Copy of `Talk Talk - Communication terms`
The wordlist doesn't exist anymore, or, the website doesn't exist anymore. On this page you can find a copy of the original information. The information may have been taken offline because it is outdated.
|
|
|
Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630
|
hennaSmall shrub belonging to the loosestrife family, found in Iran, India, Egypt, and North Africa. The leaves and young twigs are ground to a powder, mixed to a paste with hot water, and applied to the fingernails and hair to give an orange-red hue. The colour may then be changed to black by applying a preparation of indigo. (
Lawsonia ine...
herb
Click images to enlargeAny plant (usually a flowering plant) tasting sweet, bitter, aromatic, or pungent, used in cooking, medicine, or perfumery; technically, a herb is any plant in which the aerial parts do not remain above ground at the end of the growing season
heavy metal
Style of rock music characterized by a distorted electric guitar sound and virtuoso guitar solos. Heavy metal developed out of the hard rock of the late 1960s and early 1970s and was performed by such groups as Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple (formed in 1968), and enjoyed a revival in the late 1980s. Bands included Van Halen (formed 1974), Def Leppard...
hertz
(science) SI unit of frequency (the number of repetitions of a regular occurrence in one second). A wave source has a frequency of 1 Hz if it produces one wave each second. Human beings have an audible range from approximately 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. Radio waves are often measured in megahertz (MH...
Heilongjiang
Province of northeast China, bordered to the north and east by Russia, to the south by Jilin, and to the northwest by Inner Mongolia; area 463,600 sq km/178,950 sq mi; population (2000 est) 36,890,000. The capital is Harbin; other main cities are Qiqihar, Hegang, and Jiamusi, but much of the province is thinly populated. China's...
Hejaz
Historic region of Saudi Arabia, on the Red Sea; area about 290,000 sq km/111,970 sq mi. A former independent kingdom, it merged in 1932 with Nejd to form Saudi Arabia. Historically its principal city has been Mecca. The other main cities are Jiddah, on the coast, Taif, a mountain resort at an altitude of 1,800 m/5,905 ft, and Medina. H...
helium
Colourless, odourless, gaseous, non-metallic element, atomic number 2, relative atomic mass 4.0026. It is grouped with the noble gases (rare gases) in Group 0 of the periodic table. Helium is nonreactive because of its full outer shell of electrons and forms no compounds. It is the second most abundant element (after hydrogen) in the universe, ...
hearing aid
Any device to improve the hearing of partially deaf people. Hearing aids usually consist of a battery-powered transistorized microphone/amplifier unit and earpiece. Some miniaturized aids are compact enough to fit in the ear or be concealed in the frame of eyeglasses
heart–lung machine
Apparatus used during heart surgery to take over the functions of the heart and the lungs temporarily. It has a pump to circulate the blood around the body and is able to add oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from it. A heart–lung machine was first used for open-heart surgery in the USA in 1953
heat shield
Any heat-protecting coating or system, such as an ablation shield, which protects spacecraft from the heat of re-entry, when temperatures can reach 1,500°C/2,700°F
heat treatment
In industry, the subjection of metals and alloys to controlled heating and cooling after fabrication to relieve internal stresses and improve their physical properties. Methods include annealing, quenching, and tempering
herbicide
Any chemical used to destroy plants or check their growth (see weedkiller)
heterosexuality
Sexual preference for, or attraction mainly to, persons of the opposite sex
health education
Teaching and counselling on healthy living, including hygiene, nutrition, sex education, and advice on alcohol and drug misuse, smoking, and other threats to health. Health education in most secondary schools is also included within a course of personal and social education, or integrated into such subjects as biology, home economics, or physical e...
henry
SI unit of inductance (the reaction of an electric current against the magnetic field that surrounds it). One henry is the inductance of a circuit that produces an opposing voltage of one volt when the current changes at one ampere per second. It is named after the US physicist Joseph Henry
Hewish, Antony
English radio astronomer who, with Martin Ryle, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 for his work on the development of radioastronomy, particularly the aperture-synthesis technique, and the discovery of pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit pulses of energy. The discovery by Jocelyn Bell Burnell of a regularly fluctuatin...
herb Robert
Wild geranium found throughout Europe and central Asia and naturalized in North America. About 30 cm/12 in high, it has hairy leaves and small pinkish to purplish flowers. (Geranium robertianum, family Geraniaceae.)
helleborine
One of several temperate Old World orchids, including the marsh helleborine (E. palustris) and the hellebore orchid (E. helleborine) introduced to North America. (Genera Epipactis and Cephalanthera, family Orchidaceae.)
Henry II
(of France) King of France from 1547. He captured the fortresses of Metz and Verdun from the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Calais from the English. He was killed in a tournament. In 1526 he was sent with his brother to Spain as a hostage, being returned when there was peace in 1530. He marr...
Henry III
(of France) King of France from 1574. He fought both the Huguenots (headed by his successor, Henry of Navarre) and the Catholic League (headed by the third Duke of Guise). Guise expelled Henry from Paris in 1588 but was assassinated. Henry allied with the Huguenots under Henry of Navarre to be...
Henry IV
(of France) King of France from 1589. Son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne, Queen of Navarre, he was brought up as a Protestant and from 1576 led the Huguenots. On his accession he settled the religious question by adopting Catholicism while tolerating Protestantism. He restored peace and stro...
Henry I
(of England) King of England from 1100. Youngest son of William the Conqueror, he succeeded his brother William II. He won the support of the Saxons by marrying a Saxon princess, Matilda, daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland. An able administrator, he established a system of travelling judges a...
Henry III
(of England) King of England from 1216, when he succeeded John, but the royal powers were exercised by a regency until 1232, and by two French nobles, Peter des Roches and Peter des Rivaux, until the barons forced their expulsion in 1234, marking the start of Henry's personal rule. His fin...
Henry IV
(of England) King of England from 1399, the son of John of Gaunt. In 1398 he was banished by Richard II but returned in 1399 to head a revolt and be accepted as king by Parliament. He was succeeded by his son Henry V. He had difficulty in keeping the support of Parliament and the clergy, and h...
Henry V
(of England) King of England from 1413, son of Henry IV. Invading Normandy in 1415 (during the Hundred Years' War), he captured Harfleur and defeated the French at Agincourt. He invaded again in 1417–19, capturing Rouen. His ...
Henry VI
(of England) King of England from 1422, son of Henry V. He assumed royal power in 1442 and sided with the party opposed to the continuation of the Hundred Years' War with France. After his marriage in 1445, he was dominated by his wife, Margaret of Anjou. He was deposed in 1461 during the ...
Henry VII
(of England) King of England from 1485, when he overthrew Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. A descendant of John of Gaunt, Henry, by his marriage to Elizabeth of York in 1486, united the houses of York and Lancaster. Yorkist revolts continued until 1497, but Henry restored order after the...
Henry VIII
King of England from 1509, when he succeeded his father Henry VII and married Catherine of Aragón, the widow of his brother. During the period 1513–29 Henry pursued an active foreign policy, largely under the guidance of his lord chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, who shared Henry's desire to make England stronger. Wolsey was replaced by Th...
Henry
(I) King of Germany from 919, and duke of Saxony from 912. He secured the frontiers of Saxony, ruled in harmony with its nobles, and extended German influence over the Danes, the Hungarians, and the Slavonic tribes. He was about to claim the imperial crown when he died
Henry
(III) King of Germany from 1028, Holy Roman Emperor from 1039 (crowned In 1046). He raised the empire to the height of its power, and extended its authority over Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary
Henry IV
(Holy Roman Emperor) Holy Roman Emperor from 1056. He was involved from 1075 in a struggle with the papacy. Excommunicated twice (1076 and 1080), Henry deposed Gregory VII and set up the antipope Clement III (died 1191) by whom he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1084. Late in his reign, Henry&#...
Herman, Woody
(Woodrow Charles) US jazz bandleader and clarinettist. A child prodigy, he was leader of his own orchestra at 23, and after 1945 formed his Thundering Herd band. Soloists in this or later versions of the band included Lester Young and Stan Getz
heterostyly
In botany, having styles of different lengths. Certain flowers, such as primroses (Primula vulgaris), have different-sized anthers and styles to ensure cross-fertilization (through pollination) by visiting insects
Henley Royal Regatta
UK rowing festival on the River Thames at Henley, Oxfordshire, inaugurated in 1839. It is as much a social as a sporting occasion. The principal events are the solo Diamond Challenge Sculls and the Grand Challenge Cup, the leading event for eight-oared shells. The regatta is held in June/July. From 1998...
heptathlon
Multi-event athletics discipline for women consisting of seven events over two days: 100-metre hurdles, high jump, shot-put, 200 metres (day one); long jump, javelin, 800 metres (day two). Points are awarded for performances in each event in the same way as the decathlon. It replaced the pentathlon (five events) in international...
heraldry
Insignia and symbols representing a person, family, or dynasty; the science of armorial bearings. Heraldry originated with simple symbols used on shields and banners for recognition in battle. By the 14th century, it had become a complex pictorial language with its own regulatory bodies (courts o...
Hebrew Bible
The sacred writings of Judaism (some dating from as early as 1200 BC), called by Christians the Old Testament. It comprises the Torah (the first five books, ascribed to Moses), the Nevi'im (books of the prophets), and the Ketuvim (the remaining books and psalms). It was originally written in Hebrew and later translated into Greek (Septuagint) a...
hedge
Row of closely planted shrubs or low trees, generally acting as a land division and windbreak. Hedges also serve as a source of food and as a refuge for wildlife, and provide a habitat not unlike the understorey of a natural forest
Hebrew
Member of the Semitic people who lived in Palestine at the time of the Old Testament and who traced their ancestry to Abraham of Ur, a city of Sumer
Herzog, Werner
German film director. He often takes his camera to exotic and impractical locations. His original and visually splendid films include Aguirre der Zorn Gottes/Aguirre Wrath of God (1972), Nosferatu Phantom der Nacht/Nosferatu Phantom of the Night (1979), Fitzcarraldo (1982), R...
Hepburn, Audrey
English actor. She often played innocent, childlike characters. Slender and doe-eyed, she set a different style from the more ample women stars of the 1950s. After playing minor parts in British films in the early 1950s, she became a Hollywood star in Roman Holiday (1951), for which she won an Academy Award, and later starred...
Heston, Charlton
US film actor. He often starred in biblical and historical epics; for example, as Moses in The Ten Commandments (1956), and in the title role in Ben Hur (1959, Academy Award). His other film appearances include Touch of Evil (1958), Major Dundee (1965), Earthqu...
heuristics
In computing, a process by which a program attempts to improve its performance by learning from its own experience
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin
Afghani leader of the Mujahedin (Islamic fundamentalist guerrillas), prime minister 1993–94 and 1996. Strongly anticommunist and leading the Hezb-i-Islami (Islamic Party) faction, he resisted the takeover of Kabul by moderate Mujahedin forces in April 1992 and refused to join the interim administration, continuing to bombard the city u...
Hendry, Stephen
Scottish snooker player. In 1990 he became the youngest ever world champion at the age of 21 years 106 days. He won the title five years in succession, an unprecedented achievement in modern snooker. The world number one from 1990 to 1998, he has won more ranking tournaments than any other player. Hendry was the youngest winner of a professional to...
Helicon
Mountain in central Greece, on which was situated a spring and a sanctuary sacred to the Muses
Helmand
Longest river in Afghanistan. Rising in the Hindu Kush, west of Kabul, it flows southwest for 1,125 km/703 mi before entering the marshland surrounding Lake Saberi on the Iranian frontier
Hepburn, Katharine
US actor. An acclaimed actor of the classical Hollywood era, Hepburn won four Academy Awards and was nominated on 12 separate occasions. Feisty self-assurance was her trademark in both comic and dramatic roles. She was a frequent collaborator with the director George Cukor, and appeared in several films with her off-screen partner Spencer T...
herbalism
In alternative medicine, the prescription and use of plants and their derivatives for medication. Herbal products are favoured by alternative practitioners as `natural medicine`, as opposed to modern synthesized medicines and drugs, which are regarded with suspicion because of the dangers of side effects and dependence. Many herbal remedi...
heart attack
Sudden onset of gripping central chest pain, often accompanied by sweating and vomiting, caused by death of a portion of the heart muscle following obstruction of a coronary artery by thrombosis (formation of a blood clot). Half of all heart attacks result in death within the first two hours, but in the remainder survival has improved following the...
health, world
The health of people worldwide is monitored by the World Health Organization (WHO). Outside the industrialized world in particular, poverty and degraded environmental conditions mean that easily preventable diseases are widespread: WHO estimated in 1990 that 1 billion people, or 20% of the world's population, were diseased, in poor heal...
Henry the Lion
Duke of Bavaria 1156–80, Duke of Saxony 1142–80, and Duke of Lüneburg 1180–85. He was granted the Duchy of Bavaria by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. He founded Lübeck and Munich. In 1162 he married Matilda, daughter of Henry II of England. His refusal in 1176 to accompany Frederick Barbarossa to Italy led in 1180 to his ...
Henson, Jim
US puppeteer who created the television Muppet characters, including Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, and Fozzie Bear. The Muppets became popular on the children's educational TV series Sesame Street, which first appeared in 1969 and soon became regular viewing in over 80 countries. In 1976 Henson created The Muppet Show...
Heike
Alternative name for Taira, an ancient Japanese clan
Heian
In Japanese history, the period 794–1185, from the foundation of Kyoto as the new capital to the seizure of power by the Minamoto clan. The cut-off date may also be given as 1186, 1192, or 1200. The Heian period was the golden age of Japanese literature and of a highly refined culture at court; see also Japanese art
Hezbollah
Extremist Muslim organization founded by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards who were sent to Lebanon after the 1979 Iranian revolution. Its aim is to spread the Islamic revolution of Iran among the Shiite population of Lebanon. Hezbollah is believed to be the umbrella movement of the groups that held many of the Western hostages taken from 1984. In 1...
Hertfordshire
County of southeast England, to the north of London. Area 1,630 sq km/629 sq mi Towns and cities Hertford (administrative headquarters), Bishop's Stortford, Hatfield, Hemel Hempstead, Letchworth (the first garden city in 1903; followed by Welwyn in 1919), Stevenage (the first new town, designated in 1946), St Albans, Watford, Hitchin Ph...
headward erosion
The backwards erosion of material at the source (start) of a river or stream. Broken rock and soil at the source are carried away by the river, causing the source of the river to move backwards as erosion takes place in the opposite direction to the river's flow. The resulting lowering of the land behind the source may, over time, cause the riv...
hexagon
Six-sided polygon. A regular hexagon has all six sides of equal length, and all six angles of equal size, 120°
head voice
The upper register of the human voice, referring to the head as the area of sound production. The head voice of a male singer is called falsetto. However, there has been disagreement (in the 19th century and earlier) concerning the precise use of the term, some claiming that only head voice and chest voice (the lower register) exist, others claimin...
header
In computer communications, line or lines of text that appear at the beginning of each e-mail or Usenet message sent across the Internet. The header includes important routing and identifying information, such as the sender's name, recipient's name (either a person or a newsgroup), date, time, and machine used when the message was compo...
head louse
Parasitic insect that lives in human hair (see louse)
Henry VI
(Holy Roman Emperor) Holy Roman Emperor 1191–97. He conquered the Norman Kingdom of Sicily in the name of his wife, Constance, aunt and heiress of William II of Sicily, and was crowned at Palermo, Sicily, on Christmas Day, 1194. As part of his plan for making the empire universal, he capt...
Henry II
King of England from 1154. The son of Matilda and Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, he succeeded King Stephen (c. 1097–1154). He brought order to England after the chaos of Stephen's reign, curbing the power of the barons and reforming the legal system. His attempt to bring the church courts under control had to be abandoned a...
Herodotus
Greek historian, described as the `Father of History`. He wrote a nine-book account of the Greek-Persian struggle that culminated in the defeat of the Persian invasion attempts in 490 and 480 BC. The work contains lengthy digressions on peoples, places, and earlier history. Herodotus was the first historian to apply critical evalu...
Hereward the Wake
Legendary Saxon hero of the English resistance to the Normans in 1070. Helped by a Danish army, the rebels attacked and sacked Peterborough Abbey. William bribed the Danes to return home, but Hereward continued the revolt. His stronghold in the Isle of Ely was captured in 1071 by William (I) the Conqueror during the Siege of Ely. Although his actua...
Help the Aged
UK charity providing financial and material aid for poor and disadvantaged elderly people, both in the UK and overseas
Henry
(Prince of the UK) Prince of the UK (see Harry)
headland
Area of land running out into the sea. Headlands are often high points on the coastline, usually with steep cliffs, and may be made of more resistant rock than adjacent bays. Erosion is concentrated on the flanks of headlands due to wave refraction. Good examples include the chalk headland between Handfast Point and Ballard Point near Swanage, Engl...
health
Term to define state of well-being or absence of illness. Health may be used by people to mean different things, and could be said to mean the `absence of significant illness`. It is a term that is used when considering how to improve people's lives and live longer. Factors in health Studies show that several important factors con...
Hefa
Alternative spelling of Haifa, the chief seaport of Israel
Hessen
German name for Hesse, an administrative region in central Germany
hem
Lower edge of textile and fabric items, such as clothing and curtains, which is folded over and sewn so as not to fray. When properly sewn, the hem is virtually invisible on the right side of the fabric
hearing
Ability to perceive sounds. In humans, the organ of hearing is the ear. Humans are unable to hear sounds that have frequencies below 20 Hz or above 20 kHz. Between these two values is our hearing or audible range. The exact width of our audible range varies from person to person, but in general as we age the range narrows. Some animals such as dogs...
Hermitage Museum
Fine art museum in St Petersburg, Russia; see State Hermitage Museum
hip-hop
Popular music originating in New York in the early 1980s, created with scratching (a percussive effect obtained by manually manipulating a vinyl record backwards and forwards on a turntable) and heavily accented electronic drums (also often produced by a `human beatbox` – one performer providing the drumbeat with their mouth into a m...
hickory
Tree belonging to the walnut family, native to North America and Asia. It provides a valuable timber, and all species produce nuts, though some are inedible. The pecan (C. illinoensis) is widely cultivated in the southern USA, and the shagbark (C. ovata) in the northern USA. (Genus Carya, fam...
hibiscus
Any of a group of plants belonging to the mallow family. Hibiscuses range from large herbaceous plants to trees. Popular as ornamental plants because of their brilliantly coloured, red to white, bell-shaped flowers, they include H. syriacus and H. rosa-sinensis<...
Hittite
Member of any of a succession of peoples who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria from the 3rd millennium to the 1st millennium BC. The city of Hattusas (now Bogazköy in central Turkey) became the capital of a strong kingdom which overthrew the Babylonian Empire. After a period of eclipse the Hittite New Empire became a great power (about 140...
history
Record of the events of human societies. The earliest surviving historical records are inscriptions concerning the achievements of Egyptian and Babylonian kings. As a literary form in the Western world, historical writing, or historiography, began in the 5th century BC with the Greek Herodotus, who was first to pass beyond the limits of a purely na...
Hispaniola
Click images to enlargeSecond largest island of the West Indies, within the Greater Antilles, divided politically into the Republic of Haiti and the Dominican Republic; area 76,192 sq km/29,418 sq mi; total population (2001 est) 15,546,000. It was the first landing place of Christopher Columbus in the New Worl...
Hiroshima
Click images to enlargeIndustrial city and port on the south coast of Honshu Island, Japan; population (2005) 1,154,400. On 6 August 1945 it was destroyed by the first wartime use of an atomic bomb. The city has been largely rebuilt since then. The main industries include food processing and the manufacture of cars an...
Hiroshige, Ando
Japanese artist. He was one of the leading exponents of ukiyo-e prints, an art form whose flat, decorative style and choice of everyday subjects influenced such artists as James Whistler and Vincent van Gogh. His landscape prints, often employing snow or rain to create atmosphere, include
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan from 1926, when he succeeded his father Taisho (Yoshihito). After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, he was made a figurehead monarch by the US-backed constitution of 1946. He is believed to have played a reluctant role in General Tojo's prewar expansion plans. He w...
hire purchase
Form of credit under which the buyer pays a deposit and makes instalment payments at fixed intervals over a certain period for a particular item. The buyer has immediate possession, but does not own the item until the final instalment has been paid
hippopotamus
Click images to enlargeLarge herbivorous, short-legged, even-toed hoofed mammal. The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is found in Africa. It weighs up to 3,200 kg/7,040 lb, stands about 1.6 m/5.25 ft tall, and has a brown or slate-grey skin. It is an endangered species. (...
hibernation
State of dormancy in which certain animals spend the winter. It is associated with a dramatic reduction in all metabolic processes, including body temperature, breathing, and heart rate. The body temperature of the Arctic ground squirrel falls to below 0°C/32°F during hibernation. Hibernating bats may breathe only once every 45 minute...
histogram
In statistics, a graph showing frequency of data, in which the horizontal axis details discrete units or class boundaries, and the vertical axis represents the frequency. Blocks are drawn such that their areas (rather than their height as in a bar chart) are proportional to the frequencies within a class or across several class boundaries. There ar...
Hill and Adamson
Scottish photographers who worked together 1843–48. They made extensive use of the calotype process in their portraits of leading members of the Free Church of Scotland and their views of Edinburgh and the Scottish fishing village of Newhaven. They produced some 2,500 calotypes. Their work was rediscovered around 1900
Hindustani
Member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family, closely related to Hindi and Urdu and originating in the bazaars of Delhi. It is a lingua franca in many parts of the Republic of India
Hindi language
Member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family, the official language of the Republic of India, although resisted as such by the Dravidian-speaking states of the south. Hindi proper is used by some 30% of Indians, in such northern states as Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. Hindi h...
Hippolytus
In Greek mythology, the charioteer son of Theseus, loved by his stepmother Phaedra. Enraged by his rejection, she falsely accused him of dishonouring her and committed suicide, turning Theseus against his son. The sea god Poseidon, who owed Theseus a wish, sent a monster as Hippolytus drove on the shore near Troezen; the frightened chariot hors...
Hindu Kush
Click images to enlargeMountain range in central Asia, length 800 km/500 mi, greatest height Tirich Mir, 7,690 m/25,239 ft, in Pakistan. The narrow Khyber Pass (53 km/33 mi long) connects Pakistan with Afghanistan and was used by Babur and other invaders of India. The present road was built by the British in t...
Hindenburg Line
German western line of World War I fortifications running from Arras, through Cambrai and St Quentin, to Soissons, built 1916–17. Part of the line was taken by the British in the third battle of Arras, but it generally resisted attack until the British offensive of summer 1918
Hinduism
Click images to enlargeReligion originating in northern India about 4,000 years ago, which is superficially and in some of its forms polytheistic, but has a concept of the supreme spirit, Brahman, above the many divine manifestations. These include the triad of chief gods (the Trimurti): Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva (cre...
Himalayas
Click images to enlargeVast mountain system of central Asia, extending from the Indian states of Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east, covering the southern part of Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. It is the highest mountain range in the world, with more than 100 peaks reaching heights over 7,300 m/24,000 ft;...
Himachal Pradesh
State of northwest India, to the south of Kashmir and west of Tibet; area 55,673 sq km/21,495 sq mi; population (2001 est) 6,077,248 (mainly Hindu; some Buddhists). The capital is Shimla, which lies at an altitude of 2,213 m/7,200 ft. Himachal Pradesh is a mainly agricultural state, partly forested, producing fruit, grain, rice,...
hill fort
European Iron Age site with massive banks and ditches for defence, used as both a military camp and a permanent settlement. Examples found across Europe, in particular France, central Germany, and the British Isles, include Heuneberg near Sigmaringen, Germany, Spinans Hill in County Wicklow, Ireland, and Maiden Castle, Dorset, England. Iron Age Ger...
hill figure
In Britain, any of a number of figures, usually of animals, cut from the turf to reveal the underlying chalk. Their origins are variously attributed to Celts, Romans, Saxons, Druids, or Benedictine monks, although most are of modern rather than ancient construction. Examples include 17 White Horses, ...
Hildebrand
Benedictine monk who became Pope Gregory VII
