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Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK Words: 18630
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Cicero, Marcus TulliusRoman orator, writer, and politician. His speeches and philosophical and rhetorical works are models of Latin prose, and his letters provide a picture of contemporary Roman life. As consul in 63 BC he exposed the Roman politician Catiline's conspiracy in four major orations. Born in Arpinium, Cicero became an advocate in Rome, spent three years...
cirrhosisAny degenerative disease in an organ of the body, especially the liver, characterized by excessive development of connective tissue, causing scarring and painful swelling. Cirrhosis of the liver may be caused by an infection such as viral hepatitis, chronic obstruction of the common bile duct, chronic alcoholism or drug use, blood disorder, heart f...
civil lawLegal system based on Roman law. It is one of the two main European legal systems, English (common) law being the other. Civil law may also mean the law relating to matters other than criminal law, such as contract and tort
circuit(physics) Click images to enlargeIn physics or electrical engineering, an arrangement of electrical components connected by a conducting material through which a current can flow. There are two basic circuits, series and parallel. In a series c...
civil societyPart of a society or culture outside the government and state-run institutions. For Karl Marx and G W F Hegel, civil society was that part of society where self-interest and materialism were rampant, although Adam Smith believed that enlightened self-interest would promote the general good. Classical writers and earlier political theori...
Civic ForumCzech democratic movement, formed in November 1989, led by Václav Havel. In December 1989 it participated in forming a coalition government after the collapse of communist rule in Czechoslovakia. The party began to splinter during 1991: from it emerged the right-of-centre Civic Democratic Party, led by Václav Klaus, the social...
civilizationHighly developed human society with structured division of labour. The earliest civilizations evolved in the Old World from advanced Neolithic farming societies in the Middle East (Sumer in 3500 BC; Egypt in 3000 BC), the Indus Valley (in 2500 BC), and China (in 2200 BC). In the New World, similar communities evolved civilizations in Mesoameric...
CiliciaAncient region of Asia Minor, now forming part of Turkey, situated between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean. Access from the north across the Taurus range is through the Cilician Gates, a strategic pass that has been used for centuries as part of a trade route linking Europe and the Middle East. History Successively conquered by the Persi...
CincinnatiCity and port in southwestern Ohio, on the northern bank of the Ohio River; seat of Hamilton County; population (2000 est) 331,300. The city is an important inland port on the Ohio–Mississippi system, and a major manufacturing centre; its chief industries include aircraft and car machinery, clothing, furniture making, wine, chemica...
CitroënFrench motor company founded in 1913, acquired by Peugeot in 1974. Originally a gear-cutting firm founded by motor engineer André-Gustave Citroën (1878–1935), the company began making low-priced cars in 1919, becoming France's first mass-producer. In 1934 Citroën made motoring history when it introduced cars ...
Citizen's CharterSeries of proposals aimed at improving public services in the UK, unveiled by Conservative prime minister John Major in 1991. Major's `programme for a decade` covered the activities of a range of public-sector bodies, including the police, the health service, schools, local authorities, and public and private utility companies. It...
cirqueFrench name for a corrie, a steep-sided armchair-shaped hollow in a mountainside
circlePerfectly round shape, the path of a point that moves so as to keep a constant distance from a fixed point (the centre). A circle has a radius (the distance from any point on the circle to the centre), a circumference (the boundary of the circle, part of which is called an arc), diameters (straight l...
civil-rights movementClick images to enlargeUS movement especially active during the 1950s and 60s that aimed to end segregation and discrimination against blacks, as well as affirm their constitutional rights and improve their status in society. Organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) help...
Ciller, TansuTurkish politician, prime minister 1993–96 and a forthright exponent of free-market economic policies. She won the leadership of the centre-right True Path Party and the premiership on the election of Suleyman Demirel as president, becoming Turkey's first female prime minister. Her support for a military, as opposed to a diplomatic...
cinquain20th-century verse form consisting of 22 syllables arranged in five lines in the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8, 2 (the accent scheme being 1, 2, 3, 4, 1). Inspired by the Japanese tanka, the cinquain was invented by the US poet Adelaide Crapsey (1878–1914), whose works, both in form and intention, anticipated Imagism
Civil War, IrishIn Irish history, a conflict, 1922–23, that followed the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), which established the partition of Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. In June 1922 the Irish government, led by Michael Collins, attacked the headquarters of the anti-Treaty faction (mostly from the Irish Republican A...
circle theoremIn geometry, the relationship between lines and angles within a circle. These can be used in further geometrical proofs
Ciudad de MéxicoSpanish name for Mexico City, the capital of Mexico
class(biology) In biological classification, a subdivision of phylum and forms a group of related orders. For example, all mammals belong to the class Mammalia and all birds to the class Aves. Among plants, all class names end in `idae` (such as Asteridae) and among fungi in `mycetes...
ClydeThird-longest river and firth in Scotland, and longest in southern Scotland; 171 km/106 mi long. Formerly one of the world's great industrial waterways, and famed for its shipbuilding, its industrial base has declined in recent years and the capacity of the ports on the Clyde has reduced. A decline in pollution has led to the return...
Cluj-NapocaCity in Transylvania, Romania, located on the River Somes; population (2002) 318,000. It is a communications centre for Romania and the Hungarian plain. Industries include machine tools, furniture, and knitwear. There is a 14th-century cathedral, and Romanian (1872) and Hungarian (1945) universities
club mossAny of a group of mosslike plants that do not produce seeds but reproduce by spores. They are related to the ferns and horsetails. (Order Lycopodiales, family Pteridophyta.) These plants have a wide distribution, but were far more numerous in Palaeozoic times, especially the Carboniferous period (363–290 million years ago), when members of the...
cloveDried, unopened flower bud of the clove tree. A member of the myrtle family, the tree is a native of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia. Cloves are used for flavouring in cookery and confectionery. Oil of cloves, which has tonic qualities and relieves wind, is used in medicine. The aroma of cloves is also shared by the leaves, bark, and fruit of the tre...
cloverAny of an Old World group of low-growing leguminous plants (see legume), usually with leaves consisting of three leaflets and small flowers in dense heads. Sweet clover refers to various species belonging to the related genus
Melilotus. (True clover genus
Trifolium, family Leguminosae.)
clematisAny of a group of temperate woody climbing plants with colourful showy flowers. They belong to the buttercup family. (Genus
Clematis, family Ranunculaceae.)
ClouetFrench portrait painters and draughtsmen of the 16th century, father and son. The father, Jean (or Janet) (
c. 1485–1541), is assumed to have been of Flemish origin. He became painter and
valet de chambre to Francis I in 1516. His son, François (
c. 1520–1572), succeeded his fath...
Clive, RobertBritish soldier and administrator who established British rule in India by victories over French troops at Arcot and over the nawab (prince) of Bengal at Plassey in 1757. This victory secured Bengal for the East India Company, and Clive was appointed governor of the province from 1757. He returned to...
cloisonnéOrnamental craft technique in which thin metal strips are soldered in a pattern onto a metal surface, and the resulting compartments (
cloisons) filled with coloured enamels and fired. The technique was probably developed in the Byzantine Middle East and traded to Asia and Europe. Cloisonné vases and brooches were made in med...
Cleveland,(Stephen) 22nd and 24th president of the USA, 1885–89 and 1893–97; the first Democratic president elected after the Civil War. He attempted to check corruption in public life and reduce tariffs. These policies provoked political opposition, and he was defeated by the Republican B...
Clermont-FerrandCity and administrative centre of Puy-de-Dôme
département in the Auvergne region of France, situated 140 km/87 mi east of Limoges; population (1999) 137,200. It is a centre for agriculture; the rubber industry here, including the manufacture of car tyres, is the largest in France. The town has over 2...
CleopatraQueen of Egypt 51–48 and 47–30 BC. When the Roman general Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt, he restored Cleopatra to the throne from which she had been ousted. Cleopatra and Caesar became lovers and she went with him to Rome. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC she returned to Alexandria and resumed her position as queen of Egypt. In ...
CleonAthenian politician and general in the Peloponnesian War. He became `leader of the people` (demagogue) after the death of Pericles to whom he was opposed. He was an aggressive imperialist and advocated a vigorous war policy against the Spartans. He was killed by the Spartans at Amphipolis in 422 BC
clathrateCompound formed when the small molecules of one substance fill in the holes in the structural lattice of another, solid, substance – for example, sulphur dioxide molecules in ice crystals. Clathrates are therefore intermediate between mixtures and true compounds (which are held together by ionic or covalent chemical bonds)
Clarke, Arthur C(harles)English science fiction and non-fiction writer. He originated the plan for a system of communications satellites in geostationary orbit in 1945. His works include the short story `The Sentinel` (1951; filmed in 1968 by Stanley Kubrick as
2001: A Space Odyssey and adapted as a novel of the same name in 1968),...
climax communityGroup of plants and animals that is best able to exploit the environment in which it exists. It is brought about by succession (a change in the species present) and represents the point at which succession ceases to occur
classificationIn biology, the arrangement of organisms into a hierarchy of groups on the basis of their similarities. The basic grouping is a species, several of which may constitute a genus, which in turn are grouped into families, and so on up through orders, classes, phyla (in plants, sometimes called divisions...
cladisticsMethod of biological classification that uses a formal step-by-step procedure for objectively assessing the extent to which organisms share particular characteristics, and for assigning them to taxonomic groups called clades. Clades comprise all the species descended from a known or inferred common ancestor plus the ancestor itself, and may...
clothes mothMoth whose larvae feed on clothes, upholstery, and carpets. The adults are small golden or silvery moths. The natural habitat of the larvae is in the nests of animals, feeding on remains of hair and feathers, but they have adapted to human households and can cause considerable damage, for example, the common clothes moth
Tineola bisselliel...
click beetle
Beetle that can regain its feet from lying on its back by jumping into the air and turning over, clicking as it does so
clam
Click images to enlargeCommon name for a bivalve mollusc. The giant clam Tridacna gigas of the Indopacific can grow to 1 m/3 ft across in 50 years and weigh, with the shell, 500 kg/1,000 lb. A giant clam produces a billion eggs in a single spawning. The term is usually applied to edible species,...
claw
Hard, hooked, pointed outgrowth of the digits of mammals, birds, and most reptiles. Claws are composed of the protein keratin, and grow continuously from a bundle of cells in the lower skin layer. Hooves and nails are modified structures with the same origin as claws
cloaca
The common posterior chamber of most vertebrates into which the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts all enter; a cloaca is found in most reptiles, birds, and amphibians; many fishes; and, to a reduced degree, marsupial mammals. Placental mammals, however, have a separate digestive opening (the anus) and urinogenital opening. The...
clone
Click images to enlargeExact replica – in genetics, any one of a group of genetically identical cells or organisms. An identical twin is a clone; so too are bacteria living in the same colony. `Clone` also describes genetically engineered replicas of DNA sequences. British scientists confirmed in Februa...
class
(society) In sociology, the main grouping of social stratification in industrial societies, based primarily on economic and occupational factors, but also referring to people's style of living or sense of group identity. Within the social sciences, class has been used both as a descriptive...
Clapton, Eric
English blues and rock guitarist, singer, and songwriter. Originally a blues purist, he became one of the pioneers of heavy rock with Cream (1966–68), but then returned to the blues after making the landmark album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970) with Derek and the Dominos. His solo albums include Journeym...
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne
Real name of the US writer Mark Twain
Clement VII
Pope 1523–34. He refused to allow the divorce of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragón. Illegitimate son of a brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, the ruler of Florence, he commissioned monuments for the Medici chapel in Florence from the Renaissance artist Michelangelo
Claudius I
Nephew of Tiberius, and son of Drusus Nero, made Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard in AD 41, after the murder of his nephew Caligula. Claudius was a scholar and historian. During his reign the Roman empire was considerably extended, and in 43 he took part in the invasion of Britain. Claudius was believed to have been weak and easily led by his ...
clan
Social grouping based on kinship. Some traditional societies are organized by clans, which are either matrilineal or patrilineal, and whose members must marry into another clan in order to avoid in-breeding. Familiar examples are the Highland clans of Scotland. Theoretically each clan is descended from a single ancestor from whom the name is de...
cloud
Click images to enlargeWater vapour condensed into minute water particles that float in masses in the atmosphere. Clouds, like fogs or mists, that occur at lower levels, are formed by the cooling of air containing water vapour, which generally condenses around tiny dust particles. Clouds are classified according to the he...
climate
Click images to enlargeCombination of weather conditions at a particular place over a period of time – usually a minimum of 30 years. A climate classification encompasses the averages, extremes, and frequencies of all meteorological elements such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, wind, humidity, an...
Clement of Rome, St
One of the early Christian leaders and writers known as the fathers of the church. According to tradition he was the third or fourth bishop of Rome, and a disciple of St Peter. He was pope AD 88–97 or 92–101. He wrote a letter addressed to the church at Corinth (First Epistle of Clement), and many other writings have been attributed to hi...
clavichord
Small domestic keyboard instrument developed in the 16th century from the monochord. Its tone is soft and delicate and it is best suited for playing in small rooms. The notes are sounded by a metal blade striking the string, and a form of vibrato (bebung) is possible by varying the finger pressure on the key. It dropped in popularity in the 18th ce...
Claverhouse, John Graham
Scottish soldier. Appointed by Charles II to suppress the Covenanters from 1677, he was routed at Drumclog in 1679, but three weeks later won the battle of Bothwell Bridge, by which the rebellion was crushed. Until 1688 he was engaged in continued persecution and became known as `Bloody Clavers`, regarded by the Scottish people as a figur...
Claude Lorrain
French painter who worked in Rome. One of the leading classical painters of the 17th century, he painted landscapes in a distinctive, luminous style that had a great impact on late 17th- and 18th-century taste. In his paintings insignificant figures (mostly mythological or historical) are typically lost in great expanses of poetic scenery, ...
classicism
Term used in art, music, and literature, to characterize work that emphasizes the qualities traditionally associated with ancient Greek and Roman art, that is, reason, balance, objectivity, and restraint, as opposed to the individuality of expression typical of Romanticism. Classicism and Romanticism are often considered as opposite poles of art, b...
Clarkson, Thomas
British philanthropist. From 1785 he devoted himself to a campaign against slavery. He was one of the founders of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1823 and was largely responsible for the abolition of slavery in British colonies in 1833
Clark, Kenneth
(Mackenzie) English art historian, director of the National Gallery, London, from 1934 to 1945. His books include Leonardo da Vinci (1939), Landscape into Art (1949), and The Nude (1956). After studying at Oxford, he worked under the art...
clarinet
Any of a family of single-reed woodwind instruments of cylindrical bore. It is one of the four main orchestral woodwinds, but did not join the orchestra until after the middle of the 18th century. In their concertos for clarinet, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Carl Maria von Weber made good use of t...
Clarendon, Edward Hyde
English politician and historian, chief adviser to Charles II from 1651 to 1667. A member of Parliament in 1640, he joined the Royalist side in 1641. The Clarendon Code (1661–65), a series of acts passed by the government, was directed at Nonconformists (or Dissenters) and was designed to secure the supremacy of the Church of England
Clare
Click images to enlargeCounty on the west coast of the Republic of Ireland, in the province of Munster, situated between Galway Bay in the north and the Shannon estuary in the south; county town Ennis; area 3,190 sq km/1,231 sq mi; population (2002) 103,300. Other towns include Kilrush, Kilkee, and Shannon...
Clare, John
English poet. His work includes Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery (1820), The Village Minstrel (1821), The Shepherd's Calendar (1827), and The Rural Muse (1835). The dignified simplicity and truth of his descriptions of both landscape and emotions were redisco...
Clare, St
Christian saint. Born in Assisi, Italy, at 18 she became a follower of St Francis, who founded for her the convent of San Damiano. Here she gathered the first members of the Order of Poor Clares. In 1958 she was proclaimed the patron saint of television by Pius XII, since in 1252 she saw from her convent sickbed the Christmas services being held in...
Clair, René
French film-maker. Originally a poet, novelist, and journalist, he was noted for his creativity and innovation. His early comedy Sous les toits de Paris/Under the Roofs of Paris (1930) made great use of the new innovation of sound. His other films include Un Chapeau de paille d'Italie/The Italian Straw Ha...
clay
Very fine-grained sedimentary deposit that has undergone a greater or lesser degree of consolidation. When moistened it is plastic, and it hardens on heating, which renders it impermeable. It may be white, grey, red, yellow, blue, or black, depending on its composition. Clay minerals consist larg...
cloud chamber
Apparatus, now obsolete, for tracking ionized particles. It consists of a vessel fitted with a piston and filled with air or other gas, saturated with water vapour. When the volume of the vessel is suddenly expanded by moving the piston outwards, the vapour cools and a cloud of tiny droplets forms on...
clutch
Any device for disconnecting rotating shafts, used especially in a car's transmission system. In a car with a manual gearbox, the driver depresses the clutch when changing gear, thus disconnecting the engine from the gearbox. The clutch consists of two main plates, a pressure plate and a driven p...
cloister
In architecture, a quadrangle surrounded by walkways or covered passages for shelter from rain, attached to monastic buildings and cathedrals, and often also to colleges. The church would be linked to other areas of the convent or monastery via the cloisters
claustrophobia
Phobia involving fear of enclosed spaces
clinical psychology
Branch of psychology dealing with the understanding and treatment of health problems, particularly mental disorders. The main problems dealt with include anxiety, phobias, depression, obsessions, sexual and marital problems, drug and alcohol dependence, childhood behavioural problems, psychoses (such as schizophrenia), mental disability, and brain ...
Clarke, Kenneth Harry
British Conservative politician. A cabinet minister 1985–97, he held the posts of education secretary 1990–92 and home secretary 1992–93. He succeeded Norman Lamont as chancellor of the Exchequer in May 1993, bringing to the office a more open and combative approach. Along with his colleagues Malcolm Rifkind, Tony Newton, and Patrick...
clef
In music, a sign placed at the beginning of a stave to indicate the pitch of the written notes. It was introduced as a visual aid in plainchant notation, and takes the form of a stylized letter centred on a particular line to show the pitch of that line. The standard clefs for most instruments are G (treble) and F (bass) clefs. The C clef is now co...
Clay, Cassius Marcellus, Jr
Original name of boxer Muhammad Ali
classical economics
School of economic thought that dominated 19th-century thinking. It originated with Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776), which embodied many of the basic concepts and principles of the classical school. Smith's theories were further developed in the writings of John Stuart Mill and David Ricardo. Central to the ...
class action
In law, a court procedure where one or more claimants represent a larger group of people who are all making the same kind of claim against the same defendant. The court's decision is binding on all the members of the group
Clause 28
In British law, section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 that prohibits local authorities promoting homosexuality by publishing material, or by promoting the teaching in state schools of the acceptability of homosexuality as a `pretended family relationship`. There was widespread opposition to the introduction of the provision. In 2000...
clausius
In engineering, a unit of entropy (the loss of energy as heat in any physical process). It is defined as the ratio of energy to temperature above absolute zero
class interval
In statistics, the range of each class of data, used when arranging large amounts of raw data into grouped data. To obtain an idea of the distribution, the data are broken down into convenient classes (commonly 6–16), which must be mutually exclusive and are usually equal in width to enable histograms to be drawn. The class boundaries should c...
cluster
In music, the effect of playing simultaneously and without emphasis all the notes within a chosen interval. It was introduced by the US composer Henry Cowell in the piano piece The Banshee (1925), for which using a ruler on the keys is recommended. Its use in film and radio incidental music symbolizes a hallucinatory or dreaming ...
cleavage
In geology and mineralogy, the tendency of a rock or mineral to split along defined, parallel planes related to its internal structure; the clean splitting of slate is an example. It is a useful distinguishing feature in rock and mineral identification. Cleavage occurs as a result of realignment of component minerals during deformation or metam...
clay mineral
One of a group of hydrous silicate minerals that form most of the fine-grained particles in clays. Clay minerals are normally formed by weathering or alteration of other silicate minerals. Virtually all have sheet silicate structures similar to the micas. They exhibit the following useful properties: loss of water on heating; swelling a...
clavicle
The collar bone of many vertebrates. In humans it is vulnerable to fracture, since falls involving a sudden force on the arm may result in very high stresses passing into the chest region by way of the clavicle and other bones. It is connected at one end with the sternum (breastbone), and at the other end with the shoulder-blade, together with ...
client–server architecture
In computing, a system in which the mechanics of looking after data are separated from the programs that use the data. For example, the `server` might be a central database, typically located on a large computer that is reserved for this purpose. The `client` would be an ordinary program that requests data from the server as nee...
clock rate
Frequency of a computer's internal electronic clock. Every computer contains an electronic clock, which produces a sequence of regular electrical pulses used by the control unit to synchronize the components of the computer and regulate the fetch–execute cycle by which program instructions are processed. A fixed number of time pulses is re...
Clinton, Bill
42nd president of the USA 1993–2001. A Democrat, he served as governor of Arkansas 1979–81 and 1983–93, establishing a liberal and progressive reputation. As president, he sought to implement a New Democrat programme, combining social reform with economic conservatism as a means of bringing the country out of recession. He introduced...
closed shop
Any place of work, such as a factory or an office, where all workers within a section must belong to a single, officially-recognized trade union. The term is also used where a particular task is permitted to be carried out only by a person holding certain qualifications. Closed-shop agreements may be negotiated between trade unions and mana...
clause
Part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb, and is joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction. In English, two `main` clauses are joined by the conjunctions and, but, or, and are said to be coordinated, as in `I love cherries but I hate ap...
cliché
Phrase that has been used so often, any effect it once had is lost, for example `over the moon`, `green with envy`. The word is derived from the French word for a stereotype block – a block made for printing a phrase that was in constant use, to save the printer having to set each letter separately
Clash, the
English rock band (1976–85), a driving force in the British punk movement. Reggae and rockabilly were important elements in their sound. Their albums include The Clash (1977), London Calling (1979), and Combat Rock (1982). The Clash's left-wing political commitment was reflected ...
classical music
Term used to distinguish `serious` music from pop music, rock music, jazz, and folk music. It is generally used to refer to Western art music – that is, music for the concert hall or church written in the tradition that originated with European music of the Middle Ages and passed through the Renaissance, baroque, classical, and Roman...
Claes, Willy
Belgian politician, secretary general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1994–95, with a proven reputation as a consensus-builder. He was a clear favourite for the post, but subsequent allegations about his involvement (while Belgian foreign minister) in illegal dealings with Agusta, the Italian aircraft manufacturer, eventu...
Clinton, Hillary Diane Rodham
US lawyer, Democrat senator from 2001, and former first lady 1993–2001. She was elected senator for New York in November 2000, becoming the first first lady to hold public office, and was re-elected in 2006. In 2007–08 she contested for the Democrat party's nomination for the 2008 US presidential election and was narrowly defeated...
climax
Figure of speech and literary device in which words or phrases are arranged in a gradually ascending scale of importance in order to build up interest, force, or emotion. The climax is the moment of maximum intensity. It is a feature of oratory. When a sequence apparently moving to a climax is, unexpectedly, interrupted by a weaker element, it is d...
clip art
Small graphics used to liven up documents and presentations. Many software packages such as word processors and presentation graphics packages come with a selection of clip art
cleg
Another name for horsefly
Clarke, Gillian
Welsh poet and editor. Typically her poems begin with an everyday incident that leads to a reflection on the history, landscape, or changing social life of Wales; in particular she focuses on the role of women in Welsh life. Clarke's critical success is based on her ability to merge these specific, local subjects – closely observed and...
Clovis
Merovingian king of the Franks (481–511), who extended his realm from a small area around Tournai to encompass most of modern France and parts of modern Germany. He succeeded his father Childeric I as king of the Salian (western) Franks; defeated the Gallo-Romans (Romanized Gauls) near Soissons; and defeated the Alemanni, a confede...
Clement I, St
Early Christian leader and pope; see Clement of Rome, St
clitoris
In anatomy, part of the female reproductive system. The glans of the clitoris is visible externally. It connects to a pyramid-shaped pad of erectile tissue. Attached to this are two `arms` that extend backwards into the body towards the anus and are approximately 9 cm/3.5 in in length. Between these arms are the clitoral bulbs, ly...