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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan
Indian-born US astrophysicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983 for his theoretical studies of the physical processes in connection with the structure and evolution of stars. The Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a white dwarf before it turns into a neutron star. Chandrasekhar has also investigated the transfer of ene...

cholesterol
White, crystalline sterol found throughout the body, especially in fats, blood, nerve tissue, and bile; it is also provided in the diet by foods such as eggs, meat, and butter. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Cholesterol is an integral part of all cell membranes a...

chorion
Outermost of the three membranes enclosing the embryo of reptiles, birds, and mammals; the amnion is the innermost membrane

chow chow
Breed of dog originating in China in ancient times. About 45 cm/1.5 ft tall, it has a broad neck and head, round catlike feet, a soft woolly undercoat with a coarse outer coat, and a mane. Its coat should be of one colour, and it has an unusual blue-black tongue

chub
Freshwater fish Leuciscus cephalus of the carp family. Thickset and cylindrical, it grows up to 60 cm/2 ft, is dark greenish or grey on the back, silvery yellow below, with metallic flashes on the flanks. It lives generally in clean rivers throughout Europe

chough
Bird Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax of the crow family, Corvidae, order Passeriformes, about 38 cm/15 in long, black-feathered, with red bill and legs, and long hooked claws. Choughs are frugivorous and insectivorous. They make mud-walled nests and live on sea cliffs and mountains from Europe to East Asia, but are now rare. ...

chordate
Animal belonging to the phylum Chordata, which includes vertebrates, sea squirts, amphioxi, and others. All these animals, at some stage of their lives, have a supporting rod of tissue (notochord or backbone) running down their bodies. Chordates are divided into three major groups: tunicates, cephalochordates (see lancelet), and craniates (incl...

chipmunk
Any of several species of small ground squirrel with characteristic stripes along its side. Chipmunks live in North America and East Asia, in a variety of habitats, usually wooded, and take shelter in burrows. They have pouches in their cheeks for carrying food. They climb well but spend most of their time on or near the ground. The Siberian chipmu...

chinchilla
South American rodent Chinchilla laniger found in high, rather barren areas of the Andes in Bolivia and Chile. About the size of a small rabbit, it has long ears and a long bushy tail, and shelters in rock crevices. These gregarious animals have thick, soft, silver-grey fur, an...

characin
Freshwater fish belonging to the family Characidae. There are over 1,300 species, mostly in South and Central America, but also in Africa. Most are carnivores. In typical characins, unlike the somewhat similar carp family, the mouth is toothed, and there is a small dorsal adipose fin just in front of the tail. Characins are small fishes, often colo...

char
Fish Salvelinus alpinus related to the trout, living in the Arctic coastal waters, and also in Europe and North America in some upland lakes. It is one of Britain's rarest fish, and is at risk from growing acidification. Numerous variants have been described, but they probably all belong to the same species

chamois
Goatlike mammal Rupicapra rupicapra found in mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia Minor. It is brown, with dark patches running through the eyes, and can be up to 80 cm/2.6 ft high. Chamois are very sure-footed, and live in herds of up to 30 members. Both sexes have horns which may be 20 cm/8 in long. These are...

chaffinch
Bird Fringilla coelebs of the finch family, common throughout much of Europe and West Asia. About 15 cm/6 in long, the male is olive-brown above, with a bright chestnut breast, a bluish-grey cap, and two white bands on the upper part of the wing; the female is dulle...

chafer
Beetle of the family Scarabeidae. The adults eat foliage or flowers, and the underground larvae feed on roots, chiefly those of grasses and cereals, and can be very destructive. Examples are the cockchafer and the rose chafer Cetonia aurata, about 2 cm/0.8 in long and bright green

chlorophyll
Group of pigments including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, the green pigments present in chloroplasts in most plants; it is responsible for the absorption of light energy during photosynthesis. The pigment absorbs the red and blue-violet parts of sunlight but reflects the green, thus giving...

chlorosis
Abnormal condition of green plants in which the stems and leaves turn pale green or yellow. The yellowing is due to a reduction in the levels of the green chlorophyll pigments. It may be caused by a deficiency in essential elements (such as magnesium, iron, or manganese), a lack of light, genetic factors, or viral infection

chloroplast
Click images to enlargeStructure (organelle) within a plant cell containing the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts occur in most cells of green plants that are exposed to light, often in large numbers. Typically, they are shaped like a flattened disc, with a double membrane enclosing the stroma, a gel-like matrix...

chitin
Complex long-chain compound, or polymer; a nitrogenous derivative of glucose. Chitin is widely found in invertebrates. It forms the exoskeleton of insects and other arthropods. It combines with protein to form a covering that can be hard and tough, as in beetles, or soft and flexible, as in caterpillars and other insect larvae. It is insolu...

chord
(geometry) In geometry, a straight line joining any two points on a curve. The chord that passes through the centre of a circle (its longest chord) is the diameter. The longest and shortest chords of an ellipse (a regular oval) are called the major and minor axes, respectively

chemotherapy
Any medical treatment with chemicals. It usually refers to treatment of cancer with cytotoxic and other drugs. The term was coined by the German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich for the use of synthetic chemicals against infectious diseases

chemical equation
Method of indicating the reactants and products of a chemical reaction by using chemical symbols and formulae. A chemical equation gives two basic pieces of information: (1) the reactants (on the left-hand side) and products (right-hand side); and (2) the reacting proportions (stoichiometry) – that is, how many units of each re...

chelate
Chemical compound whose molecules consist of one or more metal atoms or charged ions joined to chains of organic residues by two or more coordinate (or dative covalent) chemical bonds. The parent organic compound is known as a chelating agent – for example, EDTA (ethylene-diaminetetra-acetic acid), used in chemical analysis. Chelating ...

chalcedony
Form of the mineral quartz, SiO2, in which the crystals are so fine-grained that they are impossible to distinguish with a microscope (cryptocrystalline). Agate, onyx, and carnelian are gem varieties of chalcedony

Charles, Ray
US singer, songwriter, and pianist. A vastly talented musician and popular singer, he recorded gospel, blues, rock, soul, country, and rhythm and blues. His numerous hit records include `I've Got a Woman` (1955), `What'd I Say` (1959), `Georgia on My Mind` (1960), and `Hit the Road, Jack` (1961), as w...

chip
Another name for an integrated circuit, a complete electronic circuit on a slice of silicon (or other semiconductor) crystal only a few millimetres square

Chinese language
Language or group of languages of the Sino-Tibetan family, spoken in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Chinese communities throughout the world. Varieties of spoken Chinese differ greatly, but all share a written form using thousands of ideographic symbols – characters – which have changed little in 2,000 years. Nowadays,
Chilean Revolution
In Chile, the presidency of Salvador Allende 1970–73, the Western hemisphere's first democratically elected Marxist-oriented president of an independent state

Chinese Revolution
Series of great political upheavals in China between 1911 and 1949 which eventually led to Communist Party rule and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In 1912 a nationalist revolt overthrew the imperial Manchu dynasty. Under the leaders Sun Zhong Shan (Sun Yat-sen) (1923–25) and Jiang Jie Shi (Chiang Kai-shek) (19...

chain reaction
(physics) In nuclear physics, a fission reaction that is maintained because neutrons released by the splitting of some atomic nuclei themselves go on to split others, releasing even more neutrons. Such a reaction can be controlled (as in a nuclear reactor) by using moderators to absorb excess ...

Church of Scotland
Established form of Christianity in Scotland, first recognized by the state in 1560. It is based on the Protestant doctrines of the reformer Calvin and governed on Presbyterian lines. The church went through several periods of episcopacy (government by bishops) in the 17th century, and those who adhe...

Church of England
Established form of Christianity in England, a member of the Anglican communion. It was dissociated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 under Henry VIII; the British monarch is still the supreme head of the Church of England today. The service book until November 2000 was the Book of Common Prayer. It is now Common Worship...

Christmas Island
(Indian Ocean) Island in the Indian Ocean, 360 km/224 mi south of Java; area 140 sq km/54 sq mi; population (1994 est) 2,500. Found to be uninhabited when reached by English explorer Captain W Mynars on Christmas Day 1643, it was annexed by Britain in 1888, occupied by Japan be...

Christmas
Christian religious holiday, the second most important Christian festival after Easter. Observed throughout the Western world on 25 December, it is traditionally marked by feasting and gift-giving. In the Christian church, it is the day on which the birth of Jesus is celebrated, although his actu...

Christina
Queen of Sweden (1632–54). Succeeding her father Gustavus Adolphus at the age of six, she assumed power in 1644, but disagreed with the former regent Oxenstjerna. Refusing to marry, she eventually nominated her cousin Charles Gustavus (Charles X) as her successor. As a secret convert to Roman Catholicism, which was then illegal in Sweden, she ...

Christ
The Messiah as prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament

Christianity
Click images to enlargeWorld religion derived from the teaching of Jesus, as found in the New Testament, during the first third of the 1st century. It has a present-day membership of about a billion, and is divided into groups or denominations that differ in some areas of belief and practice. Its main divisions are th...

chorea
Condition featuring involuntary movements of the face muscles and limbs. It is seen in a number of neurological diseases, including Huntington's chorea

Chou En-lai
Alternative transliteration of Zhou Enlai

cholera
Disease caused by infection with various strains of the bacillus Vibrio cholerae, transmitted in contaminated water and characterized by violent diarrhoea and vomiting. It is prevalent in many tropical areas. The formerly high death rate during epidemics has been much reduced by treatments to prevent dehydration and loss of body ...

chess
Click images to enlargeBoard game originating as early as the 2nd century. Two players use 16 pieces each, on a board of 64 squares of alternating colour (usually black and white), to try to force the opponent into a position (`checkmate`) where the main piece (the king) is threatened and cannot move to another ...

Chain, Ernst Boris
German-born British biochemist who was awarded a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945, together with Alexander Fleming and Howard Florey (Fleming for his discovery of the bactericidal effect of penicillin, and Chain and Florey for their isolation of penicillin and its development as an antibiotic drug). Chain also discovered penicilli...

Chuvash
(republic) Autonomous republic in the western Russian Federation; area 18,300 sq km/7,066 sq mi; population (1990) 1,340,000 (68% Chuvash, 25% Russian). The main cities are Cheboksary (capital), Alatyr, and Shumerla. Chuvash lies south of the Volga River, 560 km/350 mi ...

Churchill, Winston
(Leonard Spencer) Click images to enlargeBritish Conservative politician, prime minister 1940–45 and 1951–55. In Parliament from 1900, as a Liberal until 1924, he held a number of ministerial offices, including First Lord of the Admir...

Church Army
Religious organization within the Church of England founded in 1882 by Wilson Carlile (1847–1942), an industrialist converted after the failure of his textile firm, who became a cleric in 1880. Originally intended for evangelical and social work in the London slums, it developed along Salvation Army lines, and has done much work among ex-p...

Christopher, St
Patron saint of travellers. His feast day, 25 July, was dropped from the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar in 1969. Traditionally he was a martyr in Syria in the 3rd century, and legend describes his carrying the child Jesus over the stream; despite his great strength, he found the burden increasingly heavy, and was told that the child was Jes...

Christophe, Henri
West Indian slave, one of the leaders of the revolt against the French in 1791, who was proclaimed king of Haiti in 1811. His government distributed plantations to military leaders. He shot himself when his troops deserted him because of his alleged cruelty

christening
Christian ceremony of baptism of infants, including giving a name

Christchurch
(New Zealand) City on South Island, New Zealand, 11 km/7 mi from the mouth of the Avon River; population (2001 est) 316,200. The second largest city in New Zealand, it is the principal commercial and industrial centre of the Canterbury Plains. Traditional industries such as farming, me...

Christchurch
(UK) Resort town in Dorset, southern England, at the junction of the Stour and Avon rivers, 8 km/5 mi east of Bournemouth; population (2001) 40,200. Industries include seasonal tourism, and the manufacture of plastics and electronics. The Norman and Early English Holy Trinity church is...

Chrétien de Troyes
French poet. His epics, which introduced the concept of the Holy Grail, include Lancelot, ou le chevalier de la charrette (c. 1178), written for Marie, Countess of Champagne; Perceval, ou le conte du Graal (c. 1182), written for Philip, Count of Flanders; E...

Chopin, Frédéric François
Polish composer and pianist. He made his debut as a pianist at the age of eight. As a performer, Chopin revolutionized the technique of pianoforte-playing, turning the hands outward and favouring a light, responsive touch. His compositions, which include two piano concertos and other orchestral works, have great changes of mood, and flowing rhy...

Chongqing
City, formerly in Sichuan province, China, at the confluence of the Chang Jiang and Jialing Jiang rivers; population (2000) 5,087,200. From the time of the 1990 census it has been included directly under the central government in the capital district of Chongqing, the largest of China's four capital districts, with an area of 82,000 sq km&#...

chilblain
Painful inflammation of the skin of the feet, hands, or ears, due to cold. The parts turn red, swell, itch violently, and are very tender. In bad cases, the skin cracks, blisters, or ulcerates

chemistry
Branch of science concerned with the study of the structure and composition of the different kinds of matter, the changes that matter may undergo, and the phenomena which occur in the course of these changes. Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with carbon compounds. Inorganic chemistry deals with the description, properties, re...

Chicano
Citizens or residents of the USA who are of Mexican descent. The term was originally used for those who became US citizens after the Mexican War. The word probably derives from the Spanish word Mexicanos

Chichén Itzá
Toltec city situated among the Maya city-states of the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico. Built on the site of an earlier Maya settlement, the city was at its height from around AD 980 to 1220 (the Classic and Post-Classic periods), after Toltec peoples from central Mexico settled here. Ruins of...

Chichester
City and market town and administrative headquarters of West Sussex, southern England, 111 km/69 mi southwest of London; population (2001) 27,500. It lies in an agricultural area, and has a harbour. It was a Roman town, Noviomagus Regnensium, and the nearby ruin of Fishbourne Palace (about AD 80) is one of the finest Roman archeological sit...

chickenpox
Common, usually mild disease, caused by a virus of the herpes group and transmitted by airborne droplets. Chickenpox chiefly attacks children under the age of ten. The incubation period is two to three weeks. One attack normally gives immunity for life. The temperature rises and spots (later inflamed...

Chimú
South American civilization that flourished on the coast of Peru from about 1250 to about 1470, when it was conquered by the Incas. The Chimú people produced fine work in gold, realistic portrait pottery, savage fanged feline images in clay, and possibly a system of writing or recording by painting patterns on beans. They built aqueducts carry...

Chisinau
Capital of Moldova, situated in a rich agricultural area; population (2004) 647,500. It is a commercial and cultural centre; industries include cement, food processing, tobacco, and textiles. Founded in 1436, Chisinau was the capital of Bessarabia. It was wrested from three centuries of Ottoman control by Russia in 1812. It was taken by Rom...

chlamydia
Viruslike bacteria which live parasitically in animal cells, and cause disease in humans and birds. Chlamydiae are thought to be descendants of bacteria that have lost certain metabolic processes. In humans, a strain of chlamydia causes trachoma, a disease found mainly in the tropics (a leading cause of blindness); venereally transmitted chlamy...

chalk
(rock) Click images to enlargeSoft, fine-grained, whitish sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate, CaCO3, extensively quarried for use in cement, lime, and mortar, and in the manufacture of cosmetics and toothpaste. ...

china clay
Commercial name for kaolin

chrysotile
Mineral in the serpentine group, Mg3Si2O5(OH)4. A soft, fibrous, silky mineral, the primary source of asbestos

Channel Tunnel
Tunnel built beneath the English Channel, linking Britain with mainland Europe. It comprises twin rail tunnels, 50 km/31 mi long and 7.3 m/24 ft in diameter, located 40 m/130 ft beneath the seabed. Construction began in 1987, and the French and English sections were linked in December 199...

charge
See electric charge

Charles, Jacques Alexandre César
French physicist who studied gases and made the first ascent in a hydrogen-filled balloon in 1783. His work on the expansion of gases led to the formulation of Charles's law. Hearing of the hot-air balloons of the Montgolfier brothers, Charles and his brothers began experimenting with hydrogen balloons and made their ascent only ten day...

charlock
Annual plant belonging to the cress family, found in Europe and Asia. It has hairy stems and leaves and yellow flowers. (Sinapis arvensis, family Cruciferae.)

Childers,
(Robert) English civil servant and writer, Irish republican, author of the spy novel The Riddle of the Sands (1903). A Londoner by birth and educated at Haileybury and Cambridge, Childers served as Clerk of the House of Commons, 1895–1910, and published Riddle ...

Chiltern Hills
Range of chalk hills extending for some 72 km/45 mi in a curve from a point north of Reading to the Suffolk border. Coombe Hill, near Wendover, 260 m/852 ft high, is the highest point

China Sea
Area of the Pacific Ocean bordered by China, Vietnam, Borneo, the Philippines, and Japan. Various groups of small islands and shoals, including the Paracels, 500 km/300 mi east of Vietnam, have been disputed by China and other powers because they lie in oil-rich areas. The chief rivers which flow into the South China Sea are the Red River a...

Chinese art
The painting and sculpture of China. From the Bronze Age to the Cultural Revolution, Chinese art shows a stylistic unity unparalleled in any other culture. From about the 1st century AD Buddhism inspired much sculpture and painting. The Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) produced outstanding metalwork,...

Chinese literature
The earliest written records in Chinese date from about 1500 BC; the earliest extant literary works date from about 800 BC. Poetry Chinese poems, often only four lines long, and written in the ancient literary language understood throughout China, consist of rhymed lines of a fixed number of syllables, ornamented by parallel phrasing and tonal ...

Chittagong
City and port in Bangladesh, 16 km/10 mi from the mouth of the Karnaphuli River, on the Bay of Bengal; population (2001 est) 1,640,000. It has a well-sited natural harbour and its trade increased considerably, at the expense of Calcutta (now Kolkata), after Pakistan achieved independence in 1947. After Dhaka, Chittagong is the leading i...

chivalry
Code of gallantry and honour that medieval knights were pledged to observe. Its principal virtues were piety, honour, valour, courtesy, chastity, and loyalty. The word originally meant the knightly class of the feudal Middle Ages. Modern orders of chivalry such as the Order of the Garter are awarded as a mark of royal favour or as a reward for publ...

choir
(music) Group of singers with several performers or voices to a part. A mixed voice choir contains parts for both women and men; a male voice choir is usually men only, but may be boys and men; a double choir is two equal choirs often used in antiphonal singing (where the choirs sing a...

chronometer
Instrument for measuring time precisely, originally used at sea. It is designed to remain accurate through all conditions of temperature and pressure. The first accurate marine chronometer, capable of an accuracy of half a minute a year, was made in 1761 by John Harrison in England

Chippendale, Thomas
English furniture designer. He set up his workshop in St Martin's Lane, London, in 1753. His trade catalogue The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754), was a significant contribution to furniture design, and the first of its type to be published. Although many of his most characteristic designs are rococo, he also...

Chirico, Giorgio de
Greek-born Italian painter. He founded the school of metaphysical painting, which in its enigmatic imagery and haunted, dreamlike settings presaged surrealism, as in Nostalgia of the Infinite (1911; Museum of Modern Art, New York). Born in Volós, Chirico studied in Athens and Munich. Between 1911 and 1915 he worked i...

Chiron
(astronomy) Unusual object orbiting between Saturn and Uranus, discovered in 1977 by US astronomer Charles Kowal. Initially classified as an asteroid, it has now been given both an asteroid designation (2060 Chiron) and a comet designation (95P/Chiron). It is 130,140 km/8,087 mi across...

Chomsky,
(Avram) US professor of linguistics and political commentator. He proposed a theory of transformational generative grammar, which attracted widespread interest because of the claims it made about the relationship between language and the mind and the universality of an underlying language stru...

chromosome
Click images to enlargeStructures in a cell nucleus that carry the many thousands of genes, in sequence, that determine the characteristics of an organism. There are 46 chromosomes in a normal human cell. Each chromosome normally consists of one very long double strand (or molecule) of DNA, coiled and folded to produce a ...

Chun Doo-hwan
South Korean military ruler who seized power in 1979, and was president 1981–88 as head of the newly formed Democratic Justice Party. Chun, trained in Korea and the USA, served as an army commander from 1967 and was in charge of military intelligence in 1979 when President Park Chung Hee was assassinated by the chief of the Korean Central Inte...

Chirac, Jacques René
French right-of-centre Gaullist politician and head of state, president from 1995 and prime minister 1974–76 and 1986–88, `co-habiting` on the second occasion with the socialist president François Mitterrand. Chirac led the Gaullist party 1974–95, refounding it in 1976 as the Rally for the Republic (RPR), n...

chorale
Traditional hymn tune of the German Protestant Church; see Choral

chromatic scale
Musical scale consisting entirely of semitones. All the notes on a keyboard, black and white, are used for this scale. Dividing the octave into 12 equal steps of one semitone each makes this a neutral scale without a definite key

choreography
The art of creating and arranging ballet and dance for performance; originally, in the 18th century, dance notation

chimera
(biology) In biology, an organism composed of tissues that are genetically different. Chimeras can develop naturally if a mutation occurs in a cell of a developing embryo, but are more commonly produced artificially by implanting cells from one organism into the embryo of another. In the conte...

chameleon
Click images to enlargeAny of 80 or so species of lizard of the family Chameleontidae. Some species have highly developed colour-changing abilities, caused by stress and changes in the intensity of light and temperature, which alter the dispersal of pigment granules in the layers of cells beneath the outer skin. The t...

cheetah
Large wild cat Acinonyx jubatus native to Africa, Arabia, and southwestern Asia, but now rare in some areas. Yellowish with black spots, it has a slim lithe build. It is up to 1 m/3 ft tall at the shoulder, and up to 1.5 m/5 ft long. It can reach 103 kph/64 mph, but tir...

chiffchaff
Small songbird Phylloscopus collybita of the warbler family, Muscicapidae, order Passeriformes. It is found in woodlands and thickets in Europe and northern Asia during the summer, migrating south for winter. About 11 cm/4.3 in long, olive above, greyish below, with yellow-white nether parts, an eyestripe, and usually dar...

chihuahua
Smallest breed of dog, 15 cm/10 in high, developed in the USA from Mexican origins. It may weigh only 1 kg/2.2 lb. The domed head and wide-set ears are characteristic, and the skull is large compared to the body. It can be almost any colour, and occurs in both smooth (or even hairless) and long-coated varieties

chimaera
Fish of the group Holocephali. Chimaeras have thick bodies that taper to a long thin tail, large fins, smooth skin, and a cartilaginous skeleton. They can grow to 1.5 m/4.5 ft. Most chimaeras are deep-water fish, and even Chimaera monstrosa, a relatively shallow-living form caught around European coasts, lives at a de...

chimpanzee
Highly intelligent African ape Pan troglodytes that lives mainly in rainforests but sometimes in wooded savannah. Chimpanzees are covered in thin but long black body hair, except for the face, hands, and feet, which may have pink or black skin. They normally walk on all fours, supporting the front of the body on the knuckles of t...

Chetnik
Member of a Serbian nationalist group that operated underground during the German occupation of Yugoslavia in World War II. Led by Col Draza Mihailovic, the Chetniks initially received aid from the Allies, but this was later transferred to the communist partisans led by Tito. The term was also popularly applied to Serb militia forces in the 1991...

chestnut
Any of a group of trees belonging to the beech family. The Spanish or sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) produces edible nuts inside husks; its timber is also valuable. Horse chestnuts are quite distinct, belonging to the genus Aesculus, family Hippocastanaceae...

Chad
Landlocked country in central North Africa, bounded north by Libya, east by Sudan, south by the Central African Republic, and west by Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. Government A transitional charter was adopted in 1993, as a prelude to full democracy. The charter provides for a 57-member interim legislature, the Higher Transitional Council, elec...

Chile
Click images to enlargeSouth American country, bounded north by Peru and Bolivia, east by Argentina, and south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Government Chile is a presidential democratic republic. Under its 1981 constitution, as amended in 2005, it has an executive president who is elected by universal suffrage for a fou...

China
Click images to enlargeThe largest country in East Asia, bounded to the north by Mongolia; to the northwest by Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Afghanistan; to the southwest by India, Nepal, and Bhutan; to the south by Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam; to the southeast by the South China Sea; to the e...

Charles
(III) Holy Roman Emperor (881–87); he became king of the West Franks in 885, thus uniting for the last time the whole of Charlemagne's dominions, but was deposed