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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

expansion arch
An orthodontic appliance that moves the dental structures distally, bucally, or labially, creating increased molar to molar width and arch length. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expansive delusion
Synonym for delusion of grandeur ... A delusion in which one believes himself possessed of great wealth, intellect, importance and/or power, a common feature of schizophrenia. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

expansive soil
Soils that swell when they absorb water and shrink as they dry. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

expansiveness
A state of optimism, loquacity, and reactivity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expect
1. To wait for; to await. 'Let's in, and there expect their coming.' (Shak) ... 2. To look for (mentally); to look forward to, as to something that is believed to be about to happen or come; to have a previous apprehension of, whether of good or evil; to look for with some confidence; to anticipate; often followed by an infinitive, sometimes by a cl …

expectation
1. The act or state of expecting or looking forward to an event as about to happen. 'In expectation of a guest.' 'My soul, wait thou only upon God, for my expectation is from him.' (Ps. Lxii. 5) ... 2. That which is expected or looked for. 'Why our great expectation should be called The seed of woman.' (Milton) ... 3. The prospect of the future; grou …

expectation neurosis
A condition in which anticipation of an event produces neurotic symptoms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expectation of life
The average number of years of life an individual of a given age is expected to live if current mortality rates continue to apply; a statistical abstraction based on existing age-specific death rates. ... Expectation of life at age x, The average number of additional years a person aged x would live if current mortality trends continue to apply, bas …

expected
In probability theory and statistics, interchangeable with mean or average; it need not be a probable or even possible value. For instance, the expected number of children in completed families may be 2.53, but that is not a possible size of any actual family. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expectorant
1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. ... 2. <pharmacology> An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi and trachea, sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). ... Origin: L. Pectus = breast ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

expectorants
Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expectorate
To spit; to eject saliva, mucus, or other fluid from the mouth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expectorated
To have ejected material from the upper respiratory tract by spitting or coughing. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

expectoration
1. Mucus and other fluids formed in the air passages and upper food passages (the mouth), and expelled by coughing. ... See: sputum. ... 2. The act of spitting; the expelling from the mouth of saliva, mucus, and other material from the air or upper food passages. ... Synonym: spitting. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expedite
1. To relieve of impediments; to facilitate; to accelerate the process or progress of; to hasten; to quicken; as, to expedite the growth of plants. 'To expedite your glorious march.' (Milton) ... 2. To despatch; to send forth; to issue officially. 'Such charters be expedited of course.' (Bacon) ... Origin: Expedited; Expediting. ... Source: Websters D …

expeditions
Usually refers to planned scientific data-gathering excursions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

experience
The feeling of emotions and sensations, as opposed to thinking; involvement in what is happening rather than abstract reflection on an event or interpersonal encounter. ... Origin: L. Experientia, fr. Experior, to try ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experiment
Noun: A procedure done in a controlled environment for the purpose of gathering observations, data, or facts, demonstrating known facts or theories, or testing hypotheses or theories. Verb: To carry out such a procedure. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

experimental
1. Of, relating to or based on experience: empirical. ... 2. Of a disease: intentionally produced especially in laboratory animals for the purpose of study. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

experimental allergic encephalitis
Synonym for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ... <pathology> An autoimmune disease that can be induced in various experimental animals by the injection of homogenised brain or spinal cord in Freund's adjuvant. The antigen appears to be a basic protein present in myelin and the response is characterised by focal areas of lymphocyte and m …

experimental error
The total error of measurement ascribed to the conduct of an empirical observation. It is commonly expressed as the standard deviation of replicated experiments. There may be many components, including those in the sampling procedure, the measurements, injudicious choice of a model, observer bias, etc. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experimental group
A group of subjects exposed to the variable of an experiment, as opposed to the control group. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experimental medicine
The scientific investigation of medical problems by experimentation upon animals or by clinical research. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experimental method
In experimental psychology, control of environmental, physiological, or attitudinal factors to observe dependent changes in aspects of experience and behaviour. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experimental neurosis
A behaviour disorder produced experimentally, as when an organism is required to make a discrimination of extreme difficulty and 'breaks down' in the process. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experimental psychology
A subdiscipline within the science of psychology that is concerned with the study of conditioning, learning, perception, motivation, emotion, language, and thinking, also used in relation to subject-matter areas in which experimental, in contrast to correlational or socio-experiential, methods are emphasized. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

experimenter effects
The influence of the experimenter's behaviour, personality traits, or expectancies on the results of that person's own research. ... See: double blind study. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expert system
Expert systems are computer programs designed to simulate the problem-solving behaviour of human experts within very narrow domains or scientific disciplines (entomology, plant pathology, etc.). ... This discipline is a sub-set of Artificial Intelligence. ... See: artificial intelligence. ... Synonym: knowledge-based systems ... (13 Jan 1998) ...

expert systems
Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expert testimony
Presentation of pertinent medical data by a qualified medical specialist before a court. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expiate
1. To extinguish the guilt of by sufferance of penalty or some equivalent; to make complete satisfaction for; to atone for; to make amends for; to make expiation for; as, to expiate a crime, a guilt, or sin. 'To expiate his treason, hath naught left.' (Milton) 'The Treasurer obliged himself to expiate the injury.' (Clarendon) ... 2. To purify with s …

expiation
1. The act of making satisfaction or atonement for any crime or fault; the extinguishing of guilt by suffering or penalty. 'His liberality seemed to have something in it of self-abasement and expiation.' (W. Irving) ... 2. The means by which reparation or atonement for crimes or sins is made; an expiatory sacrifice or offering; an atonement. 'Those …

expiration
<physiology> The act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs. ... Origin: L. Spirare = to breathe ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

expiratory centre
The region of the medulla oblongata that is electrically active during expiration and where electrical stimulation produces sustained expiration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expiratory dyspnea
Difficulty with the expiratory phase of breathing, often due to obstruction in the larynx or large bronchi, such as by a foreign body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expiratory reserve volume
The extra volume of air that can be expired with maximum effort beyond the level reached at the end of a normal, quiet expiration. Common abbreviation is erv. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expiratory resistance
Resistance to flow of gas out of the lungs or the total resistance to flow of gas during the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expiratory stridor
A singing sound due to the semi-approximated vocal folds offering resistance to the escape of air. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expire
1. To breathe out; to emit from the lungs; to throw out from the mouth or nostrils in the process of respiration; opposed to inspire. 'Anatomy exhibits the lungs in a continual motion of inspiring and expiring air.' (Harvey) 'This chafed the boar; his nostrils flames expire.' (Dryden) ... 2. To give forth insensibly or gently, as a fluid or vapor; t …

expired gas
Any gas that has been expired from the lungs; often used synonymously with mixed expired gas. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

explain
1. To flatten; to spread out; to unfold; to expand. 'The horse-chestnut is . . . Ready to explain its leaf.' (Evelyn) ... 2. To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to clear of obscurity; to expound; to unfold and illustrate the meaning of; as, to explain a chapter of the Bible. 'Commentators to explain the difficult passages to you.' (Gay) To exp …

explant
Living tissue transferred from an organism to an artificial medium for culture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

explantation
The act of transferring an explant. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

explicit
1. Not implied merely, or conveyed by implication; distinctly stated; plain in language; open to the understanding; clear; not obscure or ambiguous; express; unequivocal; as, an explicit declaration. 'The language of the charter was too explicit to admit of a doubt.' (Bancroft) ... 2. Having no disguised meaning or reservation; unreserved; outspoken …

explode
1. To become suddenly expanded into a great volume of gas or vapor; to burst violently into flame; as gunpowder explodes. ... 2. To burst with force and a loud report; to detonate, as a shell filled with powder or the like material, or as a boiler from too great pressure of steam. ... 3. To burst forth with sudden violence and noise; as, at this, his …

exploratory
Relating to, or with a view to, exploration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exploratory behaviour
The tendency to explore or investigate a novel environment. It is considered a motivation not clearly distinguishable from curiosity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

exploratory drive
The drive typical of toddlers and some animals to investigate the unfamiliar or unknown. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

explorer
<dentistry> A hook-like fine pointed instrument used in examining the teeth. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

exploring electrode
An electrode placed on or near an excitable tissue; in unipolar electrocardiography, the electrode is placed on the chest in the region of the heart and paired with an indifferent electrode. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exploring needle
A strong needle with a longitudinal groove, which is thrust into a tumour or cavity to determine the presence of fluid, the latter escaping externally along the groove. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

explosion
1. The act of exploding; detonation; a chemical action which causes the sudden formation of a great volume of expanded gas; as, the explosion of gunpowder, of fire damp,etc. ... 2. A bursting with violence and loud noise, because of internal pressure; as, the explosion of a gun, a bomb, a steam boiler, etc. ... 3. A violent outburst of feeling, manif …

explosive decompression
Synonym for rapid decompression ... Sudden severe expansion of gases due to a reduction in ambient pressure. ... Synonym: explosive decompression. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

explosive speech
Loud, sudden speech related to injury of the nervous system. ... Synonym: logospasm. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exponent
1. <mathematics> A number, letter, or any quantity written on the right hand of and above another quantity, and denoting how many times the latter is repeated as a factor to produce the power indicated. ... Thus a^2 denotes the second power, and a^n the xth power, of a (2 and x being the exponents). A fractional exponent, or index, is used to …

exponential
Pertaining to exponents; involving variable exponents; as, an exponential expression; exponential calculus; an exponential function. Exponential curve, a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. Exponential equation, an equation which contains an exponential quantity, or in which the unknown quantity enters as an exponent. …

exponential decay
<epidemiology> A decline in which the rate of decay is always proportional to the amount of material remaining; the constant of proportionality is the rate constant. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

exponential distribution
The time until failure of a process at constant hazard. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exponential growth
<biology> A rate of growth of an organism, a part of an organism, or a population of organisms which, when graphed, produces an exponential or logarithmic curve. Such a rate occurs, for example: during the exponential growth phase, when a population of bacterial (or other) cells divide at a constant rate so that the total number of cells doub …

export
<cell biology> To transport substances from inside the cell, through the cell membrane, to the outside by a system specialised for the purpose. To secrete. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

expose
To perform or undergo exposure. ... Origin: O. Fr. Exposer, fr. L. Ex-pono, pp. Ex-positum, to set out, expose ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exposed pulp
Pulp that has been exposed or laid bare by a pathologic process, trauma, or a dental instrument. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exposure
<radiobiology> A quantitative measure of x or gamma radiation at a certain place, based on its ability to produce ionisation in air. The former special unit of exposure was the roentgen (R). 1R = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg. In the international system (SI unit), the special unit is coulomb per kilogram. (Exposure also is frequently used as a synonym fo …

exposure dose
The radiation dose, expressed in roentgens, delivered at a point in free air. ... Synonym: air dose. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exposure keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea resulting from irritation caused by inability to close the eyelids. ... Synonym: lagophthalmic keratitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exposure odds ratio
<epidemiology> See Odds ratio. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

express
1. To press or squeeze out; as, to express the juice of grapes, or of apples; hence, to extort; to elicit. 'All the fruits out of which drink is expressed.' (Bacon) 'And th'idle breath all utterly expressed.' (Spenser) 'Halters and racks can not express from thee More than by deeds.' (B. Jonson) ... 2. To make or offer a representation of; to show b …

expressed emotion
Frequency and quality of negative emotions, e.g., anger or hostility, expressed by family members or significant others, that often lead to a high relapse rate, especially in schizophrenic patients. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expressed gene
Synonym for gene expression ... <molecular biology> The full use of the information in a gene via transcription and translation leading to production of a protein and hence the appearance of the phenotype determined by that gene. Gene expression is assumed to be controlled at various points in the sequence leading to protein synthesis and this …

expressed mustard oil
The fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Brassica alba and B. Nigra; it contains the glycerides of oleic, arachidic, and other fatty acids; used as salad oil and in the manufacture of oleomargarine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Expressed Sequence Tag
<molecular biology> Expressed sequence tags are sequence tagged sites derived from cDNAs. ... See: sequence tagged site. ... Acronym: EST ... (06 Aug 1998) ...

expressed skull fracture
A fracture with outward displacement of a part of the cranium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expression
<molecular biology> The process by which a gene's coded information is converted into the structures present and operating in the cell. ... Expressed genes include those that are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein and those that are transcribed into RNA but not translated into protein (for example, transfer and ribosomal RN …

expression cloning
<molecular biology> A vector that results in the expression of inserted DNA sequences when propagated in a suitable host cell, i.e. The protein coded for by the DNA is synthesised by the host's system. ... (06 Aug 1998) ...

expression library
<molecular biology> A library of DNA fragments which was created with an expression vector so that any genes present in the library are expressed. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

expression site
The location in the genome of the gene for the variable surface glycoprotein that is currently being expressed (an expression-linked copy) by the trypanosome (a parasitic protozoan which causes the disease African sleeping sickness). most of these sites are near the ends, or telomeres, of a chromosome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

expression system
<molecular biology> Combination of an expression vector, its cloned DNA, and the host for the vector that provide a context to allow foreign gene function in a host cell, that is, produce proteins at a high level. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

expression vector
<molecular biology> A cloning vector that contains the necessary regulatory sequences to allow transcription and translation of a cloned gene or genes and thus transcribe and clone DNA. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

expression-linked copy
<molecular biology> One of many different versions of the variable surface glycoprotein gene of the trypanosome (a parasitic protozoan which causes the disease African sleeping sickness), refers to whichever one of them is currently being expressed on the outer surface of the trypanosome. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

expression, gene
A gene speaks. When a gene is expressed, the information encoded in the gene is translated into protein or RNA structures present and operating in the cell. Expressed genes include genes that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into protein as well as those genes that are transcribed into RNA (such transfer and ribosomal R …

expressive aphasia
Synonym for motor aphasia ... A type of aphasia in which there is a deficit in speech production or language output, often accompanied by a deficit in communicating by writing, signs, etc. The patient is aware of his impairment. ... Synonym: anterior aphasia, ataxic aphasia, Broca's aphasia, expressive aphasia, nonfluent aphasia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expressivity
The consistency of a genetic disease. For example, Marfan disease shows variable expressivity. Some persons with Marfan's merely have long fingers and toes while others have the full-blown disease with dislocation of the lens and dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expulsion, stage of
The part of labour from the full dilatation of the cervix until the baby is completely out of the birth canal. The second stage of labour. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

expulsive
Tending to expel. ... Origin: L. Ex-pello, pp. -pulsus, to drive out ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

expulsive pains
Effective labour pain's, associated with contraction of the uterine muscle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exquisite
Extremely intense, keen, sharp; said of pain or tenderness in a part. ... Origin: L. Exquiro, pp. Exquisitus, to search out ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exrerience
1. To make practical acquaintance with; to try personally; to prove by use or trial; to have trial of; to have the lot or fortune of; to have befall one; to be affected by; to feel; as, to experience pain or pleasure; to experience poverty; to experience a change of views. 'The partial failure and disappointment which he had experienced in India.' …

exsanguinate
1. To remove or withdraw the circulating blood; to make bloodless. ... Synonym: exsanguine. ... Origin: L. Ex, out, + sanguis (-guin), blood ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsanguination
Removal of blood; making exsanguine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsanguination transfusion
Synonym for exchange transfusion ... Removal of most of a patient's blood followed by introduction of an equal amount from donors. ... Synonym: exsanguination transfusion, substitution transfusion, total transfusion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsanguine
Deprived of blood. ... Synonym: exsanguinate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsection
Rarely used term for excision. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exserted
<botany> Protruding, for example of stamens with respect to a corolla tube. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

exsiccate
Synonym for desiccate ... To lose or cause to lose moisture. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

exsiccated alum
Alum heated to complete dryness; a local astringent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsiccated sodium sulfite
Anhydrous sodium sulfite, used as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsiccation
Synonym: desiccation. ... 2. The removal of water of crystallization. ... Synonym: dehydration. ... Origin: L. Ex sicco, pp. Siccatus, to dry up ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsiccation fever
Synonym for thirst fever ... An elevation of temperature in infants after reduction of fluid intake, diarrhoea, or vomiting; probably caused by reduced available body water, with reduced heat loss by evaporation; an analogous condition in adults is seen when exertion is continued in the face of dehydration. ... Synonym: dehydration fever, exsiccation …

exsomatise
To remove from the body. ... Origin: G. Ex, out of, + soma, body ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

exsorption
Movement of substances from the blood into the lumen of the gut. ... Origin: G. Ex, out, + sorbere, to suck ... (05 Mar 2000) ...