Copy of `Talk Talk - Communication terms`
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Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630
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Charles VHoly Roman Emperor (1519–56). Son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, he inherited vast possessions, which led to rivalry from Francis I of France, whose alliance with the Ottoman Empire brought Vienna under siege in 1529 and 1532. Charles was also in conflict with the Protestants in Germany until the Treaty of Passau of 1552, which a...
Charles VIHoly Roman Emperor from 1711, father of Maria Theresa, whose succession to his Austrian dominions he tried to ensure, and himself claimant to the Spanish throne in 1700, thus causing the War of the Spanish Succession
Charles VII(Holy Roman Emperor) Holy Roman Emperor from 1742, opponent of Maria Theresa's claim to the Austrian dominions of Charles VI
Charles I(of Great Britain and Ireland) Click images to enlargeKing of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625, son of James I of England (James VI of Scotland). He accepted the petition of right in 1628 but then dissolved Parliament and ruled without a parliamen...
Charles II(of Great Britain and Ireland) King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1660, when Parliament accepted the restoration of the monarchy after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. He was the son of Charles I. His chief mini...
Charles VIII(of Sweden) King of Sweden from 1448. He was elected regent of Sweden in 1438, when Sweden broke away from Denmark and Norway. He stepped down in 1441 when Christopher III of Bavaria (1418–1448) was elected king, but after his death became king. He was twice expelled by the Danes and twic...
Charles IX(of Sweden) King of Sweden from 1604, the youngest son of Gustavus Vasa. In 1568 he and his brother John led the rebellion against Eric XIV (1533–1577); John became king as John III and attempted to catholicize Sweden, and Charles led the opposition. John's son Sigismund, King of ...
Charles X(of Sweden) King of Sweden from 1654, when he succeeded his cousin Christina. He waged war with Poland and Denmark and in 1657 invaded Denmark by leading his army over the frozen sea
Charles XIKing of Sweden from 1660, when he succeeded his father, Charles X. His mother acted as regent until 1672 when Charles took over the government. He was a remarkable general and reformed the administration
Charles XIIKing of Sweden from 1697, when he succeeded his father, Charles XI. From 1700 he was involved in wars with Denmark, Poland, and Russia. He won a succession of victories until, in 1709 while invading Russia, he was defeated at Poltava in the Ukraine, and forced to take refuge in Turkey until 1714. He was killed while besieging Fredrikshall, Norway, ...
Charles XIIIKing of Sweden from 1809, when he was elected; he became the first king of Sweden and Norway in 1814
Charles I(of France) King of France, better known as the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne
Charles(III) King of France (893–922), son of Louis the Stammerer. He was crowned at Reims. In 911 he ceded what later became the duchy of Normandy to the Norman chief Rollo
Charles(IV) King of France from 1322, when he succeeded Philip V as the last of the direct Capetian line
Charles(VI) King of France from 1380, succeeding his father Charles V; he was under the regency of his uncles until 1388. He became mentally unstable in 1392, and civil war broke out between the dukes of Orléans and Burgundy. Henry V of England invaded France in 1415, conquering Normandy, an...
Charles VII(of France) King of France from 1422. Son of Charles VI, he was excluded from the succession by the Treaty of Troyes, but recognized by the south of France. In 1429 Joan of Arc raised the siege of Orléans and had him crowned at Reims. He organized France's first standing army and by 1...
Charles VIII(of France) King of France from 1483, when he succeeded his father, Louis XI. In 1494 he unsuccessfully tried to claim the Neapolitan crown, and when he entered Naples in 1495 he was forced to withdraw by a coalition of Milan, Venice, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire. He defeated them at Forno...
Charles IX(of France) King of France from 1560. Second son of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, he succeeded his brother Francis II at the age of ten but remained under the domination of his mother's regency for ten years while France was torn by religious wars. In 1570 he fell under the influe...
Charles X(of France) King of France from 1824. Grandson of Louis XV and brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he was known as the comte d'Artois before his accession. As comte d'Artois, Charles enjoyed a notoriously dissolute life at court, and became involved in reactionary politics. Returning...
Charles II(of Spain) King of Spain from 1665. The second son of Philip IV, he was the last of the Spanish Habsburg kings. Mentally disabled from birth, he bequeathed his dominions to Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, which led to the War of the Spanish Succession
Charles IIIKing of Spain from 1759. Son of Philip V, he became duke of Parma in 1732 and conquered Naples and Sicily in 1734. On the death of his half-brother Ferdinand VI (1713–1759), he became king of Spain, handing over Naples and Sicily to his son Ferdinand (1751–1825). At home, he reformed state finances, strengthened the armed forces, and ...
Charles IV(of Spain) King of Spain from 1788, when he succeeded his father, Charles III; he left the government in the hands of his wife and her lover, the minister Manuel de Godoy (1767–1851). In 1808 Charles was induced to abdicate by Napoleon's machinations in favour of his son Ferdinand...
Christian IVKing of Denmark and Norway from 1588. He sided with the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), and founded Christiania (now Oslo, capital of Norway). He was succeeded by Frederick II in 1648
Christian IXKing of Denmark from 1863. His daughter Alexandra married Edward VII of the UK and another, Dagmar, married Tsar Alexander III of Russia; his second son, George, became king of Greece. In 1864 he lost the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein after a war with Austria and Prussia
Christian XKing of Denmark and Iceland from 1912, when he succeeded his father Frederick VIII. He married Alexandrine, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and was popular for his democratic attitude. During World War II he was held prisoner by the Germans in Copenhagen. He was succeeded by Frederick IX
church(architecture) Click images to enlargeIn architecture, a building designed as a place of worship for the Christian church community. Churches were first built in the 3rd century, when persecution of Christians ceas...
chemical elementAlternative name for element
Chiang Kai-shekWade-Giles transliteration of Jiang Jie Shi
chantryIn medieval Europe, a religious foundation in which, in return for an endowment of land, the souls of the donor and the donor's family and friends would be prayed for. A chantry could be held at an existing altar, or in a specially constructed chantry chapel in which the donor's body was usually buried. Chantry chapels are often built off t...
champagneSparkling white wine invented by Dom Pérignon, a Benedictine monk, in 1668. It is made from a blend of grapes (
pinot noir and
chardonnay) grown in the Marne River region around Reims and Epernay, in Champagne, northeastern France. After a first fermentation, sugar and yeast are added to the still wine, whi...
cheeseClick images to enlargeFood made from the curds (solids) of soured milk from cows, sheep, or goats, separated from the whey (liquid), then salted, put into moulds, and pressed into firm blocks. Cheese is ripened with bacteria or surface fungi, and kept for a time to mature before eating. There are six main types of cheese...
chickenDomestic fowl; see under poultry
chocolatePowder, syrup, confectionery, or beverage derived from cacao seeds. See cocoa and chocolate
Charlton, BobbyEnglish footballer who between 1958 and 1970 scored a record 49 goals for England in 106 appearances. An elegant attacking midfield player who specialized in fierce long-range shots, he spent most of his playing career with Manchester United and played in the England team that won the World Cup in 1966. He is the younger brother of Jack Charlto...
Church in WalesThe Welsh Anglican church; see Wales, Church in
cholecystectomySurgical removal of the gall bladder. It is carried out when gallstones or infection lead to inflammation of the gall bladder, which may then be removed either by conventional surgery or by a `keyhole` procedure (see endoscopy)
chancelIn architecture, the eastern part of a Christian church where the choir and clergy sit, formerly kept separate from the nave by an open-work screen or rail. In some medieval churches the screen is very high, so that the congregation is completely shut off. The choir stalls and the rector's pew are in the chancel, and the altar or communion ...
Christine de PisanFrench poet and historian. Her works include love lyrics, philosophical poems, a poem in praise of Joan of Arc, a history of Charles V of France, and various defences of women, including
La Cité des dames/The City of Ladies (1405), which contains a valuable series of contemporary portraits. She championed her sex against...
Chalcedon, Council ofEcumenical council of the early Christian church, convoked in 451 by the Roman emperor Marcian, and held at Chalcedon (now Kadiköy, Turkey). The council, attended by over 500 bishops, resulted in the Definition of Chalcedon, an agreed doctrine for both the Eastern and Western churches. The council was assembled to repudiate the ideas of Eutych...
chapelA small or subordinate place of Christian worship other than a parish or cathedral church; also a church subordinate to and dependent on the principal parish church, to which it is in some way supplementary. The term can also refer to a building or part of a building or institution (for example, a palace, college, convent, hospital, or prison) ...
charismatic movementLate 20th-century movement within the Christian church that emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the individual believer and in the life of the church. It is related to the Pentecostal movement
child abuseThe deliberate injury of a child. Child abuse can take several forms: neglect (including failure to provide adequate shelter, food, or medical treatment), physical abuse (including beating and poisoning), emotional abuse (including verbal abuse), and sexual abuse. In practice, a child is often subject to more than one form of abuse. In 1994, 1,...
Chancellor, LordUK state official; see Lord Chancellor
ChineseThe native groups or inhabitants of China and Taiwan, and those people of Chinese descent. The Chinese comprise more than 25% of the world's population, and the Chinese language (Mandarin) is the largest member of the Sino-Tibetan family. Chinese traditions are ancient, many going back to...
chemosynthesisMethod of making protoplasm (contents of a cell) using the energy from chemical reactions, in contrast to the use of light energy employed for the same purpose in photosynthesis. The process is used by certain bacteria, which can synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water using the energy from special methods of respiration. Nitrify...
chlorofluorocarbonA class of synthetic chemicals that are odourless, non-toxic, non-flammable, and chemically inert. The first CFC was synthesized in 1892, but no use was found for it until the 1920s. Their stability and apparently harmless properties made CFCs popular as propellants in aerosol cans, as refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners, as ...
Chatwin,(Charles) English writer. His works include
The Songlines (1987), written after living with Australian Aborigines; the novel
Utz (1988), about a manic porcelain collector in Prague; and travel pieces and journalism collected in
What Am I D...
Children's Crusade
Crusade by some 10,000 children from France, the Low Countries, and Germany, in 1212, to recapture Jerusalem for Christianity. Motivated by religious piety, many of them were sold into slavery or died of disease
chronic
In medicine, term used to describe a condition that is of slow onset and then runs a prolonged course, such as rheumatoid arthritis or chronic bronchitis. In contrast, an acute condition develops quickly and may be of relatively short duration
Charter 88
British political campaign begun in 1988, calling for a written constitution to prevent what it termed the development of `an elective dictatorship`, and for freedom of information and reform of the electoral register. Those who signed the charter, including many figures from the arts, objected to what they saw as the autocratic leadershi...
chanson
Song type common in France and Italy, often based on a folk tune that originated with the troubadours. Josquin Desprez was a chanson composer
charcoal
Black, porous form of carbon, produced by heating wood or other organic materials in the absence of air. It is used as a fuel in the smelting of metals such as copper and zinc, and by artists for making black line drawings. Activated charcoal has been powdered and dried so that it presents a much inc...
chemical equilibrium
Condition in which the products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate at which they decompose back into the reactants, so that the concentration of each reactant and product remains constant. It is a reversible reaction; the reaction can happen in both directions. For example, in the Haber process, nitrogen and hydrogen combine to ...
chariot
Ancient two-wheeled carriage, used both in peace and war by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, ancient Britons, and others. Various kinds of chariot, with different purposes, are depicted on ancient monuments and in ancient art. The most familiar is the war chariot, usually dr...
Charlottetown
Capital and main port of Prince Edward Island, Canada, situated on the south side of the island on Hillsborough Bay; population (2001 est) 32,200. Charlottetown was incorporated as a city in 1995 and serves as the administrative headquarters of Queens County. It trades in textiles, fish, timber, vegetables, and dairy produce; the main activ...
Chiclayo
Commercial centre and capital of Lambayeque department, northwest Peru, 640 km/400 mi northwest of Lima; population (2005) 495,400; urban agglomeration 1,091,500. One of Peru's fastest growing cities, it lies at the centre of an agricultural area producing rice, cotton, and sugar cane, which are all grown and processed in the region...
Chimbote
Largest fishing port in Peru, situated at the mouth of the Rio Santa, 450 km/280 mi north of Lima, in the department of Ancash; population (2005) 324,400; urban agglomeration 1,039,400. The main industries are fishmeal and steel; fish products are exported. The port was built in the natural harbour on Ferrol Bay in the 1950s, primar...
chimera
(mythology) In Greek mythology, a fire-breathing animal with a lion's head and foreparts, a goat's middle, a dragon's rear, and a tail in the form of a snake; hence any apparent hybrid of two or more creatures. The chimera was killed by the hero Bellerophon on the winged ho...
Chabrol, Claude
French film director. One of the New Wave directors, he came to the fore in the late 1950s. His works centre on murder and suspense, and include Les Cousins/The Cousins (1959), Les Bonnes Femmes/The Good Women (1960), Les Biches/Girlfriends (1968), and Le Boucher/The ...
Chaney, Lon
(Alonso) US star of silent films. He often played grotesque or monstrous roles such as The Phantom of the Opera (1925). A master of make-up, he was nicknamed `the Man of a Thousand Faces`. He sometimes used extremely painful devices for added effect, as in the ...
Chaney, Lon, Jr
(Creighton) US actor. After an acclaimed performance as Lennie in Of Mice and Men (1940), he went on to star in many 1940s horror films, including the title role in The Wolf Man (1941). His other work includes My Favorite Brunette (1947)...
Chubu
Mountainous coastal region of central Honshu island, Japan, area 66,774 sq km/25,781 sq mi; population (2000 est) 21,627,000. The chief city is Nagoya. The region, which produces tea, fruits, and fish, contains the Niigata plain, one of the country's largest rice-producing areas. Mount Fuji and several of Japan's longest rivers ...
Chugoku
Southwest region of Honshu island, Japan, area 31,881 sq km/12,309 sq mi; population (2000 est) 7,732,000. The chief city is Hiroshima. Citrus and grapes are grown in the region. Formerly rich fishing grounds have been damaged by industrial pollution
Chissano, Joaquim Alberto
Mozambique nationalist politician, president 1986–2004; foreign minister 1975–86. In October 1992 he signed a peace accord with the leader of the rebel Mozambique National Resistance (MNR) party, bringing to an end 16 years of civil war. In 1994 he won the country's first free presidential elections, and was re-elected in 1999...
charge-coupled device
Device for forming images electronically, using a layer of silicon that releases electrons when struck by incoming light. The electrons are stored in pixels and read off into a computer at the end of the exposure. CCDs are used in digital cameras, and have now almost entirely replaced photographic film for applications such as astrophotography, whe...
Charlton, Jack
English footballer. A tall, commanding centre-half he spent all his playing career with Leeds United and played a record 773 games for them. He appeared in the England team that won the World Cup in 1966. He is the older brother of Bobby Charlton and the nephew of the Newcastle and England forward Jackie Milburn. Career highlights International...
charm
In physics, a property possessed by elementary particles, including one type of quark (very small particles found inside protons and neutrons), called the charm quark. The effects of charm are only seen in experiments with particle accelerators. See elementary particles
chord
(music) In music, a group of three or more notes sounded together. This `vertical` combination of notes (of any number) is almost infinite in possibility, and yet is fundamental in determining a style of music. This goes some way to explaining the enormous variation of music in exist...
Chavez, Cesar Estrada
US labour organizer who in 1962 founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), now known as the United Farm Workers (UFW), and, with the support of the AFL-CIO (Federation of North American Trade Unions) and other major unions, embarked on a successful campaign to unionize California grape workers. Chavez strove to call the public's ...
chromium ore
Essentially the mineral chromite, FeCr2O4, from which chromium is extracted. South Africa and Zimbabwe are major producers
chalcopyrite
Copper iron sulphide mineral, CuFeS2, the most common ore of copper. It is brassy yellow in colour and may have an iridescent surface tarnish. It occurs in many different types of mineral vein, in rocks ranging from basalt to limestone
chromite
Iron chromium oxide, the main chromium ore. It is one of the spinel group of minerals, and crystallizes in dark-coloured octahedra of the cubic system. Chromite is usually found in association with ultrabasic and basic rocks; in Cyprus, for example, it occurs with serpentine, and in South Africa it forms continuous layers in a layered intru...
chancroid
Acute localized, sexually transmitted ulcer on or about the genitals, caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. It causes painful enlargement and suppuration of lymph nodes in the groin area
Christie, Linford
Jamaican-born English sprinter who, with his win in the 1993 World Championships, became the first track athlete ever to hold World, Olympic, European, and Commonwealth 100-metre titles simultaneously. Career highlights Olympic Games gold 100 metres 1992; silver 100 metres 1988; silver 4 × 100-metre relay 1988; gold 100...
choke coil
In physics, a coil employed to limit or suppress alternating current without stopping direct current, particularly the type used as a `starter` in the circuit of fluorescent lighting
Cheever, John
US writer. His stories and novels focus on the ironies of upper-middle-class life in suburban America. His short stories were frequently published in the New Yorker magazine. His first novel was The Wapshot Chronicle (1957), for which he won the National Book Award. Others include Falconer
chigger
Scarlet or rusty brown mite genus Trombicula, family Trombiculidae, in the order Acarina, common in summer and autumn. Chiggers are parasitic, and their tiny red larvae cause intensely irritating bites in places where the skin is thin, such as behind the knees or between the toes. After a time they leave their host and drop to th...
chyme
General term for the stomach contents. Chyme resembles a thick creamy fluid and is made up of partly digested food, hydrochloric acid, and a range of enzymes. The muscular activity of the stomach churns this fluid constantly, continuing the mechanical processes initiated by the mouth. By the time the chyme leaves the stomach for the duodenum, it is...
chemotropism
Movement by part of a plant in response to a chemical stimulus. The response by the plant is termed `positive` if the growth is towards the stimulus or `negative` if the growth is away from the stimulus. Fertilization of flowers by pollen is achieved because the ovary releases chemicals that produce a positive chemotropic respon...
chlorine
Greenish-yellow, gaseous, non-metallic element with a pungent odour, atomic number 17, relative atomic mass 35.453. It is a member of the halogen group and is widely distributed, in combination with the alkali metals, as chlorides. Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by the German chemist Karl Scheele, but English chemist Humphry Davy first pro...
Champlain, Lake
Lake in northeastern USA (extending some 10 km/6 mi into Canada) on the New York–Vermont border, west of the Green Mountains and east of the Adirondacks; length 201 km/125 mi; area 1,116 sq km/430 sq mi. Lake Champlain is linked to the St Lawrence River via the Richelieu River, and to the Hudson River by canal; it is th...
Charleston
City and main port in southeastern South Carolina, USA, situated on a peninsula between the Ashley and Cooper rivers, at the head of a bay 11 km/7 mi from the Atlantic Ocean; seat of Charleston County; population (2000 est) 96,700. Industries include tourism, paper, chemicals, and petrochemicals. The original settlement dates from 1670,...
Chesapeake Bay
Largest of the inlets on the Atlantic coast of the USA, bordered by eastern Maryland and eastern Virginia. Chesapeake Bay extends southwards from Havre de Grace in northeast Maryland, and enters the Atlantic between Cape Charles and Cape Henry in Virginia; it is about 320 km/200 mi in length and 6–64 km/4–40 mi in width. There...
Chicago
Click images to enlargeFinancial and industrial city in Illinois, USA, on Lake Michigan. It is the third-largest US city; population (2000 est) 2,896,000. Industries include iron, steel, chemicals, electrical goods, machinery, meatpacking and food processing, publishing, and fabricated metals. The once famous stoc...
Charles's law
Law stating that the volume of a given mass of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (temperature in kelvins). It was discovered by French physicist Jacques Charles in 1787, and independently by French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac in 1802. According to Charles's Law, the volume of a gas increases by 1...
chiropractic
In alternative medicine, technique of manipulation of the spine and other parts of the body, based on the principle that physical disorders are attributable to aberrations in the functioning of the nervous system, which manipulation can correct. Developed in the 1890s by US practitioner Daniel David Palmer, chiropractic is widely practised today by...
chorionic villus sampling
Biopsy of a small sample of placental tissue, carried out in early pregnancy at 10–12 weeks' gestation. Since the placenta forms from embryonic cells, the tissue obtained can be tested to reveal genetic abnormality in the fetus. The advantage of CVS over amniocentesis is that it provides an earlier diagnosis, so that if any abnormality is ...
chain reaction
(chemistry) In chemistry, a succession of reactions, usually involving free radicals, where the products of one stage are the reactants of the next. A chain reaction is characterized by the continual generation of reactive substances. A chain reaction comprises three separate stages: initi...
chromatography
Technique for separating or analysing a mixture of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances. This is brought about by means of two immiscible substances, one of which (the mobile phase) transports the sample mixture through the other (the stationary phase). The mobile phase may be a gas or a liquid...
Chuang
The largest minority group in China, numbering about 15 million. They live in southern China, where they cultivate rice fields. Their religion includes elements of ancestor worship. The Chuang language belongs to the Tai family
change of state
In science, change in the physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a material. For instance, melting, boiling, and evaporation and their opposites, solidification and condensation, are changes of state. The former set of changes are brought about by heating or decreased pressure (except for the melt...
chemical change
Change that occurs when two or more substances (reactants) interact with each other, resulting in the production of different substances (products) with different chemical compositions. A simple example of chemical change is the burning of carbon in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (combustion). Other types of chemical change include decomposition,...
chemiluminescence
The emission of light from a substance as a result of a chemical reaction (rather than raising its temperature). See luminescence
Chamorro, Violeta
Nicaraguan newspaper publisher and politician, president 1990–96. With strong US support, she was elected to be the candidate for the United Nicaraguan Opposition (UNO) in 1989, winning the presidency from Daniel Ortega Saavedra in February 1990 and thus ending the period of Sandinista rule and the decade-long Contra war. She brought great...
Chamorro, Barrios de, Violeta
President of Nicaragua from 1990; see Barrios de Chamorro
channel efficiency
Measure of the ability of a river channel to move water and sediment. Channel efficiency can be measured by calculating the channel's hydraulic radius (cross-sectional area/length of bed and bank). The most efficient channels are generally semicircular in cross-section, and it is this shape that water engineers try to create when al...
chemical weathering
Form of weathering brought about by chemical attack on rocks, usually in the presence of water. Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of the original minerals within a rock to produce new minerals (such as clay minerals, bauxite, and calcite). The breakdown of rocks occurs because of chemical reactions between the minerals in the rocks and sub...
chance
Likelihood, or probability, of an event taking place, expressed as a fraction or percentage. For example, the chance that a tossed coin will land heads up is 50%. As a science, it originated when the Chevalier de Méré consulted Blaise Pascal about how to reduce his gambling losses. In 1664, in correspondence with another mathematician...
chronic fatigue syndrome
Common debilitating condition characterized by a diffuse range of symptoms present for at least six months including extreme fatigue, muscular pain, weakness, depression, poor balance and coordination, joint pains, and gastric upset. It is usually diagnosed after exclusion of other diseases and frequently follows a flulike illness. The cause of CFS...
Channel, English
See English Channel
