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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

entorhinal area
Brodmann's area 28, a cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus; the area is the origin of the major fibre system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called perforant pathway. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

entorhinal cortex
The cytoarchitecturally well-defined area of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus. The entorhinal cortex is the origin of the major neural fibre system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called perforant pathway. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

entosternum
<anatomy> See Entoplastron. Entoster'nal. ... Origin: NL. See Ento-, and Sternum. ... (30 Mar 1998) ...

entosthoblast
<cell biology> The granule within the nucleolus or entoblast of a nucleated cell. ... Origin: Gr. 'entosthe from within. ... (30 Mar 1998) ...

entozoa
1. <zoology> A group of worms, including the tapeworms, flukes, roundworms, etc, most of which live parasitically in the interior of other animals; the Helminthes. ... 2. An artificial group, including all kinds of animals living parasitically in others. ... Origin: NL, fr. Gr. Within + an animal. ... (30 Mar 1998) ...

entozoal
Relating to entozoa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

entozoon
<zoology> One of the Entozoa. ... (30 Mar 1998) ...

entrails
The viscera of an animal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

entrance
1. The act of entering or going into; ingress; as, the entrance of a person into a house or an apartment; hence, the act of taking possession, as of property, or of office; as, the entrance of an heir upon his inheritance, or of a magistrate into office. ... 2. Liberty, power, or permission to enter; as, to give entrance to friends. ... 3. The passag …

entrance block
Synonym for protective block ... An incompletely understood mechanism whereby a pacemaker is protected from being discharged by the impulse from another centre; the mechanism, usually conceived as an encircling zone of unidirectionally refractory tissue permitting egress of impulses from the centre but preventing access to the centre, is seen in ope …

entrance pupil
<microscopy> The apparent size of the limiting aperture of a lens or lens system (properly that of the diaphragm), as seen from the object plane. This can shift and become a complex matter in some circumstances. In a properly set up microscope system it should be that of the substage iris diaphragm. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

entrap
To catch in a trap; to insnare; hence, to catch, as in a trap, by artifices; to involve in difficulties or distresses; to catch or involve in contradictions; as, to be entrapped by the devices of evil men. 'A golden mesh, to entrap the hearts of men.' (Shak) ... Synonym: To insnare, inveigle, tangle, decoy, entangle. ... Origin: Pref. En- + trap: cf. …

entrapment neuropathy
A focal nerve lesion produced by constriction or mechanical distortion of the nerve, within a fibrous or fibro-osseous tunnel, or by a fibrous band; with these lesions, stretching and angulation of the nerve may be as important a source of injury as compression; entrapment neuropathies tend to occur at particular sites in the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) …

entreat
1. To treat, or conduct toward; to deal with; to use. 'Fairly let her be entreated.' (Shak) 'I will cause the enemy to entreat thee well.' (Jer. Xv. 11) ... 2. To treat with, or in respect to, a thing desired; hence, to ask earnestly; to beseech; to petition or pray with urgency; to supplicate; to importune. 'Entreat my wife to come.' 'I do entreat …

entrepreneurship
The organization, management, and assumption of risks of a business or enterprise, usually implying an element of change or challenge and a new opportunity. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

entropion
<ophthalmology> Inversion or turning inward of the border of the eyelid against the eyeball. ... (11 Nov 1997) ...

entropionise
To invert a part. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

entropy
<radiobiology> The amount of disorder in a system. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

entropy trapping
<radiobiology> The process of trapping an ordered beam of particles in a magnetic field configuration (for example, cusp geometry) by randomising the ordered motion of the particles, with corresponding increase in the entropy of the system. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

entry
Origin: OE. Entree, entre, F. Entree, fr. Entrer to enter. See Enter, and cf. Entree. ... 1. The act of entering or passing into or upon; entrance; ingress; hence, beginnings or first attempts; as, the entry of a person into a house or city; the entry of a river into the sea; the entry of air into the blood; an entry upon an undertaking. ... 2. The a …

entry zone
The area of the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord, medial to the tip of the posterior horn, in which the entering fibres of the posterior nerve root divide into ascending and descending branches. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

entypy
A type of gastrulation seen in some early mammalian embryos in which the endoderm covers the embryonic and amniotic ectoderm; part of the preplacental trophoblast may also be covered. ... Origin: G. Entype, pattern ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enuresis
<paediatrics, urology> Involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved, often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bed wetting, nocturnal enuresis). ... Origin: Gr. Enourein = to void urine ... (11 Nov 1997) ...

env
<molecular biology> Retroviral gene encoding viral envelope glycoproteins. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

env gene
<molecular biology> One of three retrovirus genes which codes for the env glycoproteins. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

env glycoprotein
<molecular biology> An important protein component of the mature retrovirus protein outer coat (the capsid). It is coded for by the env genes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

envelop
1. That which envelops, wraps up, encases, or surrounds; a wrapper; an inclosing cover; especially, the cover or wrapper of a document, as of a letter. ... 2. <astronomy> The nebulous covering of the head or nucleus of a comet; called also coma. ... 3. A work of earth, in the form of a single parapet or of a small rampart. It is sometimes raise …

envelope
1. <virology> Lipoprotein outer layer of some viruses derived from plasma membrane of the host cell. ... 2. <microbiology> The plasma membrane and cell wall complex of a bacterium. ... (11 Nov 1997) ...

envelope conformation
See: Haworth conformational formulas of cyclic sugars. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

envelope flap
A mucoperiosteal flap retracted from a horizontal incision along the free gingival margin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

envenomation
The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom) by sting, spine, bite, or other venom apparatus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enviomycin
<chemical> 1-(l-threo-3,6-diamino-4-hydroxyhexanoic acid)-6-(l-2-(2- amino-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyrimidinyl)glycine)viomycin. Cyclic basic peptide related to viomycin. It is isolated from an induced mutant of streptomyces griseoverticillatus var. Tuberacticus and acts as an antitubercular agent with less ototoxicity than tuberactinomycin. ... …

environment
<biology, zoology> The sum total of all the conditions and elements which make up the surroundings and influence the development and actions of an individual. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

environment and public health
Natural and man-made environments and their impact on public health. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environment design
The structuring of the environment to permit or promote specific patterns of behaviour. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environment, controlled
A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environmental assessment
(EA) A public document that analyzes a proposed federal action for the possibility of significant environmental impacts. The analysis is required by NEPA. If the environmental impacts will be significant, the federal agency must then prepare an environmental impact statement. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

environmental exposure
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environmental health
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environmental illness
A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this 'disease', given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental ill …

environmental impact statement
(EIS; FEIS) A statement of the environmental effects of a proposed action and of alternative actions. Section 102 of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires an EIS for all major federal actions. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

environmental medicine
Medical specialty concerned with environmental factors that may impinge upon human disease, and development of methods for the detection, prevention, and control of environmentally related disease. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environmental microbiology
The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environmental monitoring
The monitoring of the level of toxicants, pollutants, or other harmful chemicals in the environment or workplace by measuring the amounts of these toxicants in the bodies of people and animals in that environment, among other methods. It also includes the measurement of environmental exposure. Humans and animals are used as indicators of toxic leve …

environmental output
Environmental outputs are the desired or anticipated measurable products or results of restoration measures and plans. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

environmental pollutants
Substances which pollute the environment. Use for environmental pollutants in general or for which there is no specific heading. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

environmental protection agency
<organisation> The U.S. Regulatory agency for biotechnology of microbes. The major lawsunder which the agency has regulatory powers are the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide act (FIFRA), and the Toxic Substances ControlAct (TSCA). ... (30 Mar 1998) ...

environmental psychology
The study and application by behavioural scientists and architects of how changes in physical space and related physical stimuli impact upon the behaviour of individuals. ... See: personal space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

environmental quality objective
This is a regulatory value defining the quality to be aimed for in a particular aspect of the environment. Unlike an environmental quality standard, an EQO is not usually expressed in quantitative terms and cannot be enforced legally. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

environmental quality standard
This regulatory value defines the maximum concentration of a potentially toxic substance which can be allowed in an environmental compartment, usually air (air quality standard - AQS) or water, over a defined period. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

environmental tobacco smoke
A complex mixture of chemical constituents and particulates released into the atmosphere from the burning tip of a cigarette, pipe or cigar or from smoke exhaled by the smoker. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

environmental variance
Within a population, the measure of how much of the variation of a particular phenotype is due to environmental factors (as opposed to variations in genotype. An example might be the height of a human as determined by such factors as nutrition or infectious diseases during childhood. ... See: genetic variance. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

envy
1. To feel envy at or towards; to be envious of; to have a feeling of uneasiness or mortification in regard to (any one), arising from the sight of another's excellence or good fortune and a longing to possess it. 'A woman does not envy a man for his fighting courage, nor a man a woman for her beauty.' (Collier) 'Whoever envies another confesses hi …

enzootic abortion of ewes
A specific infectious abortion of sheep caused by Chlamydia psittaci. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzootic ataxia
A metabolic disease of lambs characterised clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system; caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy. ... Synonym: swayback. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzootic balanoposthitis
ulcerative posthitis ...

enzootic bovine leukosis
A lymphoid neoplastic disease in cattle caused by the bovine leukaemia virus. Enzootic bovine leukosis may take the form of lymphosarcoma, malignant lymphoma, or leukaemia but the presence of malignant cells in the blood is not a consistent finding. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzootic encephalomyelitis
Synonym for borna disease ... An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by an RNA virus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzootic encephalomyelitis virus
Synonym for borna disease virus ... An unclassified, single-stranded RNA virus, possibly related to the family rhabdoviridae, causing a rare and usually fatal encephalitic disease in horses and other domestic animals and possibly deer. Its name derives from the city in saxony where the condition was first described in 1894, but the disease occurs in …

enzootic haematuria
A disease of cattle caused by long-term, low-level consumption of the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) and characterised by haemorrhages or tumours in the bladder. ... Synonym: bracken poisoning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzootic pneumonia
A pneumonia of sheep caused by the bacterium Pasteurella haemolytica. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzootic stability
Synonym for endemic stability ... A situation in which all factors influencing disease occurrence are relatively stable, resulting in little fluctuation in disease incidence over time; changes in one or more of these factors (e.g., reduction in proportion of individuals with immunity from exposure to infectious agent) can lead to an unstable situati …

enzygotic
Derived from a single fertilised ovum; denoting twins so derived. ... Origin: G. Eis (en), one, + zygote ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzygotic twins
Synonym: monozygotic twins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymatic
Relating to an enzyme. ... Synonym: enzymic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymatic hydrolysis
A process by which enzymes (biological catalysts) are used to break down starch or cellulose into sugar. ... (05 Dec 1998) ...

enzymatic synthesis
Synthesis by enzymes. ... See: biosynthesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzyme
<biochemistry> A protein molecule produced by living organisms that catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions. ... Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is ass …

enzyme activation
Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1) activation by ions (activators); 2) activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3) conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzyme analog
Synonym for synzyme ... A synthetic macromolecule having enzymatic activity. ... Synonym: enzyme analog. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzyme antagonist
An antimetabolite or inhibitor of enzyme action. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzyme defect
A disorder resulting from a deficiency (or functional abnormality) of an enzyme. In 1902 Archibald Garrod first attributed a disease to an enzyme defect: an inborn error of metabolism. Today, newborns are routinely screened for certain enzyme defects such as PKU (phenylketonuria) and galactosaemia, an error in the handling (metabolism) of the sugar …

enzyme derepression
Removing or turning off the inhibitor or inhibitors (molecules which repress or prevent other molecules from acting) enzyme so that enzyme activity can resume. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

enzyme electrode
A type of biosensor. An enzyme is immobilised on the surface of an electrode, and when the enzyme catalyses its reaction, electrons are transferred from the reactant to the electrode, and a current is generated, which can then be measured. ... (14 Nov 1997) ...

enzyme immobilisation
The attachment of an enzyme to a solid matrix so that it cannot escape but can still act on its substrate. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

enzyme immunoassay
The general term for an expanding technical arsenal of testing which allows a full range of quantitative analyses for both antigen and antibodies. These tests use colour-changed products of enzyme-substrate interaction (or inhibition) to measure the antigen-antibody reaction. Examples of EIA procedures (EMIT, ELISA, MAC, MEIA) follow. ... Acronym: E …

enzyme inactivation
The disappearance of an enzyme's activity during in vitro conditions, such as during a lab preparation of the enzyme, where the enzyme is exposed to conditions not normally found within its environment inside a living cell (like different pH, excess or too little salt, temperature changes, etc.) ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

enzyme induction
An increase in enzyme secretion in response to an environmental signal. The classic example is the induction of _ galactosidase in E. Coli. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

enzyme inhibitors
Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzyme precursor
<biochemistry> Inactive precursors that can be converted to active enzymes. ... Enzyme precursors containing extra-long polypeptide chains that block activity are activated by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis to remove the inhibiting portion. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzyme reactivator
<biochemistry> Compounds which restore enzymatic activity by removing an inhibitory group bound to the reactive site of the enzyme. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzyme regulation
<biochemistry> Control of the rate of a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme by some effector (e.g., inhibitors or activators) or by alteration of some condition (e.g., pH or ionic strength). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzyme replacement therapy
A type of medical treatment for patients who lack an important enzyme, the missing enzyme is injected into the patient. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

enzyme repression
The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzyme stabilisation
Reducing the chances that an enzyme will inactivate in vitro (see enzyme inactivation) by changing the environmental conditions (such as pH, temperature, concentration of salt, etc.) or by attaching organic groups to it or changing some of its amino acid subunits. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

enzyme stability
The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzyme-catalyzed ligation
<enzyme> An enzyme-mediated joining of phosphodiester linkage of two stretches of DNA or RNA, or of peptide linkage of two polypeptides. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
<investigation> The enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay is serologic test used as a general screening tool for the detection of antibodies to the HIV virus. Reported as positive or negative. Since false positive tests due occur (for example recent flu shot), positives will require further evaluation using the western blot. ELISA technology li …

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labelled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the an …

enzyme-substrate complex
Synonym for binary complex ... A noncovalent complex of two molecules; often referring to the enzyme-substrate complex in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. ... Compare: central complex, Michaelis complex. ... Synonym: enzyme-substrate complex. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymes, immobilised
Enzymes which are immobilised on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. Since they can be reused continuously, immobilised enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

enzymic
Synonym for enzymatic ... Relating to an enzyme. ... Synonym: enzymic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymic process
Any chemical reaction or series of reactions catalysed by an enzyme. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

enzymologist
A specialist in enzymology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymology
The branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and actions of enzymes. ... Origin: enzyme + G. Logos, study ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymolysis
1. The splitting or cleavage of a substance into smaller parts by means of enzymatic action. ... 2. Lysis by the action of an enzyme. ... Origin: enzyme + G. Lysis, dissolution ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enzymopathy
Any disturbance of enzyme function, including genetic deficiency or defect in specific enzymes. ... Origin: enzyme + G. Pathos, disease ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

EOG
<abbreviation> Electro-oculography; electro-olfactogram. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

eolis
<marine biology> A genus of nudibranch mollusks having clusters of branchial papillae along the back. See Ceratobranchia. ... Alternative forms: aeolis. ... Origin: L. Aeolis a daughter of aeolus, Gr. A'iolis. ... (19 Mar 1998) ...

eosin
<protein> A red, fluorescent, bromine-containing, water-insoluble dye usedmainly in toner and cosmetics. ... A red or brown potassium or sodium salt of the above dye, it is usedas a biological stain and in pharmaceuticals. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...