frank (1843–1915), of the Quantrill raiders, a Confederate guerrilla band in the Civil War. Jesse was killed by Bob Ford, an accomplice; Frank remained unconvicted and became a farmer. In 1995 a US circuit court judge approved a scientist's proposal to exhume the body buried i...

James, Henry
US novelist, who lived in Europe from 1875 and became a naturalized British subject in 1915. His novels deal with the social, moral, and aesthetic issues arising from the complex relationship between European and American culture. They include The Portrait of a Lady (1881), The Bostonians (1886), What ...

Jakarta
Capital of Indonesia on the northwest coast of Java, at the estuary of the River Liwung on Jakarta Bay, designated a special metropolitan district in 1966 with the status of a province; population (2000 est) 8,389,400. Jakarta forms the leading commercial and industrial zone of Indonesia, and industries include textiles, chemicals, plastics, an...

Jaipur
Click images to enlargeCapital of Rajasthan, India, 240 km/150 mi southeast of Delhi; population (2001 est) 2,324,300. Products include textiles and metal products, as well as distilling and the manufacture of glass, carpets, blankets, and footwear. Founded by Jai Singh II in 1728, it was formerly the capital of t...

jai alai
Another name for the ball game pelota

Jahangir
Click images to enlargeFourth Mogul emperor of India (1605–27), succeeding his father Akbar the Great. The first part of his reign was marked by peace, prosperity, and a flowering of the arts, but the latter half by rebellion and succession conflicts

Jaffa
City and former port in west Israel, from 1950 part of Tel Aviv-Yafo. The port of Jaffa was closed in 1965 when the modern port at Ashdod 31 km/19 mi to the south was opened. The combined city is a major tourist centre. Jaffa's name is found on the tower of Egyptian pharaoh Thotmes II at Karnak among the cities mentioned as being captur...

Jacquerie
French peasant uprising of 1358, caused by the ravages of the English army and French nobility during the Hundred Years' War, which reduced the rural population to destitution. The word derives from the nickname for French peasants, Jacques Bonhomme

Jacobite
In Britain, a supporter of the royal house of Stuart after the deposition of James II in 1688. They include the Scottish Highlanders, who rose unsuccessfully under Claverhouse in 1689, despite initial victory at the Battle of Killiecrankie; and those who rose in Scotland and northern England in 1715 (the Fifteen) under the leadership of James E...

Jacobin
Member of an extremist republican club of the French Revolution founded in Versailles 1789. Helped by Danton's speeches, they proclaimed the French republic, had the king executed, and overthrew the moderate Girondins 1792–93. Through the Committee of Public Safety, they began the Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre. After his execution in...

Jacobean
Style in the arts, influential upon architecture and furniture as well as literature, during the reign of James I (1603–25) in England. In the visual arts, Jacobean design follows the general lines of Elizabethan design, but uses classical features with greater complexity and with more extravagant ornamentation, it adopted many motifs from con...

Jacob
In the Old Testament, Hebrew patriarch, son of Isaac and Rebecca, who obtained the rights of seniority from his twin brother Esau by trickery. He married his cousins Leah and Rachel, serving their father Laban seven years for each, and at the time of famine in Canaan joined his son Joseph in Egypt. His 12 sons were the traditional ancestors of the ...

Jackson, Glenda
English actor and politician, Labour member of Parliament from 1992, and parliamentary undersecretary for transport 1997–99. Her many stage appearances for the Royal Shakespeare Company include Marat/Sade (1966), Hedda Gabler (1975), and Antony and Cleopatra (1978). Among her films a...

Jack the Ripper
Popular name for the unidentified mutilator and murderer of at least five women prostitutes in the Whitechapel area of London in 1888

jacaranda
Any of a group of tropical American trees belonging to the bignonia family, with fragrant wood and showy blue or violet flowers, commonly cultivated in the southern USA. (Genus Jacaranda, family Bignoniaceae.)

Jayawardene, Junius Richard
Sri Lankan politician. Leader of the United Nationalist Party from 1973, he became prime minister in 1977 and the country's first president 1978–88. Jayawardene embarked on a free-market economic strategy, but was confronted with increasing Tamil–Sinhalese ethnic unrest, forcing the imposition of a state of emergency in 1983

Jaurès,
(Auguste Marie Joseph) French socialist politician. He was considered a commanding intellectual presence within the socialist movement in France, through his writings (which included a magisterial social history of the French revolution), his oratory, and his journalism. In the decade leading ...

Jagan, Cheddi Berret
Guyanese left-wing politician, president 1992–97. With his wife, Janet Jagan, he co-founded the People's Progressive Party (PPA) in 1950, of which he was the leader, and was the first prime minister of British Guyana 1961–64. As presidential candidate in August 1992, he opposed privatization as leading to `recolonization&...