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Talk Talk - Communication terms Category: General technical and industrial Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK Words: 18630

crusade
Click images to enlargeAny one of a series of wars 1095–1291 undertaken by Christian Europeans to take control of Palestine, the Holy Land, from the Muslim rulers of the Middle East. Sanctioned by the pope, leader of the Roman Catholic Church, the aims and effects of the crusades were varied. The crusaders were motiv...

credit
(economics) In economics, a means by which goods or services are obtained without immediate payment, usually by agreeing to pay interest. The three main forms are consumer credit (usually given to individuals by retailers), bank credit (such as overdrafts or personal loans), and trade credit (...

crawling peg
In economics, a method of achieving a desired adjustment in a currency exchange rate (up or down) by small percentages over a given period, rather than by major revaluation or devaluation. Some countries use a formula that triggers a change when certain conditions are met. Others change values frequently to discourage speculations

creole language
Any pidgin language that has ceased to be simply a trade jargon in ports and markets and has become the mother tongue of a particular community, such as the French dialects of the New Orleans area. Many creoles have developed into distinct languages with literatures of their own; for example, Jamaican Creole, Haitian Creole, Krio in Sierra Leon...

cryogenics
Science of very low temperatures (sometimes approaching absolute zero), including the production of very low temperatures and the exploitation of special properties associated with them, such as the disappearance of electrical resistance (superconductivity). Low temperatures can be produced by the Joule–Thomson effect (cooling a gas by making ...

Cronus
In Greek mythology, the youngest of the Titans; ruler of the world under his father Uranus, the sky; and son of Gaia, mother of the Earth. He was eventually overthrown by his son Zeus

croup
Inflammation of the larynx in small children, with harsh, difficult breathing and hoarse coughing. Croup is most often associated with viral infection of the respiratory tract

Crompton, Samuel
English inventor at the time of the Industrial Revolution. He developed the `spinning mule` in 1779, combining the ideas of Richard Arkwright and James Hargreaves. This span a fine, continuous yarn and revolutionized the production of high-quality cotton textiles. Crompton's invention was called the mule because it was a hybrid. I...

Crookes, William
English scientist whose many chemical and physical discoveries include the metallic element thallium (1861), the radiometer (1875), and the Crookes high-vacuum tube used in X-ray techniques. He was knighted in 1897. The radiometer consists of a four-bladed paddle wheel mounted horizontally on a pinpoint bearing inside an evacuated glass...

cricket
(sport) Bat-and-ball game between two teams of 11 players each. It is played with a small solid ball and long flat-sided wooden bats, on a round or oval field, at the centre of which is a finely mown pitch, 20 m/22 yd ...

Crimean War
War (1853–56) between Russia and the allied powers of England, France, Turkey, and Sardinia. The war arose from British and French mistrust of Russia's ambitions in the Balkans. It began with an allied Anglo-French expedition to the Crimea to attack the Russian Black Sea city of Sevastopol. The battles of the River Alma, Balaclava (inc...

credit card
Card issued by a credit company, retail outlet, or bank, which enables the holder to obtain goods or services on credit (usually to a specified limit), payable on specified terms. The first credit card was introduced in 1947 in the USA. Some credit cards also act as bank cards to enable customers to obtain money more easily from various bank branch...

crankshaft
Essential component of piston engines that converts the up-and-down (reciprocating) motion of the pistons into useful rotary motion. The car crankshaft carries a number of cranks. The pistons are connected to the cranks by connecting rods and bearings; when the pistons move up and down, the connecting rods force the offset crank pins to...

Cracow
Alternative form of Kraków, a Polish city

Crane, Stephen
US writer and poet who introduced grim realism into the US novel. His book The Red Badge of Courage (1895) deals vividly with the US Civil War in a prose of Impressionist, visionary naturalism

crane
(zoology) Click images to enlargeIn zoology, a large, wading bird of the family Gruidae, order Gruiformes, with long legs and neck, short powerful wings, a naked or tufted head, and unwebbed feet. The hind toe is greatly elevated, and has a sha...

Crécy, Battle of
First major battle of the Hundred Years' War, fought on 26 August 1346. Philip VI of France was defeated by Edward III of England at the village of Crécy-en-Ponthieu, now in Somme département, France, 18 km/11 mi northeast of Abbeville. The English archers played a crucial role in Edward's victory, w...

creed
In general, any system of belief; in the Christian church the verbal confessions of faith expressing the accepted doctrines of the church. The different forms are the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed. The only creed recognized by the Orthodox Church is the Nicene Creed. The oldest is the Apostles' Creed, which...

cremation
Disposal of the dead by burning. The custom was universal among ancient Indo-European peoples, for example, the Greeks, Romans, and Teutons. It was discontinued among Christians until the late 19th century because of their belief in the bodily resurrection of the dead. Overcrowded urban cemeteries gave rise to its revival in the West. It has re...

Creole
In the West Indies and Spanish America, originally someone of European descent born in the New World; later someone of mixed European and African descent. In Louisiana and other states on the Gulf of Mexico, it applies either to someone of French or Spanish descent or (popularly) to someone of mixed French or Spanish and African descent

Crewe
Town in Cheshire, England; population (2001) 67,700. It grew as a major railway junction, containing the chief construction workshops of British Rail. Crewe is also the centre of the dairy industry, providing cattle breeding, management, and animal health services. Other industries include food-processing and the manufacture of chemicals, c...

criminal law
Body of law that defines the public wrongs (crimes) that are punishable by the state and establishes methods of prosecution and punishment. It is distinct from civil law, which deals with legal relationships between individuals (including organizations), such as contract law. The laws of each country say what actions or omissions (failures to act) ...

Craig,
(Edward Henry) English director and stage designer. His innovations and theories on stage design and lighting effects, expounded in On the Art of the Theatre (1911), had a profound influence on stage production in Europe and the USA. He was the son of actor Ellen Terry

Cranmer, Thomas
English cleric, archbishop of Canterbury from 1533. A Protestant convert, he helped to shape the doctrines of the Church of England under Edward VI. He was responsible for the issue of the Prayer Books of 1549 and 1552, and supported the succession of Lady Jane Grey in 1553. Condemned for heresy unde...

creationism
Theory concerned with the origins of matter and life, claiming, as does the Bible in Genesis, that the world and humanity were created by a supernatural Creator, not more than 6,000 years ago. It was developed in response to Darwin's theory of evolution; it is not recognized by most scientists as having a factual basis. After a trial 1981&#...

Crete
Click images to enlargeLargest Greek island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, 100 km/62 mi southeast of mainland Greece; area 8,378 sq km/3,234 sq mi; population (2003 est) 603,000. The capital is Iraklion (Heraklion); other major towns are Khaniá (Canea), Rethymnon, and Aghios Nikolaos. The islan...

Crimea
Northern peninsula on the Black Sea, an autonomous republic of Ukraine; formerly an oblast (region) of the Soviet Union (1954–91); area 27,000 sq km/10,425 sq mi; population (2005) 1,994,300. The capital is Simferopol; other main towns are Sevastopol and Yalta. The region produces iron, steel, and oil, and there is fruit...

cryptography
Science of creating and reading codes, for example, those produced by the German Enigma machine used in World War II, those used in the secure transmission of credit card details over the Internet, and those used to ensure the privacy of e-mail messages. Unencoded text (known as plaintext) is converted to an unreadable form (known as cyphertext...

Cruelty, Theatre of
Theory advanced by Antonin Artaud in his book Le Théâtre et son double/Theatre and its Double (1938) and adopted by a number of writers and directors. It aims to substitute gesture and sound for spoken dialogue, and to shock the audience into awareness through the release of feelings usually repressed by conventiona...

Craig, James
Ulster Unionist politician; first prime minister of Northern Ireland 1921–40. Elected to Westminster as MP for East Down 1906–18 (Mid-Down 1918–21), he was a highly effective organizer of the Ulster Volunteers and unionist resistance to home rule before World War I. In 1921 he succeeded Edward Carson as leader of the Ulster U...

credit
(education) In education, a system of evaluating courses so that a partial qualification or unit from one institution is accepted by another on transfer to complete a course. At US universities and colleges, the term also refers to the number of units given upon successful completion of a cour...

crucifixion
Death by fastening to a cross, a form of capital punishment used by the ancient Romans, Persians, and Carthaginians, and abolished by the Roman emperor Constantine. Specifically, the Crucifixion refers to the execution by the Romans of Jesus in this manner

Craxi, Bettino
(Benedetto) Italian socialist politician, leader of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) 1976–93, prime minister 1983–87. In 1993 he was one of many politicians suspected of involvement in Italy's corruption network; in 1994 he was sentenced in absentia to eight and a half years...

crown court
In England and Wales, any of several courts that hear serious criminal cases referred from magistrates' courts after committal proceedings. They replaced quarter sessions and assizes, which were abolished in 1971. Appeals against conviction or sentence at magistrates' courts may be heard in crown courts. Appeal from a crown court is to the ...

cranesbill
Any of a group of plants containing about 400 species. The plants are named after the long beaklike protrusion attached to the seed vessels. When ripe, this splits into coiling spirals which jerk the seeds out, helping to scatter them. (Genus Geranium, family Geraniaceae.)

Cruikshank, George
English painter and illustrator. He is remembered for his political cartoons and illustrations for Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist and Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. From 1835 he published the Comic Almanack, a forerunner of Punch. Following his father, he began with...

Cromwell, Oliver
Click images to enlargeEnglish general and politician, Puritan leader of the Parliamentary side in the English Civil War. He raised cavalry forces (later called `Ironsides`), which aided the victory at Marston Moor in 1644, and organized the New Model Army, which he led (with General Fairfax) to victory at Naseb...

Cromwell, Richard
Son of Oliver Cromwell, he succeeded his father as Lord Protector but resigned in May 1659, having been forced to abdicate by the army. He lived in exile after the Restoration until 1680, when he returned

Cromwell, Thomas
English politician who drafted the legislation that made the Church of England independent of Rome. Originally in Lord Chancellor Wolsey's service, he became secretary to Henry VIII in 1534 and the real director of government policy; he was executed for treason. He was created a baron in 1536...

Crown colony
Any British colony that is under the direct legislative control of the Crown and does not possess its own system of representative government. Crown colonies are administered by a crown-appointed governor or by elected or nominated legislative and executive councils with an official majority. Usually the Crown retains rights of veto and of dire...

Crown jewels
Symbols of royal authority. The British set (except for the Ampulla and the Anointing Spoon) were broken up at the time of Oliver Cromwell, and the current set dates from the Restoration. In 1671 Colonel Blood attempted to steal them, but was captured, then pardoned and pensioned by Charles II. The Crown Jewels are kept in the Tower of London in th...

croquet
Outdoor game played with mallets and balls on a level hooped lawn measuring 27 m/90 ft by 18 m/60 ft. Played in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, it gained popularity in the USA and England in the 1850s. Two or more players can play, and the object is to drive the balls though the hoops (wickets) in rotation. A player's ball may be...

croft
Small farm in the Highlands of Scotland, traditionally farmed cooperatively with other crofters; the 1886 Crofters Act gave security of tenure to crofters. Today, although grazing land is still shared, arable land is typically enclosed. Crofting is the only form of subsistence farming found in the UK

Crohn's disease
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease. It tends to flare up for a few days at a time, causing diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, weight loss, and mild fever. The cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. However, research teams in Europe and the USA found that a number of cases of Crohn's disease can be attributed to a fault in the gene...

crochet
Craft technique similar to both knitting and lacemaking, in which one hooked needle is used to produce a looped network of wool or cotton. Remains of crocheted clothing have been discovered in 4th-century Egyptian tombs. In 19th-century Europe the craft was popular among ladies, and the availability of fine machine-made thread made it p...

cri de coeur
(French) cry from the heart

crop
(agriculture) Any plant product grown or harvested for human use. Over 80 crops are grown worldwide, providing people with the majority of their food and supplying fibres, rubber, pharmaceuticals, dyes, and other materials. Crops grow...

crack
Street name for a chemical derivative (bicarbonate) of cocaine in hard, crystalline lumps; it is heated and inhaled (smoked) as a stimulant. Crack was first used in San Francisco in the early 1980s, and is highly addictive. Its use has led to numerous deaths. It is an important sector of the illegal drug trade, since it is less expensive than c...

cruise missile
Long-range guided missile that has a terrain-seeking radar system and flies at moderate speed and low altitude. It is descended from the German V1 of World War II. Initial trials in the 1950s demonstrated the limitations of cruise missiles, which included high fuel consumption and relatively slow speeds (when compared to intercontinental ba...

crank
An axis bent through one or more right angles; it is used to transmit motion or convert reciprocating (backwards-and-forwards or up-and-down) movement into rotary movement, or vice versa. Although similar devices may have been employed in antiquity and as early as the 1st century in China and the 8th century in Europe, the earli...

creative accounting
Organizing and presenting company accounts in a way that, although desirable for the company concerned, relies on a liberal and unorthodox interpretation of general accountancy procedures

Crazy Horse
American Indian Sioux chief, one of the leaders at the massacre of Little Bighorn. He was killed when captured. In June 1998, the face of the mountain sculpture of Crazy Horse in South Dakota was unveiled 50 years after it was begun by Korczak Ziolkowski

crith
Unit of mass used for weighing gases. One crith is the mass of one litre of hydrogen gas (H₂) at standard temperature and pressure

Cro-Magnon
Prehistoric human Homo sapiens sapiens believed to be ancestral to Europeans, the first skeletons of which were found in 1868 in the Cro-Magnon cave near Les Eyzies, in the Dordogne region of France. They are thought to have superseded the Neanderthals in the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and Asia about 40,000 years ago. Altho...

creeper
Any small, short-legged passerine bird of the family Certhidae. They spiral with a mouselike movement up tree trunks, searching for insects and larvae with their thin, down-curved beaks. The brown creeper Certhia familiaris is 12 cm/5 in long, brown above, white below, and is found across North America and Eurasia

cranium
The dome-shaped area of the vertebrate skull that protects the brain. It consists of eight bony plates fused together by sutures (immovable joints). Fossil remains of the human cranium have aided the development of theories concerning human evolution. The cranium has been studied as a possible indicator of intelligence or even of personality. T...

cracking
Click images to enlargeChemical reaction in which a large alkane molecule is broken down by heat into a smaller alkane and a small alkene molecule. The reaction is carried out at a high temperature (600°C/100°F or higher) and often in the presence of a catalyst. Cracking is a commonly used process in the pet...

crude oil
Unrefined form of petroleum

crystallization
Formation of crystals from a liquid, gas, or solution

cryptosporidium
Waterborne parasite that causes disease in humans and other animals. It has been found in drinking water in the UK and USA, causing diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever, and can be fatal in people with damaged immune systems, such as AIDS sufferers or those with leukaemia. Just 30 cryptosporidia are enough to cause prolonged diarrhoea. ...

Croat
The majority ethnic group in Croatia. Their language is generally considered to be identical to that of the Serbs, hence Serbo-Croat. The Croats, who are mainly Roman Catholics, had a long association with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During World War II they were closely affiliated to the Axis powers and Croatian fascists were involved in ...

criminal damage
Destruction of or damage to property belonging to another without lawful reason. Damaging property by fire is charged as arson

crop circle
Circular area of flattened grain found in fields especially in southeast England, with increasing frequency every summer since 1980. More than 1,000 such formations were reported in the UK in 1991. The cause is unknown, but they are thought to be made by people. Most of the research into crop circles has been conducted by dedicated amateur investig...

crime fiction
Genre of detective fiction distinguished by emphasis on character and atmosphere rather than solving a mystery. Examples are the works of US writers Dashiell Hammett and Raymond Chandler during the 1930s and, in the second half of the 20th century, US writer Patricia Highsmith and English author Ruth Rendell. The English writer William Godwin's...

crag
In previously glaciated areas, a large lump of rock that a glacier has been unable to wear away. As the glacier passed up and over the crag, weaker rock on the far side was largely protected from erosion and formed a tapering ridge, or tail, of debris. An example of a crag-and-tail feature is found in Edinburgh in Scotland; Edinburgh Ca...

crevasse
Deep crack in the surface of a glacier; it can reach several metres in depth. Crevasses often occur where a glacier flows over the break of a slope, because the upper layers of ice are unable to stretch and cracks result. Crevasses may also form at the edges of glaciers owing to friction with the...

cross-section
The surface formed when a solid is cut through by a plane perpendicular to its axis.

Croatia
Click images to enlargeCountry in central Europe, bounded north by Slovenia and Hungary, west by the Adriatic Sea, and east by Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia and Montenegro. Government Croatia is a multiparty parliamentary democracy. Under its 1990 constitution, as amended in 2000, it has a single-chamber legislatu...

Croagh Patrick
Mountain rising to 765 m/2,510 ft in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland, a national place of pilgrimage. An annual pilgrimage on the last Sunday of July commemorates St Patrick, who fasted there for the 40 days of Lent in 441. Crowds of people, some barefooted, climb the holy mountain to attend the series of masses celebrated in the oratory at th...

cross
Figure or object formed by the intersection (usually at right angles) of two or more lines, surfaces, or pieces of material. The use of the cross as an emblem is of great antiquity in many cultures. The symbol of the cross has been widely used since the 3rd century in Christianity as a reminder of Je...

Crown Prosecution Service
Body established by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985, responsible for prosecuting all criminal offences in England and Wales. It is headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), and brought England and Wales in line with Scotland (which has a procurator fiscal) in having a prosecution service independent of the police

crime
Behaviour or action that is punishable by criminal law. A crime is a public, as opposed to a moral, wrong; it is an offence committed against (and hence punishable by) the state or the community at large. Many crimes are immoral, but not all actions considered immoral are illegal. What constitutes a crime The laws of each country say which acti...

crop
(illustration) To cut away unwanted portions of a picture. The term comes from traditional manual methods of layout and paste-up; in computing, cropping is an option made available via photo-finishing and graphics software

Cram, Steve
English middle-distance runner who won the 1,500 metres at the inaugural World Championships in 1983, and between 1982 and 1986 also won two European and two Commonwealth gold medals and an Olympic silver medal at the same distance. In 1985, within the space of 19 days, he broke world records in the mile, 1,500 metres, and 2,000 metres, with ti...

Crassus the Elder, Marcus Licinius
Roman general who crushed the Spartacus Revolt in 71 BC and became consul in 70 BC. In 60 BC he joined with Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great in the First Triumvirate and obtained a command in the east in 55 BC. Eager to gain his own reputation for military glory, he invaded Parthia (Mesopotamia and Persia), but was defeated by the Parthians at Ca...

Croesus
Last king of Lydia (in western Asia Minor) 560–547 BC. Famed for his wealth, he expanded Lydian power to its greatest extent, conquering all Anatolia west of the river Halys and entering alliances with Media, Egypt, and Sparta. He invaded Persia but was defeated by Cyrus (II) the Great. Lydia was subsequently absorbed into the Persian Empire. ...

Crescent City
(New Orleans, Louisiana) Popular nickname for New Orleans, Louisiana, from the location of the Vieux Carré, its oldest section, on a sharp bend of the Mississippi River

Cromwell's Irish campaign
Whirlwind military campaign conducted by the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell in Ireland August 1649–May 1650, following the victory of his Parliamentarians in the English Civil War (1641–49). He aimed to reassert English control over Ireland, where the Great Rebellion against Protestant English rule had erupted alongside the Civil War, and...

craft
The creation or decoration of handmade artefacts with a practical purpose, using technical skill and manual dexterity. Crafts may be culture specific, such as Sioux beadwork in American Indian art. Pottery, weaving, basketry, paper work, woodworking, and the manufacture of jewellery and stained glass are considered traditional crafts, many of which...

Crna Gora
Serbo-Croat name for Montenegro, a constituent republic of Serbia and Montenegro

crucifix
In the Christian religion, a cross with the figure of Jesus on it. The crucifix is usually used to portray the agony Jesus suffered when he died. Crucifixes are particularly associated with the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox churches. Crucifixes are part of rosaries, and can also be worn or used as statues. The symbolism of the cross also a...

creation
In Judaism and Christianity, God's creation of the universe. It is described in Genesis 1 and 2, the first book of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). Genesis was once regarded as literally true, and many Orthodox Jews and fundamentalist Christians (creationists) continue to hold this interpretation. Others see contradictions in the story and reg...

Cronje, Hansie
South African cricketer who played for his country in 68 Tests, 53 as captain. He established himself as a free-scoring top-order batsman and a useful medium-pace bowler. Having lost his first two Tests as captain, he then led his country to five consecutive victories. He led his provincial side Free State to seven domestic titles in si...

CSE
Abbreviation for Certificate of Secondary Education, in the UK, the examinations taken by the majority of secondary school pupils who were not regarded as academically capable of GCE O level, until the introduction of the common secondary examination system, GCSE, in 1988

CSCE
Abbreviation for Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, known after December 1994 as the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)

Ctesiphon
Ancient city (now Tak-i-Kesra) in Mesopotamia (now part of Iraq), on the River Tigris, about 32 km/20 mi southeast of Baghdad. Building materials from its ruins were used to build Bahgdad. The facade and arched hall or throne-room of a palace are among the ruins left

CT scanner
Medical device used to obtain detailed X-ray pictures of the inside of a patient's body. See CAT scan

currant
Berry of a small seedless variety of cultivated grape (Vitis vinifera). Currants are grown on a large scale in Greece and California and are dried for use in cooking and baking. Because of the similarity of the fruit, the name `currant` is also given to several species of shrubs (genus Ribes, family G...

custard apple
Any of several large edible heart-shaped fruits produced by a group of tropical trees and shrubs which are often cultivated. Bullock's heart (Annona reticulata) produces a large dark-brown fruit containing a sweet reddish-yellow pulp; it is a native of the West Indies. (Family Annonaceae.)

cumin
Seedlike fruit of the herb cumin, which belongs to the carrot family. It has a bitter flavour and is used as a spice in cooking. (Cuminum cyminum, family Umbelliferae.)

curium
Synthesized, radioactive, metallic element of the actinide series, atomic number 96, relative atomic mass 247. It is produced by bombarding plutonium or americium with neutrons. Its longest-lived isotope has a half-life of 1.7 × 10⁷ years

cuprite
Ore found in crystalline form or in earthy masses. It is red to black in colour, and is often called ruby copper

cupronickel
Copper alloy (75% copper and 25% nickel), used in hardware products and for coinage

cuticle
The horny noncellular surface layer of many invertebrates such as insects; in botany, the waxy surface layer on those parts of plants that are exposed to the air, continuous except for stomata and lenticels. All types are secreted by the cells of the epidermis. A cuticle reduces water loss and, in arthropods, acts as an exoskeleton

cuttlefish
Any of a family, Sepiidae, of squidlike cephalopods with an internal calcareous shell (cuttlebone). The common cuttle Sepia officinalis of the Atlantic and Mediterranean is up to 30 cm/1 ft long. It swims actively by means of the fins into which the sides of its oval, flattened body are expanded, and jerks itself backwards by...

curlew
Wading bird of the genus Numenius of the sandpiper family, Scolopacidae, order Charadriiformes. The curlew is between 36 cm/14 in and 55 cm/1.8 ft long, and has pale brown plumage with dark bars and mainly white underparts, long legs, and a long, thin, downcurved bill. It feeds on a variety of insects and other invertebra...

cuckoo
Species of bird, any of about 200 members of the family Cuculidae, order Cuculiformes, especially the Eurasian cuckoo Cuculus canorus, whose name derives from its characteristic call. Somewhat hawklike, it is about 33 cm/1.1 ft long, bluish-grey and barred beneath (females ...

culture
(biology) In biology, the growing of living cells and tissues in laboratory conditions

cube
(geometry) In geometry, a solid shape whose faces are all squares. It has 6 equal-area faces and 12 equal-length edges. If the length of one edge is l, the volume (V) of the cube is given ...

Curzon, George Nathaniel
British Conservative politician, viceroy of India 1899–1905. During World War I, he was a member of the cabinet 1916–19. As foreign secretary 1919–24, he negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne with Turkey. As viceroy of India, Curzon introduced various reforms, including the creation of the North-West Frontier Province, reorganization...