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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


dandy
Male figure conspicuous for tasteful fastidiousness, particularly in dress. The famous Regency dandy George (`Beau`) Brummell (1778–1840) helped to give literary currency to the figure of the dandy, particularly in England and France, providing a model and symbol of the triumph of style for the Francophile Oscar Wilde and for 19th...

Day-Lewis, Daniel
English actor. He first came to prominence in the films My Beautiful Laundrette and A Room With a View (both 1985). A dedicated and intense method actor, he won Academy Awards for his performances as a painter suffering from cerebral palsy in My Left Foot (1989) and a power-hungry oil-...

Darjiling
Alternative spelling for Darjeeling

Darlington
(authority) Unitary authority (borough status) in northeast England, created in 1997. Area 197 sq km/76 sq mi Towns and cities Darlington (administrative headquarters); villages of Hurworth on Tees, Middleton St George, Heighi...

Dalap-Uliga-Darrit
Capital of the Marshall Islands; population (1999) 23,700. It is formed from Dalap (or Delap), Uliga, and Darrit (or Rita), three of the inhabited islands of the Majuro Atoll, on whose 57 islands and islets over half the total population of the Marshall Islands lives. The local economy is based on fishing and the cultivation of coconuts (copra ...

dance
(Hindu worship) In Hindu tradition, the world was created by Shiva, whose aspects include Lord of the Dance, and dance often forms part of worship in a temple, along with music and songs of praise (bhajan and kirtan). Worshippers may dance spontaneously, or there may be more formal dances by t...

dance music
Genre of pop music, the 1980s offspring of soul music, funk, hip hop, and disco music. The term `dance` has come to cover music made by and for disc jockeys (DJs) and played to club audiences on vinyl records as a component of live sets. During the sets two or more tracks are overlaid to produce a combined sound controlled by the DJ, and ...

Dakota
(American Indian) Subgroup of the American Indian Sioux people and dialect of the Siouan language

dBASE
Family of microcomputer programs used for manipulating large quantities of data; also, a related fourth-generation language. The first version, dBASE II, was published by Ashton-Tate in 1981; it has since become the basis for a recognized standard for database applications, known as xBase

DCC
Abbreviation for digital compact cassette

DDT
Insecticide discovered in 1939 by Swiss chemist Paul Müller. It is useful in the control of insects that spread malaria, but resistant strains develop. DDT is highly toxic and persists in the environment and in living tissue. The Stockholm Convention, which came into force in 2004, calls for a complete ban on DDT and eleven other organic pollu...

DDE
In computing, abbreviation for dynamic data exchange, a form of communication between processes used in Microsoft Windows

deuteron
Nucleus of an atom of deuterium (heavy hydrogen). It consists of one proton and one neutron, and is used in the bombardment of chemical elements to synthesize other elements

Deimos
One of the two moons of the planet Mars. It is irregularly shaped, 15 × 12 × 11 km/9 × 7.5 × 7 mi, orbits at a height of 24,000 km/15,000 mi every 1.26 days, and is not as heavily cratered as Mars's other moon, Phobos. Deimos was discovered in 1877 by US astronomer Asaph Hall, and is thought to be an asteroid capture...

deuterium
Naturally occurring heavy isotope of hydrogen, mass number 2 (one proton and one neutron), discovered by US chemist Harold Urey in 1932. It is sometimes given the symbol D. In nature, about one in every 6,500 hydrogen atoms is deuterium. Combined with oxygen, it produces `heavy water` (D2O), used in the nuclear indu...

Desprez, Josquin
Franco-Flemish composer; see Josquin Desprez

detergent
Surface-active cleansing agent. The common detergents are made from fats (hydrocarbons) and sulphuric acid, and their long-chain molecules have a type of structure similar to that of soap molecules: a salt group at one end attached to a long hydrocarbon `tail`. They have the advantage over soap in that they do not produce scum...

deoxyribonucleic acid
Full name of DNA

detritus
In biology, the organic debris produced during the decomposition of animals and plants

decomposition
Chemical change in which one substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances. In biology, decomposition is the result of the action of decomposer organisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The decomposer organisms obtain food from dead organisms, such as carbon compounds, which are energy-rich. These organisms have an important role in...

decomposer
In biology, any organism that breaks down dead matter. Decomposers play a vital role in the ecosystem by freeing important chemical substances, such as nitrogen compounds, locked up in dead organisms or excrement. They feed on some of the released organic matter, but leave the rest to filter back into the soil as dissolved nutrients, or pass in gas...

devil's coach horse
Large, black, long-bodied, omnivorous beetle Ocypus olens, about 3 cm/1.2 in long. It has powerful jaws and is capable of giving a painful bite. It emits an unpleasant smell when threatened

de Soto, Hernando
Spanish explorer who sailed with Pedro Arias de Avila (c. 1440–1531) to Darien, Central America, in 1519, explored the Yucatán Peninsula in 1528, and travelled with Francisco Pizarro in Peru 1530–35. In 1538 he was made governor of Cuba and Florida. In his expedition of 1539 he explored Florida, Georgia, and the Mi...

devil ray
Any of several large rays of the genera Manta and Mobula, in which two `horns` project forwards from the sides of the huge mouth. These flaps of skin guide the plankton, on which the fish feed, into the mouth. The largest of these rays can be 7 m/23 ft across, and weigh 1,000 kg/2,200 lb. They...

deerhound
Breed of large, rough-coated dog, formerly used in Scotland for hunting and killing deer. Slim and long-legged, it grows to 75 cm/30 in or more, usually with a bluish-grey coat

deer
Any of various ruminant, even-toed, hoofed mammals belonging to the family Cervidae. The male typically has a pair of antlers, shed and regrown each year. Most species of deer are forest-dwellers and are distributed throughout Eurasia and North America, but are absent from Australia and Afric...

deathwatch beetle
Any wood-boring beetle of the family Anobiidae, especially Xestobium rufovillosum. The larvae live in oaks and willows, and sometimes cause damage by boring in old furniture or structural timbers. To attract the female, the male beetle produces a ticking sound by striking his head on a wooden surface, and this is taken by the...

debt
Something that is owed by a person, organization, or country, usually money, goods, or services. Debt usually occurs as a result of borrowing credit. Debt servicing is the payment of interest on a debt. The national debt of a country is the total money owed by the national government to private individuals, banks, and so on; international debt,...

dendrochronology
Analysis of the annual rings of trees to date past events by determining the age of timber. Since annual rings are formed by variations in the water-conducting cells produced by the plant during different seasons of the year, they also provide a means of establishing past climatic conditions in a given area. Samples of wood are obtained by driv...

deciduous
Click images to enlargeDescribing trees and shrubs, that shed their leaves at the end of the growing season or during a dry season to reduce transpiration (the loss of water by evaporation). Most deciduous trees belong to the angiosperms, plants in which the seeds are enclosed within an ovary, and the term `deciduous...

determinant
In mathematics, an array of elements written as a square, and denoted by two vertical lines enclosing the array. For a 2 × 2 matrix, the determinant is given by the difference between the products of the diagonal terms. Determinants are used to solve sets of simultaneous equations by matrix methods. When applied to transformational geometry, t...

Descartes, René
French philosopher and mathematician. He believed that commonly accepted knowledge was doubtful because of the subjective nature of the senses, and attempted to rebuild human knowledge using as his foundation the dictum cogito ergo sum (`I think, therefore I am`). He also...

denudation
Natural loss of soil and rock debris, blown away by wind or washed away by running water, laying bare the rock below. Over millions of years, denudation causes a general lowering of the landscape

deduction
(philosophy) In philosophy, a form of argument in which the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises. It would be inconsistent logic to accept the premises but deny the conclusion

deviance
Abnormal behaviour; that is, behaviour that deviates from the norms or the laws of a society or group, and so invokes social sanctions, controls, or stigma. Deviance is a relative concept: what is considered deviant in some societies may be normal in others; in a particular society the same act (killing someone, for example) may be eith...

development
(society) In the social sciences, the acquisition by a society of industrial techniques and technology; hence the use of the term `developed` to refer to the nations of the Western capitalist countries and the Eastern communist countries, and the term `underdeveloped` o...

demography
Study of the size, structure, dispersement, and development of human populations to establish reliable statistics on such factors as birth and death rates, marriages and divorces, life expectancy, and migration. Demography is used to calculate life tables, which give the life expectancy of members of the population by sex and age. Demography is sig...

Devonian period
Period of geological time 408–360 million years ago, the fourth period of the Palaeozoic era. Many desert sandstones from North America and Europe date from this time. The first land plants flourished in the Devonian period, corals were abundant in the seas, amphibians evolved from air-breathing fish, and insects developed on land. The nam...

devaluation
In economics, the lowering of the official value of a currency against other currencies in a fixed exchange rate regime, so that exports become cheaper and imports more expensive. Used when a country is badly in deficit in its balance of trade, it results in the goods the country produces being cheaper abroad, so that the economy is stimulated by i...

depreciation
In economics, the decline of a currency's value in relation to other currencies. Depreciation is also an accounting procedure applied to tangible assets. It describes the decrease in value of the asset (such as factory machinery) resulting from usage, obsolescence, or time. Amortization is used for intangible assets and depletion for wasting as...

Demotic Greek
Common or vernacular variety of the modern Greek language

debt crisis
Any situation in which an individual, company, or country owes more to others than it can repay or pay interest on; more specifically, the massive indebtedness of many developing countries that became acute in the 1980s, threatening the stability of the international banking system as many debtor countries became unable to service their debts. ...

dedicated computer
Computer built into another device for the purpose of controlling or supplying information to it. Its use has increased dramatically since the advent of the microprocessor: washing machines, cars, and MP3 players all have their own processors. A dedicated system is a general-purpose computer system confined to performing only one function f...

deterrence
Underlying conception of the nuclear arms race: the belief that a potential aggressor will be discouraged from launching a `first strike` nuclear attack by the knowledge that the adversary is capable of inflicting `unacceptable damage` in a retaliatory strike. This doctrine is widely known as that of mutual assured destructi...

demotic script
Cursive (joined) writing derived from Egyptian hieratic script, itself a cursive form of hieroglyphic.It was written horizontally, from right to left. Demotic documents are known from the 6th century BC to about AD 470

Devon
Click images to enlargeCounty of southwest England; Plymouth and Torbay have been separate unitary authorities since April 1998. Area 6,720 sq km/2,594 sq mi Towns and cities Exeter (administrative headquarters); resorts: Barnstaple, Bideford, Exmouth, Ilfracombe, Sidmouth, Teignmouth, Tiverton Physical ri...

derris
Climbing leguminous plant (see legume) of southeast Asia. Its roots contain rotenone, a strong insecticide. (Derris elliptica, family Fabaceae.)

Devil's Island
Smallest of the Iles du Salut (Salvation isles), off the northeast coast of French Guiana, 43 km/27 mi northwest of Cayenne. The group of islands was collectively and popularly known by the name Devil's Island and formed a penal colony notorious for its terrible conditions. Alfred Dreyfus was imprisoned here 1895–99. The convict settle...

Derbyshire
County of north central England (since April 1997 Derby City has been a separate unitary authority). Area 2,550 sq km/984 sq mi Towns and cities Matlock (administrative headquarters), Buxton, Chesterfield, Glossop, Ilkeston, Long Eaton Physical Peak District National Park (including Kinder Scout ...

Derby
Industrial city and administrative centre of Derby City unitary authority in north-central England, on the River Derwent, 51 km/32 mi northeast of Birmingham; population (2001) 229,400. Derby was granted city status in 1977 as part of the Queen's Silver Jubilee celebrations. Industries include engineering, chemicals, paper, textiles...

depression
(medicine) In medicine, an emotional state characterized by sadness, unhappy thoughts, apathy, and dejection. Sadness is a normal response to major losses such as bereavement or unemployment. After childbirth, postnatal depression is common. Clinical depression, which is prolonged or unduly se...

density
Measure of the compactness of a substance; it is equal to its mass per unit volume and is measured, for example, in kg per cubic metre or lb per cubic foot. Density is a scalar quantity. The average density D of a mass m occupying a volume V is given by the formula: D
Demeter
In Greek mythology, the goddess of agriculture, especially corn (Roman Ceres); daughter of the Titans Kronos and Rhea; and mother of Persephone by Zeus. Demeter and her daughter were worshipped in a sanctuary at Eleusis, where the Eleusinian Mysteries, one of the foremost mystery religions of Greece, were celebrated. The Thesmophoria was a ...

dementia
Mental deterioration as a result of physical changes in the brain. It may be due to degenerative change, circulatory disease, infection, injury, or chronic poisoning. Senile dementia, a progressive loss of mental faculties such as memory and orientation, is typically a disease process of old age, and can be accompanied by depression. Alzheimer'...

Delta Force
Civilian acronym for the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D), based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and modelled on the British Special Air Service. It was the brainchild of Colonel Charles Beckwith

Delilah
In the Old Testament, the Philistine mistress of Samson. Following instructions from the lords of the Philistines she sought to find the source of Samson's great strength. When Samson eventually revealed that his physical power lay in the length of his hair, she shaved his head while he slept and then delivered him into the hands of the Philist...

Delaware
(state) State in northeastern USA bordered to the north by Pennsylvania, to the west and south by Maryland, with which it shares the upper part of the Delmarva Peninsula, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean; area 5,061 sq km/...

Deirdre
In Celtic mythology, the beautiful intended bride of Conchobar, king of Ulster. She eloped with Noísi, and died of sorrow when Conchobar killed him and his two brothers. The Exile of the Sons of Uisnech tells of their life in Scotland with lyric poetry

Deighton, Len
(Leonard Cyril) English author of spy fiction. His novels include The Ipcress File (1962), Funeral in Berlin (1964), An Expensive Place to Die (1967), and the trilogy Berlin Game, Mexico Set, and <...

defamation
In law, an attack on a person's reputation by libel or slander

deflation
In economics, a sustained reduction in the general level of prices. It may be caused by an increase in interest rates and reduction in the money supply, increased taxation, or a decline in government expenditure. Deflation may be chosen as an economic policy to improve the balance of payments, by reducing demand and therefore cutting imports, and l...

decompression sickness
Illness brought about by a sudden and substantial change in hydrostatic pressure. It is caused by a too rapid release of nitrogen that has been dissolved into the bloodstream under pressure; when the nitrogen forms bubbles it causes the bends. The condition causes breathing difficulties, joint and muscle pain, and cramps, and is experienced mos...

death
Cessation of all life functions, so that the molecules and structures associated with living things become disorganized and indistinguishable from similar molecules found in nonliving things. In medicine, a person is pronounced dead when the brain ceases to control the vital functions, even if breathing and heartbeat are maintained artificially. Me...

deacon
In the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, an ordained minister who ranks immediately below a priest. In the Protestant churches, a deacon is in training to become a minister or is a lay assistant

deafness
Partial or total deficit of hearing in either ear. Of assistance are hearing aids, lip-reading, a cochlear implant in the ear in combination with a special electronic processor, sign language, and `cued speech` (manual clarification of ambiguous lip movement during speech). Approximately 10% of people worldwide experience some hea...

dew
Precipitation in the form of moisture that collects on plants and on the ground. It forms after the temperature of the ground has fallen below the dew point of the air in contact with it. As the temperature falls during the night, the air and its water vapour become chilled, and condensation takes place on the cooled surfaces

Devolution, War of
War waged unsuccessfully 1667–68 by Louis XIV of France in an attempt to gain Spanish territory in the Netherlands, of which ownership had allegedly `devolved` on his wife Maria Theresa. During the course of the war the French marshal Turenne (1611–1675) conducted a series of sieges. An alliance of England, Sweden, and the Nethe...

devolution
Delegation of authority and duties; in the later 20th century, the movement to decentralize governmental power. Scotland and Wales In the UK a bill for the creation of Scottish and Welsh assemblies was introduced in 1976 and rejected by referendums in Scotland and Wales in 1979. The Labour government which took office in May 1997 introduced leg...

devil
In Jewish, Christian, and Muslim theology, the supreme spirit of evil (Beelzebub, Lucifer, Iblis), or an evil spirit generally. The Devil, or Satan, is mentioned only in the more recently written books of the Old Testament, but the later Jewish doctrine is that found in the New Testament. The concept of the Devil passed into the early Christian chu...

de Valera, Éamon
Irish nationalist politician, president/Taoiseach (prime minister) of the Irish Free State/Eire/Republic of Ireland 1932–48, 1951–54, and 1957–59, and president 1959–73. Repeatedly imprisoned, de Valera participated in the Easter Rising of 1916 and was leader of the na...

Detroit
Industrial city and port in southeastern Michigan, USA, 788 km/489 mi west of New York and 395 km/245 mi east of Chicago, situated on the Detroit River opposite the city of Windsor in Ontario, Canada; seat of Wayne County; area 370 sq km/143 sq mi (excluding neighbouring cities), ...

determinism
In philosophy, the view that every event is an instance of some scientific law of nature; or that every event has at least one cause; or that nature is uniform. The thesis cannot be proved or disproved. Determinism is also the theory that we do not have free will, because our choices and actions are caused

detective fiction
Genre of novel or short story in which a mystery is solved mainly by the action of a professional or amateur detective. Where the mystery to be solved concerns a crime, the work may be called crime fiction. The traditional formula for the detective story starts with a seemingly irresolvable mystery, typically a murder, features the astute, often un...

destroyer
Small, fast warship designed for antisubmarine work. Destroyers played a critical role in the convoy system in World War II. Originally termed `torpedo-boat destroyers`, they were designed by Britain to counter the large flotillas built by the French and Russian navies in the late 19th century. They proved so effective that torpedo...

Dessalines, Jean Jacques
Emperor of Haiti 1804–06. Born in Guinea, he was taken to Haiti as a slave, where in 1802 he succeeded Toussaint L'Ouverture as leader of the black revolt against the French. After defeating the French, he proclaimed Haiti's independence and made himself emperor. He was killed when trying to suppress an uprising provoked by his cruelty

Desmoulins,
(Lucie Simplice) French revolutionary who summoned the mob to arms on 12 July 1789, so precipitating the revolt that culminated in the storming of the Bastille. A prominent left-wing Jacobin, he was elected to the National Convention in 1792. His Histoire des Brissotins ...

Des Moines
(city) Capital city of Iowa, on the Des Moines River (a tributary of the Mississippi); seat of Polk County; population (2000 est) 198,700. It is a major road, railway, and air centre for the surrounding Corn Belt region; most of the manufacturing industry is connected with agricult...

De Sica, Vittorio
Italian film director and actor. His Ladri di biciclette/Bicycle Thieves (1949) is a landmark of Italian neo-realism. Later films include Umberto D (1955), La ciociara/Two Women (1961), and Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini/The Garden of the Finzi-Continis
desert
Click images to enlargeArid area with sparse vegetation (or, in rare cases, almost no vegetation). Soils are poor, and many deserts include areas of shifting sands. Deserts can be either hot or cold. Almost 33% of the Earth's land surface is desert, and this proportion is increasing. Arid land is defined as receiv...

desalination
Removal of salt, usually from sea water, to produce fresh water for irrigation or drinking. Distillation has usually been the method adopted, but in the 1970s a cheaper process, using certain polymer materials that filter the molecules of salt from the water by reverse osmosis, was developed. Desalination plants have been built along the shores of ...

dervish
Click images to enlargeIn Iran and Turkey, a religious mendicant; throughout the rest of Islam a member of an Islamic religious brotherhood, not necessarily mendicant in character. The Arabic equivalent is fakir. There are various orders of dervishes, each with its rule and special ritual. The `whirling dervishes...

dermatitis
Inflammation of the skin (see eczema), usually related to allergy. Dermatosis refers to any skin disorder and may be caused by contact or systemic problems

De Quincey, Thomas
English writer. His works include Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821) and the essays `On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth` (1825) and `On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts` (in three parts, 1827, 1839, and 1854). He was a friend of the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridg...

Denver
City and capital of Colorado, in Denver County, on the South Platte River; population (2000 est) 554,600. At 1,609 m/5,280 ft above sea level, it is known as `Mile High City` and is situated on the western edge of the Great Plains, 24 km/15 mi from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is the commercial, manufacturing, ...

dentistry
Care and treatment of the teeth and gums. Orthodontics deals with the straightening of the teeth for aesthetic and clinical reasons, and periodontics with care of the supporting tissue (bone and gums). The bacteria that start the process of dental decay are normal, nonpathogenic members of a large and varied group of micro-organisms present in ...

denier
Unit used in measuring the fineness of yarns, equal to the mass in grams of 9,000 metres of yarn. Thus 9,000 metres of 15 denier nylon, used in nylon stockings, weighs 15 g/0.5 oz, and in this case the thickness of thread would be 0.00425 mm/0.0017 in. The term is derived from the French silk industry; the denier was ...

Denbighshire
Click images to enlargeUnitary authority in north Wales. A former county, between 1974 and 1996 it was largely merged, together with Flint and part of Merioneth, into Clwyd; a small area along the western border was included in Gwynedd. Area 844 sq km/326 sq mi Towns Ruthin (administrative headquarters), Denbigh, ...

Demosthenes
(politician) Athenian politician, famed for his oratory. From 351 BC he led the party that advocated resistance to the growing power of Philip of Macedon, and in his Philippics, a series of speeches, incited the Athenians to war. This policy resulted in the defeat of Chaeron...

Democritus
Greek philosopher and speculative scientist who made a significant contribution to metaphysics with his atomic theory of the universe: all things originate from a vortex of tiny, indivisible particles, which he called atoms, and differ according to the shape and arrangement of their atoms. Democritus' discussion of the constant motion of at...

democracy
Government by the people, usually through elected representatives, such as local councillors or members of a parliamentary government. In the modern world, democracy has developed from the American and French revolutions. Types of democracy Representative parliamentary government existed in Iceland from the 10th century and in England from the 13th...

Demirel, Süleyman
Turkish politician, prime minister seven times and president 1993–2000. Leader from 1964 to 1980 of the Justice Party, and from 1987 of its successor, the True Path Party, he was prime minister 1965–71, 1975–77, 1977–78, 1979–80, and 1991–93. He favoured links with the West, full membership of the European Union, and f...

De Mille, Cecil B(lount)
US film director and producer. He entered films in 1913 with Jesse L Lasky (with whom he later established Paramount Pictures), and was one of the founders of Hollywood. He specialized in lavish biblical epics, such as The Sign of the Cross (1932) and The Ten Commandments (1923), which he remade in 1956. His ot...

delta
River sediments deposited when a river flows into a standing body of water with no strong currents, such as a lake, lagoon, sea, or ocean. A delta is the result of fluvial and marine processes. Deposition is enhanced when water is saline because salty water causes small clay particles to adhere toget...

del Sarto, Andrea
Italian Renaissance painter; see Andrea del Sarto

Delius, Frederick Theodore Albert
English composer. His haunting, richly harmonious works include the opera A Village Romeo and Juliet (1901); the choral pieces Appalachia (1903), Sea Drift (1904), and A Mass of Life (1905); orchestral works such as In a Summer Garden (1908) and &...

Delphi
Click images to enlargeCity of ancient Greece, situated in a rocky valley north of the gulf of Corinth, on the southern slopes of Mount Parnassus, site of a famous oracle in the temple of Apollo. The site was supposed to be the centre of the Earth and was marked by a conical stone, the omphalos. Towards...

Delhi
(state) Union Territory of India from 1956, capital Delhi; area 1,422 sq km/557 sq mi; population (2001 est) 13,660,000. It produces grain, sugar cane, fruit, and vegetables

Delft
Town in South Holland province, the Netherlands, on the Schie Canal, 14 km/9 mi northwest of Rotterdam; population (2006 est) 95,100. It is known worldwide for its pottery and Delftware porcelain. Other industries include engineering, electronic equipment and cable production, and printing. There is a technical university, founded in 1863. ...

Delaunay, Robert
French painter. He was a pioneer of abstract art. With his wife Sonia Delaunay-Terk, he developed a style known as Orphism, an early variation of cubism, focusing on the effects of pure colour contrasts. Working from the colour theories of the French chemist Michel Chevreul, Delaunay and his wife explored the simultaneous effects of light on di...

de la Mare, Walter John
English poet and writer. His works include verse for children, such as Peacock Pie (1913), and the novels The Three Royal Monkeys (1910) (for children) and The Memoirs of a Midget (1921) (for adults). He excelled at creating a sense of eeriness and supernatural mystery. The Listeners...