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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

endoscopy
<procedure> The visual inspection of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endoscopy, digestive system
Visual examination of the digestive tract by means of a fibreoptic endoscope. It is used to localise, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endoscopy, gastrointestinal
Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract by means of a fibreoptic endoscope. It is used to localise, identify, and photograph pathologic alterations, to obtain biopsy material and perform other surgical interventions, and for delivery of medication. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endoscopy, upper
A procedure that enables the examiner (usually a gastroenterologist ) to examine the oesophagus (swallowing tube ), stomach, and duodenum ( first portion of small bowel ) using a thin flexible tube (a scope ) that can be looked through or seen on a TV monitor. Also known as oesophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endoskeleton
<cell biology> A skeleton, or support structure, which is on the inside of the organisms body. All vertebrates possess one that is made of either bone or cartilage. (Note: teeth are not counted as part of the endoskeleton.) ... Compare: exoskeleton. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endosmosis
Movement of water into a cell as a result of greater internal osmotic pressure. The water potential within the vascular sap of a plant cell must be lower than that in the bathing medium or sap of a neighbouring cell. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endosome
1. <cell biology> Endocytotic vesicle derived from the plasma membrane. More specifically an acidic nonlysosomal compartment in which receptor ligand complexes dissociate. ... 2. A chromatinic body near the centre of a vesicular nucleus in some protozoa. ... Origin: Gr. Soma = body ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endosomes
Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when coated vesicles shed their clathrin coat. Endosomes internalise macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endosonography
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fibreoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected o …

endosonoscopy
A sonographic study carried out by transducers inserted into the body as miniature probes in the oesophagus, urethra, bladder, vagina, or rectum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endosperm
Tissue present in the seeds of angiosperms, external to and surrounding the embryo, that it provides with nourishment in the form of starch or other food reserves. Formed by the division of the endosperm mother cell after fertilization, may be absorbed by the embryo prior to seed maturation or may persist in the mature seed. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endosperm mother cell
Cell of the higher plant embryo sac. Contains two polar nuclei and fuses with the sperm cell from the pollen grain. Gives rise to the endosperm. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endospore
1. An asexual spore formed within a cell. ... 2. Inner part of the wall of a fungal spore. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endospore-forming bacteria
A group of rods or cocci whose taxonomic affinities are uncertain. They form endospores, thick-walled bodies formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria, able to withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endosteal implant
An implant that is inserted into the alveolar and/or basal bone and protrudes through the mucoperiosteum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endosteitis
Endostitis ... Inflammation of the endosteum or of the medullary cavity of a bone. ... Synonym: central osteitis, perimyelitis. ... Origin: endo-+ G. Osteon, bone, + -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endosteoma
<tumour> A benign neoplasm of bone tissue in the medullary cavity of a bone. ... Synonym: endostoma. ... Origin: endo-+ G. Osteon, bone, + -oma, tumour ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endostethoscope
<instrument> A stethoscopic tube used in endoauscultation. ... Origin: endo-+ G. Stethos, chest, + skopeo, to examine ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endosulfan
<chemical> A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic t …

endosymbiont
An organism which lives within the body of another organism (its host) as part of an endosymbiotic relationship. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endosymbiont hypothesis
The hypothesis that semi autonomous organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally endosymbiotic bacteria or cyanobacteria. The arguments are convincing and although the hypothesis cannot be proven it is widely accepted. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endosymbiosis
A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one of the two organisms (the endosymbiont) lives inside the body of the other one (the host). ... Compare: ectosymbiosis. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endosymbiosis theory
The scientific theory that the organelles of eukaryotic cells arose when free-living procaryotic cells began living within other, larger free-living procaryotic cells and formed mutualistic symbiotic relationships with them. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endosymbiotic bacteria
Bacteria that establish a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic cell. For example the nitrogen fixing bacteria of legume root nodules. ... See: endosymbiont hypothesis. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endosymbiotic infection
A situation where a cell that has been infected by a virus is prevented from dividing but is not immediately killed. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endotendineum
The fine connective tissue surrounding secondary fascicles of a tendon. ... Origin: endo-+ L. Tendon, tendon, + -eus, adj.; the whole, in its neuter form, used substantively ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endoteric bacterium
A bacterium that forms an endotoxin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelia
Plural of endothelium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelial
Pertaining to or made up of endothelium. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

endothelial cell
A thin, flattened cell, a layer of them lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endothelial cyst
A serous cyst whose sac is lined with endothelium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelial dystrophy of cornea
Spontaneous loss of corneal endothelium leading to oedema of the corneal stroma and epithelium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelial growth factors
These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesise DNA. The factors are rela …

endothelial leukocyte
Old term for a monocyte, a type of leukocyte thought to be derived from reticuloendothelial tissue. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelial myeloma
Synonym for Ewing's tumour ... A malignant primary bone tumour that arises most commonly in the first three decades of life. It is highly malignant (prone to spread) and often requires treatment with some combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

endothelial relaxing factor
A molecule functioning as a neurotransmitter and produced by activated macrophages. It is capable of killing tumour cells, parasites, and intracellular bacteria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelin
<protein> Group of peptide hormones released by endothelial cells. The most potent vasoconstrictor hormones known. Structurally related to the snake venom sarafotoxins. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endothelin receptor
Simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels, lymphatics and other fluid filled cavities (such as the anterior chamber of the eye). Mesodermally derived, unlike most epithelia. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endothelin-3
A 21-amino acid peptide that circulates in the plasma, but its source is not known. Endothelin-3 has been found in high concentrations in the brain and may regulate important functions in neurons and astrocytes, such as proliferation and development. It also is found throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in the lung and kidney. (n eng j med 199 …

endothelins
21-amino-acid peptides produced by vascular endothelial cells and functioning as potent vasoconstrictors. The endothelin family consists of three members, endothelin-1, endothelin-2, and endothelin-3. All three peptides contain 21 amino acids, but vary in amino acid composition. The three peptides produce vasoconstrictor and pressor responses in va …

endothelio-endothelial placenta
A placenta in which the endothelium of the maternal vessels comes in direct contact with the endothelium of the foetal vessels to form the placental barrier. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotheliochorial placenta
A placenta in which the chorionic tissue penetrates to the endothelium of the maternal blood vessels. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotheliocyte
Synonym for endothelial cell ... A thin, flattened cell, a layer of them lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endothelioid
Resembling endothelium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelioma
<oncology, tumour> A tumour (usually benign) which is formed from tissues of the endothelium. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endotheliosis
Proliferation of endothelium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotheliotoxin
A poison that causes haemorrhages (internal bleeding) by attacking the endothelium (inner lining) of small blood vessels. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endothelium
<pathology> The layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm. ... Origin: Gr. Thel = nipple ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endothelium camerae anterioris
Synonym for endothelium of anterior chamber ... A single layer of large, squamous cells that covers the posterior surface of the cornea. ... Synonym: endothelium camerae anterioris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelium of anterior chamber
A single layer of large, squamous cells that covers the posterior surface of the cornea. ... Synonym: endothelium camerae anterioris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothelium-derived relaxing factor
A labile humoral agent released by the vascular endothelium that mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. Edrf also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. These actions are believed to be mediated thr …

endothelium, corneal
Single layer of large flattened cells covering the surface of the cornea. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endothelium, lymphatic
Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endothelium, vascular
Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood capillaries. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endotherm
An organism which is capable of generating its own body heat and maintaining a constant body temperature, a warm-blooded organism. ... A graph which shows the difference in temperature between a test compound and a reference compound that is thermally inert, when the compounds are both heated at the same rate. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

endothermic
Describes a chemical reaction that absorbs or requires energy (usually in the form of heat). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

Endothia aspartic proteinase
<enzyme> Microbial aspartic proteinase (EC 3.4.23.6, formerly EC 3.4.23.10); from chestnut blight fungus endothia parasitica ... Registry number: EC 3.4.23.- ... Synonym: endothiapepsin ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

endothoracic fascia
The extrapleural fascia that lines the wall of the thorax; it extends over the cupula of the pleura as the suprapleural membrane and also forms a thin layer between the diaphragm and pleura (phrenicopleura f.) ... Synonym: fascia endothoracica. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endothrix
Fungal spores (conidia) invading the interior of a hair shaft; there is no conspicuous external sheath of spores, as there is with ectothrix. ... Origin: endo-+ G. Thrix, hair ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotoxaemia
A condition characterised by the presence of endotoxins in the blood. If endotoxaemia is the result of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, shock may occur. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endotoxic
Of, relating to or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endotoxicosis
Poisoning by an endotoxin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotoxin
<protein> Heat stable polysaccharide like toxin bound to a bacterial cell. The term is used more specifically to refer to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. There are three parts to the molecule, the Lipid A (six fatty acid chains linked to two glucosamine residues), the core oligosaccharide (branched ch …

endotoxin shock
Shock induced by release of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria, especially by Escherichia coli. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotoxins
Toxins closely associated with the living cytoplasm or cell wall of certain microorganisms, which do not readily diffuse into the culture medium, but are released upon lysis of the cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

endotracheal
Within the trachea. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotracheal anaesthesia
Inhalation anaesthesia technique in which anaesthetic and respiratory gases pass through a tube placed in the trachea via the mouth or nose. ... Synonym: intratracheal anaesthesia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotracheal intubation
The placement of a flexible plastic tube into the trachea for the purpose of ventilating the lungs. The physician passes the tube with the aid of a laryngoscope introduced into the mouth and upper airway. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

endotracheal stylet
A rod of malleable metal used to maintain the desired curve of a tracheal tube for its insertion into the trachea. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotracheal tube
Synonym for tracheal tube ... A flexible tube inserted nasally, orally, or through a tracheotomy into the trachea to provide an airway, as in tracheal intubation. ... Synonym: endotracheal tube, intratracheal tube. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endotrachelitis
Synonym for endocervicitis ... Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervix uteri. ... Synonym: endotrachelitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endourology
Genitourinary operative procedures (diagnostic and therapeutic) performed through instruments. These may be cystoscopic, pelviscopic, celioscopic, or laparoscopic. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endovaccination
Oral administration of vaccines. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endovaginal ultrasonography
Pelvic ultrasonography using a probe inserted into the vagina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endovasculitis
Synonym for endangiitis ... Inflammation of the intima of a blood vessel. ... Synonym: endoangiitis, endovasculitis. ... Origin: endo-+ G. Angeion, vessel, + -itis, inflammation ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endovenous
Synonym for intravenous ... Within a vein or veins. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

endovenous septum
Septum endovenosum, a remnant of the primitive separation between veins which fused to form a definitive trunk, such as the trunk leading to the left common iliac and the left renal veins. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

endow
1. To furnish with money or its equivalent, as a permanent fund for support; to make pecuniary provision for; to settle an income upon; especially, to furnish with dower; as, to endow a wife; to endow a public institution. 'Endowing hospitals and almshouses.' (Bp. Stillingfleet) ... 2. To enrich or furnish with anything of the nature of a gift (as a …

endowment
1. The act of bestowing a dower, fund, or permanent provision for support. ... 2. That which is bestowed or settled on a person or an institution; property, fund, or revenue permanently appropriated to any object; as, the endowment of a church, a hospital, or a college. ... 3. That which is given or bestowed upon the person or mind; gift of nature; a …

endrin
<chemical> An organochlorine compound that was formerly used as an insecticide. Its manufacture and use has been discontinued in the united states. ... Pharmacological action: insecticide, organochlorine. ... Chemical name: 2,7:3,6-Dimethanonaphth(2,3-b)oxirene, 3,4,5,6,9,9-hexachloro-1a,2,2a,3,6,6a,7,7a-octahydro-, (1aalpha,2beta,2abeta,3alpha …

endstage lung
Severe diffuse interstitial fibrosis and honeycombing. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enediol
<chemistry> The atomic arrangement -C(OH)==C(OH)-produced by proton migration from the CH of a -CHOH group that is attached to a -CO-group to the oxygen of the -CO-group (usually induced by alkali), giving rise to doubly bonded carbon atoms (the -ene group), each bearing a -CHOH group (a diol); a special case of enolization. ... (05 Mar 2000)< …

enema
<procedure> A clyster or injection, a liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

enemator
An appliance used to give an enema. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

enemy
One hostile to another; one who hates, and desires or attempts the injury of, another; a foe; an adversary; as, an enemy of or to a person; an enemy to truth, or to falsehood. ... The enemy, the hostile force. In this sense it is construed with the verb and pronoun either in the singular or the plural, but more commonly in the singular; as, we have …

energetic
<chemistry, physiology> Exhibiting energy: strenuous, operating with force, vigour or effect. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

energetics
<study> That branch of science which treats of the laws governing the physical or mechanical, in distinction from the vital, forces, and which comprehends the consideration and general investigation of the whole range of the forces concerned in physical phenomena. ... (03 Mar 1998) ...

energometer
An apparatus for measuring blood pressure. ... Origin: G. Energeia, energy, + metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

energy
<radiobiology> Typically defined as the ability to do work. Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is changed. Work characterises the degree to which the properties of a substance are transformed. Energy exists in many forms, which can be converted from one to another in various ways. ... Examples include: gravita …

energy balance
<radiobiology> Comparison of energy put into a plasma with the energy dissipated by the system, related to energy confinement. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

energy confinement time
<radiobiology> Characteristic time in which 1/e (or sometimes 1/2) of a system's energy is lost to its surroundings. ... In a plasma device, the energy loss time (or the energy confinement time) is one of three critical parameters determining whether enough fusion will occur to sustain a reaction. ... See: Lawson criterion. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

energy crop
Crops grown specifically for their fuel value. These include food crops such as corn and sugarcane, and nonfood crops such as poplar trees and switchgrass. Currently, two energy crops are under development: short-rotation woody crops, which are fast-growing hardwood trees harvested in 5 to 8 years, and herbaceous energy crops, such as perennial gra …

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
<technique> A microanalytical technique that is based on the characteristic X-ray peaks that are generated when the high energy beam of the electron microscope interacts with the specimen. ... Each element yields a characteristic spectral fingerprint that may be used to identify the presence of that element within the sample. The relative inte …

energy intake
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

energy metabolism
Those metabolic reactions whose role is to release or to provide energy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

energy of activation
Energy that must be added to that already possessed by a molecule or molecules in order to initiate a reaction; usually expressed in the Arrhenius equation relating a rate constant to absolute temperature. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

energy of position
Synonym for potential energy ... <chemistry> Energy due to position, it is stored energy which can be used to do work. ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

energy principle
<radiobiology> In magnetohydrodynamic theory, this principle states that a perturbation is unstable if it reduces the stored potential energy of the system (and thus allows the conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy of the instability). For more details consult reference 6. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

energy replacement time
<radiobiology> Time required for a plasma to lose (via radiation or other loss mechanisms) an amount of energy equal to its average kinetic energy. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

energy transfer
The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. In biochemistry, this concept generally refers to the transfer of groups from compounds that contain energy-rich bonding arrangements to compounds that have relatively energy-poor bonding characteristics via thermodynamically permissible enzymatic reactions. This principle is …