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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Hubble Space Telescope
Click images to enlargeSpace-based astronomical observing facility, orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 610 km/380 mi. It consists of a 2.4 m/94 in telescope and four complementary scientific instruments, is roughly cylindrical, 13 m/43 ft long and 4 m/13 ft in diameter, and has two large solar panels...

Hui
One of the largest minority ethnic groups in China, numbering about eight and a half million. Members of the Hui live all over China, but are concentrated in the northern central region. They have been Muslims since the 10th century, for which they have suffered persecution both before and since the communist revolution

Hutu
Member of the majority ethnic group of Burundi and Rwanda, numbering around 9.5 million. The Hutu tend to live as peasant farmers. They have been dominated by the Tutsi minority since the 14th century and there is a long history of violent conflict between the two groups. The Hutu language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family

humanism
Belief in the high potential of human nature rather than in religious or transcendental values. Humanism culminated as a cultural and literary force in 16th-century Renaissance Europe in line with the period's enthusiasm for classical literature and art, growing individualism, and the ideal o...

Human Genome Project
Research scheme to map the complete nucleotide (see nucleic acid) sequence of human DNA. It was begun in 1990 and a working draft of the genome (a mapping of 97% of the genome, sequencing of 85%, and completion of 24% of the human genome) was achieved in 2000, with the results being published in February 2001. The publicly-funded Hu...

Human Rights Watch
US non-partisan pressure group that watches over and publicizes human-rights abuses by governments, especially attacks on those who defend human rights in their own countries. It comprises Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Middle East Watch, and Helsinki Watch; the last-named oversees compliance with the 1975 Helsinki accord...

Humber
Estuary in northeast England formed by the Ouse and Trent rivers, which meet east of Goole and flow east for 60 km/38 mi to enter the North Sea below Spurn Head. It is an important commercial waterway, and the main ports are Kingston upon Hull on the north side, and Grimsby on the south side. The Humber Bridge (1981) joins the two banks

Huai-Hai, Battle of
Decisive campaign 1948–49 in the Chinese Civil War (1946–49). The name is derived from the two main defensive positions held by the nationalist Guomindang force: the Huang (Huai) River in Shandong and Jiangsu provinces, and the Lung Hai railway. Communist forces from the east and west captured Suzhou (Soochow), a key railway junction,...

hunting dog
Wild dog (weight 23–35 kg/51–77 lb) that once roamed over virtually the whole of sub-Saharan Africa. A pack might have a range of almost 4,000 km/2,500 mi, hunting zebra, antelope, and other game. Individuals can run at 50 kph/30 mph for up to 5 km/3 mi, with short burst...

Human Rights Act
UK act of Parliament of 1998 that gave further provision to rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights. It came into force in November 2000. The enactment of a UK Code of Rights incorporated the European Convention into domestic law, enabling people to secure decisions on their human rights from British courts in a...

Hussain, Nasser
English cricketer. A right-handed batsman, he made his Test debut for England in 1990 at the age of 21, but became a regular member of the side only in 1997 after scoring a memorable double century against Australia at Edgbaston. He succeeded Alec Stewart as England captain after the 1999 World Cup, and led England to series wins against Zimbab...

Human Development Index
Scheme devised by the United Nations in the 1990s as a measure of human well-being. It comprises a social welfare index based upon education/adult literacy, health/life expectancy, and purchasing power of income/economy. Economically more developed countries tend to have the highest human development index (over 0.9). Those that are...

Human League
English synth-pop band. It was one of the earliest and most innovative bands to use synthesizers and electronic rhythms. Their third album Dare was their first major success, producing the number-one single `Don't You Want Me`. Other hit singles include `Mirror Man` and `(Keep Feeling) Fascina...

hydrophone
Underwater microphone and ancillary equipment capable of picking up waterborne sounds. It was originally developed to detect enemy submarines but is now also used, for example, for listening to the sounds made by whales

hydrostatics
Branch of statics dealing with fluids in equilibrium – that is, in a static condition. Practical applications include shipbuilding and dam design

hydrometer
Instrument used to measure the relative density of liquids (the density compared with that of water). A hydrometer consists of a thin glass tube, weighted so that it floats upright, sinking deeper into less dense liquids than into denser liquids. Hydrometers are used in brewing and to test the streng...

hydrogen bomb
Bomb that works on the principle of nuclear fusion. Large-scale explosion results from the thermonuclear release of energy when hydrogen nuclei are fused to form helium nuclei. The first hydrogen bomb was exploded at Enewetak Atoll in the Pacific Ocean by the USA in 1952

hyssop
Aromatic herb belonging to the mint family, found in Asia, southern Europe, and around the Mediterranean. It has blue flowers, oblong leaves, and stems that are woody near the ground but herbaceous (fleshy) above. (Hyssopus officinalis, family Labiatae.)

hydrodynamics
Branch of physics dealing with forces and motions in fluids (liquids and gases)

hydrangea
Any of a group of flowering shrubs belonging to the saxifrage family, native to Japan. Cultivated varieties of H. macrophylla normally produce round heads of pink flowers, but these may be blue if there are certain chemicals in the soil, such as alum or iron. The name comes from the Greek for `water vessel`, after the c...

Hydra
(mythology) In Greek mythology, a huge monster with nine heads. If one were cut off, two would grow in its place. One of the 12 labours of Heracles was to kill it

hyacinth
Any of a group of bulb-producing plants belonging to the lily family, native to the eastern Mediterranean and Africa. The cultivated hyacinth (H. orientalis) has large, scented, cylindrical heads of pink, white, or blue flowers. (Genus Hyacinthus, family Liliaceae.) The water hyacinth, a floating plant from...

hypothermia
Condition in which the deep (core) temperature of the body falls below 35°C. If it is not discovered coma and death ensue. Most at risk are the aged and babies (particularly if premature)

hypothyroidism
Deficient functioning of the thyroid gland, causing slowed mental and physical performance, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, and susceptibility to infection. This may be due to lack of iodine in the diet or a defect of the thyroid gland, both being productive of goitre; or to the pituitary gland providing insufficient stimulus to the thyroid g...

hypodermic syringe
Instrument used for injecting fluids beneath the skin into either muscles or blood vessels. It consists of a small graduated tube with a close-fitting piston and a nozzle onto which a hollow needle can be fitted

hypnotic
Any substance (such as barbiturate, benzodiazepine, alcohol) that depresses brain function, inducing sleep. Prolonged use may lead to physical or psychological addiction

hyperactivity
Condition of excessive activity in young children, combined with restlessness, inability to concentrate, and difficulty in learning. There are various causes, ranging from temperamental predisposition to brain disease. In some cases food additives have come under suspicion; in such instances modification of the diet may help. Mostly there is im...

hyoscine
Drug that acts on the autonomic nervous system and prevents muscle spasm. It is frequently included in premedication to dry up lung secretions and as a postoperative sedative. It is also used to treat ulcers, to relax the womb in labour, for travel sickness, and to dilate the pupils before an eye examination. It is an alkaloid, C17
hymn
Song in praise of a deity. Examples include Akhenaton's hymn to the Aton in ancient Egypt, the ancient Greek Orphic hymns, Old Testament psalms, extracts from the New Testament (such as the `Ave Maria`), and hymns by the English writers John Bunyan (`Who Would True Valour See`) and Charles Wesley (`Hark! The Herald ...

Hymen
In Greek mythology, the god of the marriage ceremony; personification of the refrain of a wedding song. In art, he is represented as a boy crowned with flowers, carrying a burning bridal torch. As a youth in Attica, he disguised himself as a woman in order to accompany a girl on a procession to Eleusis, and saved the party from a band of thieve...

hygiene
The science of the preservation of health and prevention of disease through the promotion of cleanliness. It is chiefly concerned with such factors as the purity of air and water; bodily cleanliness; cleanliness in the home and workplace; and sound practice in the preparation and distribution of food. Personal hygiene includes the regul...

hydrophobia
Another name for the disease rabies

hydrocephalus
Potentially serious increase in the volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain. In infants, since their skull plates have not fused, it causes enlargement of the head, and there is a risk of brain damage from CSF pressure on the developing brain. Hydrocephalus may be due to mechanical obstruction of the outflow of CSF fr...

Hyder Ali
Indian general, sultan of Mysore in southwestern India from 1759. In command of the army in Mysore from 1749, he became the ruler of the state in 1761, and rivalled British power in the area until his triple defeat by Sir Eyre Coote in 1781 during the Anglo-French wars. He was the father of Tipu Sultan

Hyderabad
(India) Capital city of the southern central Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, on the River Musi; population (2001 est) 3,449,900. Products include carpets, silks, and metal inlay work. More recently industries such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery, cigarettes, and chemical...

Hydra
(astronomy) In astronomy, the largest constellation, winding across more than a quarter of the sky between Cancer and Libra in the southern hemisphere. Hydra is named after the multi-headed sea serpent slain by Hercules. Despite its size, it is not prominent; its brightest star is seco...

hydroxide
Any inorganic chemical compound containing one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups and generally combined with a metal. Hydroxides include sodium hydroxide (caustic soda, NaOH), potassium hydroxide (caustic potash, KOH), and calcium hydroxide (slaked lime, Ca(OH)2)

hydrolysis
(chemistry) Chemical reaction in which the action of water or its ions breaks down a substance into smaller molecules. Hydrolysis occurs in certain inorganic salts in solution, in nearly all non-metallic chlorides, in esters, and in other organic substances. It is one of the mechanisms for...

hydrogen
Colourless, odourless, gaseous, non-metallic element, atomic number 1, relative atomic mass 1.00797. It is the lightest of all the elements and occurs on Earth, chiefly in combination with oxygen, as water. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, where it accounts for 93% of the total number of atoms and 76% of the total ...

hydrocyanic acid
Solution of hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN) in water. It is a colourless, highly poisonous, volatile liquid, smelling of bitter almonds

hydrochloric acid
Highly corrosive solution of hydrogen chloride (a colourless, acidic gas) in water. The concentrated acid is about 35% hydrogen chloride. The acid is a typical strong, monobasic acid forming only one series of salts, the chlorides. It has many industrial uses, including recovery of zinc from galvanized scrap iron and the production of chlorine....

hydrocarbon
Any of a class of chemical compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon (for example, the alkanes and alkenes). Hydrocarbons are obtained industrially principally from petroleum and coal tar. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple carbon–carbon bond, whereas saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds

hyrax
Any of a group of small, rodentlike, herbivorous mammals that live among rocks in desert areas, and in forests in Africa, Arabia, and Syria. They are about the size of a rabbit, with a plump body, short legs, short ears, brownish fur, and long, curved front teeth. (Family Procaviidae, order Hyracoidea.) They have four toes on the front limbs, and t...

hyena
Any of three species of carnivorous doglike mammals living in Africa and Asia. Hyenas have extremely powerful jaws. They are scavengers, feeding on the remains of animals killed by predators such as lions, although they will also attack and kill live prey. (Genera Hyaena and Crocuta, family Hyaenidae, order Car...

hydra
(zoology) In zoology, any of a group of freshwater polyps, belonging among the coelenterates. The body is a double-layered tube (with six to ten hollow tentacles around the mouth), 1.25 cm/0.5 in long when extended, but capable of contracting to a small knob. Usually fixed to waterweed...

hybrid
Offspring from a cross between individuals of two different species, or two inbred lines within a species. In most cases, hybrids between species are infertile and unable to reproduce sexually. In plants, however, doubling of the chromosomes (see polyploid) can restore the fertility of such hybrids. Hybrids between different genera were believed to...

hydroponics
Cultivation of plants without soil, using specially prepared solutions of mineral salts. Beginning in the 1930s, large crops were grown by hydroponic methods, at first in California but since then in many other parts of the world. Julius von Sachs (1832–1897), in 1860, and W Knop, in 1865, devel...

hypogeal
Describing seed germination in which the cotyledons remain below ground. It can refer to fruits that develop underground, such as peanuts Arachis hypogea

hydrophyte
Plant adapted to live in water, or in waterlogged soil. Hydrophytes may have leaves with a very reduced or absent cuticle and no stomata (since there is no need to conserve water), a reduced root and water-conducting system, and less supporting tissue since water buoys plants up. There are often numerous spaces between the cells in their stems ...

hypothalamus
Region of the brain below the cerebrum which regulates rhythmic activity and physiological stability within the body, including water balance and temperature. It regulates the production of the pituitary gland's hormones and controls that part of the nervous system governing the involuntary muscles

hyperbola
In geometry, a curve formed by cutting a right circular cone with a plane so that the angle between the plane and the base is greater than the angle between the base and the side of the cone. All hyperbolae are bounded by two asymptotes (straight lines to which the hyperbola moves closer and closer t...

hypercharge
In physics, a property of certain elementary particles, analogous to electric charge, that accounts for the absence of some expected behaviour (such as certain decays)

hydrology
Study of the location and movement of inland water, both frozen and liquid, above and below ground. It is applied to major civil engineering projects such as irrigation schemes, dams, and hydroelectric power, and in planning water supply. Hydrologic studies are also undertaken to assess drinking water supplies, to track water underground, and to un...

hypoglycaemia
Condition of abnormally low level of sugar (glucose) in the blood, which starves the brain. It causes weakness, sweating, and mental confusion, sometimes fainting. Hypoglycaemia is most often seen in diabetes. Low blood sugar occurs when the diabetic has taken too much insulin. It is treated by administering glucose

hydrosphere
Portion of the Earth made of water, ice, and water vapour, including the oceans, seas, rivers, streams, swamps, lakes, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapour. In some cases its definition is extended to include the water locked up in the Earth's crust and mantle

hyperinflation
Rapid and uncontrolled inflation, or increases in prices, usually associated with political and/or social instability, as in Germany in the 1920s. Inflation during World War I The hyperinflation that blighted Germany between 1920 and 1923 had its roots in World War I. Prices rose by 240% between 1914 and 1919. This figure was equivalent to ...

hyphen
Punctuation mark (-) used to join certain words together (sister-in-law, brigadier-general) and to hyphenate long words broken up by justification in word processed or printed text. Adjectival compounds (see adjective) are hyphenated because they modify the noun jointly rather than separately (`a small-town boy` is a b...

hyperbole
Figure of speech that is an intentional exaggeration or overstatement, used for emphasis or comic effect. Many everyday idioms are hyperbolic: `waiting for ages` and `a flood of tears`

hydroelectric power
Click images to enlargeElectricity generated by the motion (kinetic energy) of water. In a typical scheme, the potential energy of water stored in a reservoir, often created by damming a river, is converted into kinetic energy as it is piped into water turbines. The turbines are coupled to generators to produce electricit...

hydrofoil
Wing that develops lift in the water in much the same way that an aeroplane wing develops lift in the air. A hydrofoil boat is one whose hull rises out of the water owing to the lift, and the boat skims along on the hydrofoils. The first hydrofoil was fitted to a boat in 1906. The first commercial hy...

hysterectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the uterus (womb). The operation is performed to treat fibroids (benign tumours growing in the uterus) or cancer; also to relieve heavy menstrual bleeding. A woman who has had a hysterectomy will no longer menstruate and cannot bear children. Instead of a full hysterectomy it is sometimes possible to remove th...

hypertension
Abnormally high blood pressure due to a variety of causes, leading to excessive contraction of the smooth muscle cells of the walls of the arteries. It increases the risk of kidney disease, stroke, and heart attack. Hypertension is one of the major public health problems of the developed world, affecting 15–20% of adults in industrialized ...

hydroplane
On a submarine, a movable horizontal fin angled downwards or upwards when the vessel is descending or ascending. It is also a highly manoeuvrable motorboat with its bottom rising in steps to the stern, or a hydrofoil boat that skims over the surface of the water when driven at high speed

hydrography
Study and charting of Earth's surface waters in seas, lakes, and rivers

hypnosis
Artificially induced state of relaxation or altered attention characterized by heightened suggestibility. There is evidence that, with susceptible persons, the sense of pain may be diminished, memory of past events enhanced, and illusions or hallucinations experienced. Posthypnotic amnesia (forgetting what happened during hypnosis) and posthypnotic...

hydraulics
Click images to enlargeField of study concerned with utilizing the properties of water and other liquids, in particular the way they flow and transmit pressure, and with the application of these properties in engineering. It applies the principles of hydrostatics and hydrodynamics. The oldest type of hydraulic machine is ...

hygrometer
Any instrument for measuring the humidity, or water vapour content, of a gas (usually air). A wet and dry bulb hygrometer consists of two vertical thermometers, with one of the bulbs covered in absorbent cloth dipped into water. As the water evaporates, the bulb cools, producing a temperature differe...

hypo
In photography, a term for sodium thiosulphate, discovered in 1819 by John Herschel, and used as a fixative for photographic images since 1837

hypothesis
In science, an idea concerning an event and its possible explanation. The term is one favoured by the followers of the philosopher Karl Popper, who argue that the merit of a scientific hypothesis lies in its ability to make testable predictions

hyperthyroidism
Overactivity of the thyroid gland due to enlargement or tumour. Symptoms include accelerated heart rate, sweating, anxiety, tremor, and weight loss. Treatment is by drugs or surgery

hypocaust
Floor raised on tile piers, heated by hot air circulating beneath it. It was first used by the Romans for baths about 100 BC, and was later introduced to private houses. Hypocausts were a common feature of stone houses in the colder parts of the Roman empire, but could not be used in timber-framed buildings. Typically the house of a wealthy per...

Hyderabad
(Pakistan) City in Sind province, southeast Pakistan, lying on the east bank of the Indus River, 150 km/95 mi northeast of Karachi; population (1998) 1,166,900, (2007 calc) 1,447,300. Industries include textiles, cement, glass and soap, pottery, tanneries, and film; handicraft indu...

hydrogenation
Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated organic molecule (one that contains double bonds or triple bonds). It is widely used in the manufacture of margarine and low-fat spreads by the addition of hydrogen to vegetable oils. Vegetable oils contain double carbon-to-carbon bonds and are therefore examples of unsaturated compounds. When hydr...

hydroxyl group
Atom of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen bonded together and covalently bonded to an organic molecule. Common compounds containing hydroxyl groups are alcohols and phenols. In chemical reactions, the hydroxyl group (OH) frequently behaves as a single entity

hydrogencarbonate
Compound containing the ion HCO3-, an acid salt of carbonic acid (solution of carbon dioxide in water). When heated or treated with dilute acids, it gives off carbon dioxide. The most important compounds are sodium hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate of soda), and calcium hydrogencarbonate

hypermetropia
Defect of vision in which a person is able to focus on objects in the distance, but not on close objects. It is caused by the failure of the lens to return to its normal rounded shape, or by the eyeball being too short, with the result that the image is focused on a point behind the retina. Hypermetropia is corrected by wearing glasses fitted with ...

hypertext
In computing, a method of forming connections (`links`) between different files (including office documents, graphics, and Web pages) so that the user can click on a link to jump between them. For example, a software program might display a map of a country; if the user clicks on a particular city the program displays information abou...

hydraulic action
In earth science, the erosive force exerted by water (as distinct from erosion by the rock particles that are carried by water). It can wear away the banks of a river, particularly at the outer curve of a meander (bend in the river), where the current flows most strongly. Hydraulic action occurs as a river tumbles over a waterfall to crash onto the...

hydraulic radius
Measure of a river's channel efficiency (its ability to move water and sediment), used by water engineers to assess the likelihood of flooding. The hydraulic radius of a channel is defined as the ratio of its cross-sectional area to its wetted perimeter (the part of the cross-section – bed and bank – that is in contact with th...

hydrograph
Graph showing how the discharge of a river varies with time (generally over a matter of days). By studying hydrographs, water engineers can predict when flooding is likely and take action to prevent it. A hydrograph shows the lag time, or delay, between peak rainfall and the resultant peak in dischar...

hydrological cycle
Also known as the water cycle, by which water is circulated between the Earth's surface and its atmosphere

hypotenuse
Longest side of a right-angled triangle, opposite the right angle. It is of particular application in Pythagoras' theorem (the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides), and in trigonometry where the ratios sine and cosine are defined as the ratios opposite/hypotenuse and adjacent/hypotenuse resp...

hydrophily
Type of pollination where the pollen is transported by water. Water-pollinated plants occur in 31 genera in 11 different families. They are found in habitats as diverse as rainforests and seasonal desert pools. Pollen is either dispersed underwater or on the water's surface. Pollen may be released directly onto the water's surface, as i...

hyperlink
In computing, link from one document to another or, within the same document, from one place to another. It can be activated by clicking on the link with a mouse. The link is usually highlighted in some way, coloured blue and underlined for example or by the inclusion of a small graphic. Documents linked in this way are described as hypertext. Exam...

hydroxonium ion
In chemistry, additional hydrogen ion or proton formed by the reaction of acids with water. It is the formation of hydrogen ions that give acids their characteristic properties. Their reaction in water is complex; acids do not just split apart, or dissociate, they actually react with the water present. Water acts as a base, which is a substance...

Hz
In physics, the symbol for hertz

Iasi
City in northeastern Romania; population (2002) 328,900. It has chemical, machinery, electronic, and textile industries. It was the capital of the principality of Moldavia 1568–1889

iambic
In poetry, any verse metre in which the basic unit (the foot) consists of two syllables, the first unstressed, the second stressed. Iambic metre is close to natural speech and is one of the most widely used metres in English verse. The following example is a line from Thomas Gray's poem `Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard` (1751). ...

ibis
Any of various wading birds, about 60 cm/2 ft tall, belonging to the same family as spoonbills. Ibises have long legs and necks, and long, downward-curved beaks, rather blunt at the end; the upper part is grooved. Their plumage is generally black and white. Various species occur in the warmer regions of the world. (Family Threskiornidae...

Ibn Sina
Arabic name of Avicenna, scholar, and translator

Ibn Battuta
Arab traveller born in Tangier. In 1325, he went on an extraordinary 120,675-km/75,000-mi journey via Mecca to Egypt, East Africa, India, and China, returning some 30 years later. During this journey he also visited Spain and crossed the Sahara to Timbuktu. The narrative of his travels, The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, ...

ibex
Any of various wild goats found in mountainous areas of Europe, northeastern Africa, and Central Asia. They grow to 100 cm/3.5 ft, and have brown or grey coats and heavy horns. They are herbivorous and live in small groups

Ibsen, Henrik
(Johan) Norwegian dramatist and poet. His realistic and often controversial plays revolutionized European theatre. Driven into voluntary exile (1864–91) by opposition to the satirical Kjærlighedens komedie/Love's Comedy (1862), he wrote the symbolic verse d...

Ibadan
City in southwest Nigeria, capital of Oyo State, 145 km/90 mi northeast of Lagos; population (2007 est) 3,847,500. Ibadan is the second-largest city in the country, and is a major commercial, industrial, and administrative centre. It is a marketplace for cocoa and other local agricultural produce. Industries include chemicals, electroni...

Ibn Saud
First king of Saudi Arabia from 1932. His personal hostility to Hussein ibn Ali, the British-supported political and religious leader of the Al Hijaz (Hejaz) region of western Arabia, meant that he stood back from the Arab Revolt of World War I, organized by T E Lawrence and in which Abdullah ibn Hussein and Faisal I, of Iraq, participated. How...

Ibiza
One of the Balearic Islands, a popular tourist resort; area 596 sq km/230 sq mi; population (2001 est) 94,300. The island ships chiefly salt, wool, and fruit; industries include construction, metals, transformers, and lumber; there are also lobster fisheries. The capital and port, also called Ibiza, has a cathedral, built someti...

Iberian Peninsula
Name given by ancient Greek navigators to the Spanish peninsula, derived from the River Iberus (Ebro). Anthropologists have given the name `Iberian` to a Neolithic people, traces of whom are found in the Spanish peninsula, southern France, the Canary Isles, Corsica, and part of North Africa

Ibáñez, Vicente Blasco
Spanish novelist and politician. His novels include La barraca/The Cabin (1898), the most successful of his regional works; Sangre y arena/Blood and Sand (1908), the story of a famous bullfighter; and Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis/The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (...

Ibarruri, Dolores
Spanish Basque politician, journalist, and orator; she was first elected to the Cortes (Spanish parliament) in 1936. She helped to establish the Popular Front government and was a Loyalist leader in the Civil War. When Franco came to power in 1939 she left Spain for the USSR, where she was active in the Communist Party. She returned to Spain in...

ibid.
Abbreviation for ibidem (Latin `in the same place`), reference to a book, chapter, or page previously cited