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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Dreyer, Carl Theodor
Danish film director. Considered one of the leading figures in Danish cinema, he made a wide range of films including the austere silent classic La Passion de Jeanne d'Arc/The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) and the internationally-acclaimed Vredens Dag/Day of Wrath (1943). His style is restrained...

dry ice
Solid carbon dioxide (CO2), used as a refrigerant. At temperatures above -79°C/-110.2°F, it sublimes (turns into vapour without passing through a liquid stage) to gaseous carbon dioxide. Water vapour in the air cooled by the evaporating carbon dioxide condenses to a visible mist, which is often used in t...

drone
(music) In music, a continuous accompanying note usually played in the bass. Its main feature is that it is sustained or persistently repeated throughout a piece or part of a piece of music. It is found in many classical and folk traditions, is common in the vocal music of the Russian, Greek, ...

drug, generic
Any non-branded drug that has the identical effect of a branded product. Generic drugs are cheaper than their branded equivalents. Usually generic drugs are produced when the patent on a branded drug has expired

Dreadnought
Class of battleships built for the British navy after 1905 and far superior in speed and armaments to anything then afloat. The first modern battleship to be built, it was the basis of battleship design for more than 50 years. The first Dreadnought was launched in 1906, with armaments consisting entirely of big guns. The German Nassau class was beg...

drug
Any of a range of substances, natural or synthetic, administered to humans and animals as therapeutic agents: to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease, or to assist recovery from injury. Traditionally many drugs were obtained from plants or animals; some minerals also had medicinal value. Today...

drill
(military) In military usage, the repetition of certain fixed movements in response to set commands. Drill is used to get a body of soldiers from one place to another in an orderly fashion, and for parades and ceremonial purposes

Drysdale,
(George) Australian artist. In 1944 he produced a series of wash drawings for the Sydney Morning Herald recording the effects of a severe drought in western New South Wales. The bleakness of life in the Australian outback is a recurring theme in his work, which typically dep...

Dreamtime
Mythical past of the Australian Aborigines, the basis of their religious beliefs and creation stories. In the Dreamtime, spiritual beings shaped the land, the first people were brought into being and set in their proper territories, and laws and rituals were established. Belief in a creative spirit in the form of a huge snake, the Rainbow Serpent, ...

drumlin
Long streamlined hill created in formerly glaciated areas. Debris (till) is transported by the glacial icesheet and moulded to form an egg-shaped mound, 8–60 m/25–200 ft in height and 0.5–1 km/0.3–0.6 mi in length. Drumlins commonly occur in groups on the floor of glacial troughs, producing what is called a `bas...

drainage basin
Area of land drained by a river system (a river and its tributaries). It includes the surface run-off in the water cycle, as well as the water table. Drainage basins are separated by watersheds. A drainage basin is an example of an open system because it is open to inputs from outside, such as precipitation, and is responsible for outputs out o...

dry valley
Valley without a river at its bottom. Such valleys are common on the dip slopes of chalk escarpments, and were probably formed by rivers. However, chalk is permeable (water passes through it) and so cannot retain surface water. Two popular theories have arisen to explain how this might have happened&...

DRAM
Computer memory device in the form of a silicon chip commonly used to provide the immediate-access memory of microcomputers. DRAM loses its contents unless they are read and rewritten every 2 milliseconds or so. This process is called refreshing the memory. DRAM is slower but cheaper than SRAM, an alternative form of silicon-chip memory

driver
In computing, a program that controls a periph eral device. Every device connected to the computer needs a driver program. The driver ensures that communication between the computer and the device is successful. For example, it is often possible to connect many different types of printer, each with its own special operating codes, to the same type o...

dramatic monologue
Literary genre, usually of poetry, poem consisting of a speech by a single character, in which his or her thoughts, character, and situation are revealed to the reader. It developed from the soliloquy, a monologue spoken in a play. It was a particularly popular poetical form in the 19th century. Examples include Robert Browning's `My Last ...

drawing
The art of representation by use of lines or other marks. Traditional drawing media includes pencil, charcoal, pen and ink, chalk, and pastels, while more modern materials include coloured pencils, Conté crayons, wax crayons, and felt-tip pens, or markers. The representation can also be achieved by various means of graphic reproduction, li...

drag and drop
In computing, in graphical user interfaces, feature that allows users to select a file name or icon using a mouse and move it to the name or icon representing a program so that the computer runs the program using that file as input data. This method is convenient for computer users, as it eliminates unnecessary typing. Moving the name of a text fil...

drawing program
In computing, software that allows a user to draw freehand and create complex graphics. Additional features may include special fonts, clip art, or painting facilities that allow a user to simulate on the computer the drawing characteristics of specific real-world implements such as charcoal, watercolours, or pastels. CorelDRAW and Adobe Illust...

drop-down list
In computing, in a graphical user interface, a list of options that hangs down from a blank space in a dialog box or other on-screen form when a computer awaits user input. To select one of the choices, highlight it and click. The list will disappear and the selected item will appear in the blank. If the list is longer than the space available,...

Drogheda, Battle of
Siege of the southern garrison town of Drogheda, County Louth, by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentary forces in September 1649, during Cromwell's Irish campaign (1649–50). When the town was taken, 4,000 Irish were massacred, including civilians, soldiers, and Catholic priests. The merciless killing contributed to Catholic Irish hatred of E...

drapery
In art, the representation of the folds in material. As such folds are very difficult to portray, particularly rich velvets, silks, and satins, artists and sculptors have used drapery as an important `signature` of their type of work. Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, and Matthias Grünewald are among those who have made particu...

dramatic verse
Genre of poetry in which one or more characters `speak` directly. It is also the format for some drama, especially the plays of English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare, who wrote his speeches in both regular verse and in prose. Ballads are often written in dramatic verse, and poets who use this format include the English writer Rob...

draft
(literature) First or subsequent version of a piece of writing, intending to be edited or otherwise revised

drought
Long, continuous period of dry weather, leading to a shortage of water

DTP
Abbreviation for desktop publishing

Durrës
Chief port of Albania, on the Adriatic Sea; population (2003 est) 113,900. It is the country's leading commercial and communications centre, with a dockyard and shipyard; it has flour mills, soap and cigarette factories, distilleries, and an electronics plant. The seat of a Greek Orthodox metropolitan (archbishop) and, since AD 449, of ...

Durrell, Lawrence
(George) English novelist and poet. He lived mainly in the eastern Mediterranean, the setting of his novels, including the Alexandria Quartet: Justine, Balthazar, Mountolive, and Clea (1957–60). He also wrote ...

Durham
(UK city) City and administrative headquarters of the county of Durham, northeast England, on the River Wear, 19 km/12 mi south of Newcastle-upon-Tyne; population (2001) 42,900. Formerly a centre for the coalmining industry (the last pit closed in 1993), the city now has light ...

Durga
Hindu warrior and mother goddess; one of the many names for the `great goddess` Mahadevi. Durga was formed from the fire of the breath of the Trimurti (Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma) to destroy the buffalo demon Mahisha. She rides on a tiger and was given weapons by the gods, so she is depicted carrying a discus, a trident, a thunderbolt,...

Durban
Principal port of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, and of the republic; population (2001) 3,090,100. Oil-refining, machinery, soap, paint, and fertilizers are important industries in the city. Exports include coal, chemicals, steel, granite, wood products, sugar, fruit, grain, rice, and wool; imports include heavy machinery and mining e...

Duras, Marguerite
French writer, dramatist, and film-maker. Her work includes short stories (`Des Journées entières dans les arbres` 1954, stage adaptation Days in the Trees 1965), plays (La Musica/The Music 1967), and film scripts (Hiroshima, mon amour 1960, India Song<...

Du Pré, Jacqueline Mary
English cellist. She was celebrated for her proficient technique and powerful interpretations of the classical cello repertory, particularly of Elgar. She had an international concert career while still in her teens and made many recordings. She married the Israeli pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim in 1967 and worked with him in concerts, as a...

duodecimal system
System of arithmetic notation using 12 as a base, at one time considered superior to the decimal number system in that 12 has more factors (2, 3, 4, 6) than 10 (2, 5). It is now superseded by the universally accepted decimal system

Dunstable, John
English composer of songs and anthems. He is considered one of the founders of Renaissance harmony

Duns Scotus, John
Scottish monk, a leading figure in the theological and philosophical system of medieval scholasticism, which attempted to show that Christian doctrine was compatible with the ideas of the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato. The church rejected his ideas, and the word dunce is derived from Dunses, a term of ridicule applied to his followers. In ...

Dunkirk
City and most northerly seaport of France, in Nord département, at the entrance to the Strait of Dover; population (1999) 70,800, conurbation 191,100. Its harbour is one of the foremost in France and it stands at the junction of four canals, giving it communication with the rest of France and with Belgium; there is a...

Dunfermline
Industrial town north of the Firth of Forth in Fife, Scotland; population (2001) 39,200. Industries include engineering, electronics, and textiles. It was the ancient capital of Scotland, with many sites of royal historical significance. Many Scottish kings, including Robert the Bruce, Malcolm Canmore and his queen Margaret, and Elizabeth I, ar...

Dumfries and Galloway
Unitary authority in southern Scotland, formed in 1996 from the regional council of the same name (1975–96). Area 6,421 sq km/2,479 sq mi Towns Annan, Dumfries (administrative headquarters), Kirkcudbright, Stranraer, Castle Douglas, Newton Stewart Physical area characterized by an indented c...

Du Maurier, Daphne
English novelist. Her romantic fiction includes Jamaica Inn (1936), Rebecca (1938), Frenchman's Creek (1942), and My Cousin Rachel (1951), and is set in Cornwall. Her work, though lacking in depth and original insights, i...

Dumbarton Oaks
18th-century mansion in Washington, DC, USA, used for conferences and seminars. It was the scene of a conference held in 1944 that led to the foundation of the United Nations

Dumas, Alexandre
(fils) French author, known as Dumas fils (the son of Dumas père). He is remembered for the play La Dame aux camélias/The Lady of the Camellias (1852), based on his own novel, and the source of Verdi's opera La...

Dumas, Alexandre
(père) French writer, known as Dumas père (the father). His popular historical romances were the reworked output of a `fiction-factory` of collaborators. They include Les Trois Mousquetaires/The Three Musketeers (1844) and its s...

Dulles, John Foster
US lawyer and politician. Senior US adviser at the founding of the United Nations, he was largely responsible for drafting the Japanese peace treaty of 1951. As secretary of state 1952–59, he was an architect of US Cold War foreign policy and secured US intervention in South Vietnam after the expulsion of the French in 1954. He was highly crit...

dulcimer
Musical instrument, a form of zither, consisting of a shallow open trapezoidal soundbox across which strings are stretched laterally; they are horizontally struck by lightweight hammers or beaters. It produces clearly differentiated pitches of consistent quality and is more agile and wide-ranging in pitch than the harp or lyre. In Hungary t...

duke
Highest title in the English peerage. It originated in England in 1337, when Edward III created his son Edward, Duke of Cornwall

Dukas, Paul Abraham
French composer and teacher. His scrupulous orchestration and chromatically enriched harmonies were admired by Debussy. He wrote very little, composing slowly and with extreme care. His small output includes the opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue/Ariane and Bluebeard (1907), the ballet La Péri/The Peri...

Dubuffet, Jean Philippe Arthur
French artist. He originated Art Brut, `raw or brutal art`, in the 1940s. Inspired by graffiti and children's drawings, he used such varied materials as plaster, steel wool, and straw in his paintings and sculptures to produce highly textured surfaces. Art brut emerged in 1945 with an exhibition of Dubuffet's own work and of paint...

Dufy, Raoul
French painter and designer. Inspired by fauvism he developed a fluent, brightly coloured style in watercolour and oils, painting scenes of gaiety and leisure, such as horse racing, yachting, and life on the beach. He also designed tapestries, textiles, and ceramics

Duchamp, Marcel
French-born US artist. He achieved notoriety with his Nude Descending a Staircase No 2 (1912; Philadelphia Museum of Art), influenced by cubism and Futurism. An active exponent of Dada, he invented ready-mades, everyday items (for example, a bicycle wheel mounted on a kitchen stool) which he displayed as works of art....

Duce
Title bestowed on the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini by his followers and later adopted as his official title

Duccio di Buoninsegna
Italian painter. As the first major figure in the Sienese school, his influence on the development of painting was profound. His works include his altarpiece for Siena Cathedral, the Maestà (1308–11, Cathedral Museum, Siena). In this the figure of the Virgin is essentially Byzantine in style, with much gold detail, but ...

Dubrovnik
City and port in the far south of Croatia on the Adriatic coast; population (2001) 31,800. It manufactures cheese, liqueurs, silk, and leather. A Roman station since the 6th century, Dubrovnik received its charter in 1272. The geographic location of the city led to its development as an important centre of maritime and merchant activity and it ...

du Barry, comtesse Marie Jeanne
Mistress of Louis XV of France from 1768. At his death in 1774 she was banished to a convent, and during the Revolution fled to London. Returning to Paris in 1793, she was guillotined

Dublin
(county) County in the Republic of Ireland, in Leinster province, facing the Irish Sea and bounded by the counties of Meath, Kildare, and Wicklow; county town Dublin; area 920 sq km/355 sq mi; population (2002) 1,122,800. The county is mostly level and low-lying, but rises ...

Dublin
(city) Click images to enlargeCity and port on the east coast of Ireland, at the mouth of the River Liffey, facing the Irish Sea; capital of the Republic of Irela...

durra
Grass, also known as Indian millet, grown as a cereal in parts of Asia and Africa. Sorghum vulgare is the chief cereal in many parts of Africa. See also sorghum. (Genus Sorghum.)

dunnock
European bird Prunella modularis family Prunellidae, similar in size and colouring to the sparrow, but with a slate-grey head and breast, and more slender bill. It is characterized in the field by a hopping gait, with continual twitches of the wings whilst feeding. It nests in bushes and hedges

dulse
Any of several edible red seaweeds, especially Rhodymenia palmata, found on middle and lower shores of the north Atlantic. They may have a single broad blade up to 30 cm/12 in long rising directly from the holdfast which attaches them to the sea floor, or may be palmate (with five lobes) or fan-shaped. The frond is tough ...

duckweed
Any of a family of tiny plants found floating on the surface of still water throughout most of the world, except the polar regions and tropics. Each plant consists of a flat, circular, leaflike structure 0.4 cm/0.15 in or less across, with a single thin root up to 15 cm/6 in long below. (Genus chiefly Lemna, family Lemnac...

dunlin
Small gregarious shore bird Calidris alpina of the sandpiper family Scolopacidae, order Charadriformes, about 18 cm/7 in long, nesting on moors and marshes in the far northern regions of Eurasia and North America. Chestnut above and black below in summer, it is greyish in winter; the bill and feet are black

dugong
Marine mammal Dugong dugong of the order Sirenia (sea cows), found in the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, and western Pacific Ocean. It can grow to 3.6 m/11 ft long, and has a tapering body with a notched tail and two fore-flippers. All dugongs are listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) A...

duck
Click images to enlargeAny of about 50 species of short-legged waterbirds with webbed feet and flattened bills, of the family Anatidae, order Anseriformes, which also includes the larger geese and swans. Ducks were domesticated for eggs, meat, and feathers by the ancient Chinese and the ancient Maya (see poultry). Mos...

Dutch elm disease
Disease of elm trees Ulmus, principally Dutch, English, and American elm, caused by the fungus Certocystis ulmi. The fungus is usually spread from tree to tree by the elm-bark beetle, which lays its eggs beneath the bark. The disease has no cure, and control methods involve injecting insecticide into the tr...

ductless gland
Alternative name for an endocrine gland

dualism
In philosophy, the belief that reality is essentially dual in nature. The French philosopher René Descartes, for example, referred to thinking and material substance. These entities interact but are fundamentally separate and distinct. Dualism is contrasted with monism, the theory that reality is made up of only one substance

Durkheim, Emile
French sociologist, one of the founders of modern sociology, who also influenced social anthropology. He worked to establish sociology as a respectable and scientific discipline, capable of diagnosing social ills and recommending possible cures. Durkheim was the first lecturer in social science at Bordeaux University 1887–1902, professor of ed...

dust bowl
Area in the Great Plains region of North America (Texas to Kansas) that suffered extensive wind erosion as the result of drought and poor farming practice in once-fertile soil. Much of the topsoil was blown away in the droughts of the 1930s and the 1980s. Similar dust bowls are being formed in many areas today, noticeably across Africa, because...

dune
Click images to enlargeMound or ridge of wind-drifted sand, common on coasts and in deserts. Loose sand is blown and bounced along by the wind, up the windward side of a dune (saltation). The sand particles then fall to rest on the lee side, while more are blown up from the windward side. In this way a dune moves grad...

Durham
(UK county) County of northeast England (since April 1997 Darlington has been a separate unitary authority). Area 2,232 sq km/862 sq mi Towns and cities Durham (administrative headquarters), Newton Aycliffe, Peterlee, Chester-...

Dutch language
Member of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, often referred to by scholars as Netherlandic and taken to include the standard language and dialects of the Netherlands (excluding Frisian) as well as Flemish (in Belgium and northern France) and, more remotely, its offshoot Afrikaans in South Africa

Dubcek, Alexander
Czechoslovak politician, chair of the federal assembly 1989–92. He was a member of the Slovak resistance movement during World War II, and became first secretary of the Communist Party 1967–69. He launched a liberalization campaign (called the Prague Spring) that was opposed by the USSR and led to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in ...

Dubai
Also known as Dubayy, one of the United Arab Emirates; population (2004 est) 1,272,000. Following the discovery of substantial oil reserves offshore in 1966, Dubai became very prosperous; developments included the building of modern hotels, an international airport, a new deepwater harbour, and a dry dock for supertankers

Dunlop, John Boyd
Scottish inventor who founded the rubber company that bears his name. In 1888, to help his child win a tricycle race, he bound an inflated rubber hose to the wheels. The same year he developed commercially practical pneumatic tyres, first patented by Robert William Thomson (1822–1873) in 1845 for bicycles and cars. Thomson's invention had ...

Dushanbe
Capital of Tajikistan, situated in the Gissar Valley 160 km/100 mi north of the Afghan frontier; population (2000) 522,000. Dushanbe is a road, rail, and air centre. Long-established industries include cotton and silk mills, tanneries, meat-packing factories, and printing works, while factories producing refrigerators, electric cabl...

Duvalier, Jean-Claude
Right-wing president of Haiti 1971–86. Known as Baby Doc, he succeeded his father François Duvalier, becoming, at the age of 19, the youngest president in the world. He continued to receive support from the USA but was pressured into moderating some elements of his father's regime, yet still tolerated no opposition. In 1986, with ...

Dutch East Indies
Former Dutch colony, which in 1945 became independent as Indonesia

Dutch Guiana
Former Dutch colony, which in 1975 became independent as Suriname

duralumin
Lightweight aluminium alloy widely used in aircraft construction, containing copper, magnesium, and manganese

Duncan, Isadora
US dancer. A pioneer of modern dance, she adopted an emotionally expressive free form, dancing barefoot and wearing a loose tunic, inspired by the ideal of Hellenic beauty. She danced solos accompanied to music by Beethoven and other great composers, believing that the music should fit the grandeur of the dance. Having made her base in Paris in 190...

Dufay, Guillaume
Flemish composer. He wrote secular songs and sacred music, including 84 songs and 8 masses. His work marks a transition from the style of the Middle Ages to the expressive melodies and rich harmonies of the Renaissance

Dual Entente
Alliance between France and Russia that lasted from 1893 until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

Dutch art
Painting and sculpture of the Netherlands. The country became effectively independent, with approximately the boundaries it has today, in the early 17th century, although its independence was not officially recognized by Spain – previously its overlord – until 1648. The 17th century was the great age of Dutch painting. Among the many arti...

dumping
In international trade, the selling of goods by one country to another at below marginal cost or at a price below that in its own country. Antidumping tariffs may be imposed in response to alleged dumping, although such action may disguise protectionism against more efficient producers

Duvalier, François
Right-wing president of Haiti 1957–71. Known as Papa Doc, he ruled as a dictator, organizing the Tontons Macoutes (`bogeymen`) as a private security force to intimidate and assassinate opponents of his regime. He rigged the 1961 elections in order to have his term of office extended until 1967, and in 1964 declared himself presid...

due process of law
Legal principle, dating from the Magna Carta, the charter of rights granted by King John of England in 1215, and now enshrined in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the US Constitution, that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law (a fair legal procedure). In the USA, the provisions have been given a...

duiker
Any of several antelopes of the family Bovidae, common in Africa. Duikers are shy and nocturnal, and grow to 30–70 cm/12–28 in tall

Duarte, José Napoleon
El Salvadorean politician, president 1980–82 and 1984–88. He was mayor of San Salvador 1964–70, and was elected president in 1972, but was soon exiled by the army for seven years in Venezuela. He returned in 1980, after the assassination of Archbishop Romero had increased support for the Christian Democratic Party (PDC), and became p...

Dufourspitze
Second highest of the alpine peaks (after Mont Blanc), 4,634 m/15,203 ft high. It is the highest peak in the Monte Rosa group of the Pennine Alps on the Swiss-Italian frontier

Duisburg
River port and industrial city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, at the confluence of the Rhine and Ruhr rivers, 20 km/12 mi northwest of Düsseldorf; population (2003 est) 513,400. It is the largest inland river port in Europe. Located at the western end of the Ruhrgebiet (Ruhr District), Duisburg possesses the major Rhine docks ...

Dulong, Pierre Louis
French chemist and physicist. In 1819 he formulated, together with physicist Alexis Petit, the Dulong and Petit law, which states that, for many elements solid at room temperature, the product of relative atomic mass and specific heat capacity is approximately constant. He also discovered the explosive nitrogen trichloride in 1811. Dulong concluded...

Duiker, Johannes
Dutch architect of the 1920s and 1930s avant-garde period. A member of the De Stijl group, his works demonstrate great structural vigour. They include the Zonnestraal Sanatorium, Hilversum (1926–28) co-designed with Bernard Bijvoet, and the Open Air School (1929–30) and Handelsblad-Cineac News Cinema (1934), both in Amsterdam

duel
Fight between two people armed with weapons. A duel is usually fought according to pre-arranged rules with the aim of settling a private quarrel. In medieval Europe duels were a legal method of settling disputes. By the 16th century the practice had largely ceased but duelling with swords or pistols, often with elaborate ritual, continued unoff...

duodenum
In vertebrates, a short length of alimentary canal found between the stomach and the small intestine. Its role is in digesting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The smaller molecules formed are then absorbed, either by the duodenum or the ileum. Entry of food to the duodenum is controlled by the pyloric sphincter, a muscular ring at the outlet of ...

ductile
Describing a material that can sustain large deformations beyond the limits of its elasticity, without fracture. Metals are very ductile, and may be pulled out into wires, or hammered or rolled into thin sheets without breaking

Dutch cap
Common name for a barrier method of contraception; see diaphragm

dump
In computing, the process of rapidly transferring data to external memory or to a printer. It is usually done to help with debugging (see bug) or as part of an error-recovery procedure designed to provide data security. A screen dump makes a printed copy of the current screen display

dukkha
Buddhist concept of the suffering that arises from a person's clinging desire (Pali tanha, Sanskrit samudaya or trishna) to that which is inevitably impermanent, changing, and perishable. It includes the suffering caused by the unsatisfactory nature of life, including feelings of dissatisfaction and the need for something that is missing yet in...

dumb terminal
In computing, a terminal that has no processing capacity of its own. It works purely as a means of access to a main central processing unit. Compare with a personal computer used as an intelligent terminal – for example in client–server architecture

dubnium
Synthesized, radioactive, metallic element of the transactinide series, atomic number 105, relative atomic mass 261. Six isotopes have been synthesized, each with very short (fractions of a second) half-lives. Two institutions claim to have been the first to produce it: the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, in 1967;...

Dundee
City and administrative centre of Dundee City unitary authority, in eastern Scotland, on the north side of the firth of Tay; 96 km/60 mi east of Edinburgh; population (2001) 154,700. Dundee developed around the jute, jam, and journalism industries in the 19th century. In the 20th century, Dundee has diversified into biomedical research,...