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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


certiorari
In UK administrative law, a remedy available by judicial review whereby a superior court may quash an order or decision made by an inferior body. It has become less important in recent years following the extension of alternative remedies by judicial review. It originally took the form of a prerogative writ

central business district
Click images to enlargeArea of a town or city where most of the commercial activity is found. This area is dominated by shops, offices, entertainment venues, and local-government buildings. Usually the CBD is characterized by high rents and rates, tall buildings, and chain stores, and is readily accessible to pedestri...

cell division
Process by which a cell divides. Cells are the basic units of life and they carry out basic functions that are characteristic of living organisms, such as growth and reproduction. Both growth and reproduction usually involve cell division. In plants and animals reproduction can be either sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. Both involve cel...

Celsius
Scale of temperature, previously called centigrade, in which the range from freezing to boiling of water is divided into 100 degrees, freezing point being 0 degrees and boiling point 100 degrees. The degree centigrade (°C) was officially renamed Celsius in 1948 to avoid confusion with the angular measure known as the centigrade (one hundredth ...

central government
In the UK, that part of the public sector controlled by the nationally-elected government at Westminster, as opposed to local government, which is controlled by local councillors in counties, boroughs, parishes, and so on

censorship, computing
Banning of certain types of information from public access. Concerns over the ready availability of material such as bomb recipes and pornography have led a number of countries to pass laws attempting to censor the Internet. The best known of these is the US Communications Decency Act 1996, but initiatives have been taken in other countries, for ex...

Ceredigion
Unitary authority in southwest Wales, created in 1996 from part of the former county of Dyfed, of which it was a district. Area 1,793 sq km/ 692 sq mi Towns Aberaeron (administrative headquarters), Aberystwyth, Cardigan, Lampeter, Llandyssul, Tregaron Physical part of the Cambrian Mountains, incl...

Cecil, William
See Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley

cementation
The fusion of rock sediments or the remains of microscopic marine organisms into sedimentary rocks. As the material builds up it is compacted together. Cementation occurs as chemical precipitation deposits micro crystals in the spaces between the mineral fragments and grains, holding them together. The `cement` formed may be silica, iron ...

cell
(computing) In computing, a single reference area on a spreadsheet grid. It contains information, a label, or a formula. Each cell reference is unique and is determined according to its position in the spreadsheet grid, using letters to find the column and numbers to find the row. For example,...

cf
Abbreviation for confer (Latin `compare`)

CFC
Abbreviation for chlorofluorocarbon

CGA
In computing, the first colour display system for IBM personal computers and compatible machines. It has been superseded by EGA, VGA, SVGA, XGA, SXGA, and others

Chiang Ching
Alternative transliteration of Jiang Qing, Chinese communist politician and actor, third wife of Mao Zedong

Chesterton, G(ilbert) K(eith)
English novelist, essayist, and poet. He wrote numerous short stories featuring a Catholic priest, Father Brown, who solves crimes by drawing on his knowledge of human nature. Other novels include the fantasy The Napoleon of Notting Hill (1904) and The Man Who Was Thursday (1908), a deeply emotional allegory ab...

Chester
(UK) City and administrative headquarters of Cheshire, England, on the River Dee 26 km/16 mi south of Liverpool, two miles from the border with Wales; population (2001) 80,100. There are engineering, aerospace (Airbus), metallurgical, and clothing industries, and car components are man...

Cheshire
County of northwest England, which has contained the unitary authorities Halton and Warrington since April 1998. Area 2,320 sq km/896 sq mi. Towns and cities Chester (administrative headquarters), Crewe, Congleton, Macclesfield Physical chiefly a fertile plain, with the Pennines in the east; ...

Cherokee
Member of an American Indian people who moved from the Great Lakes region to the southern Appalachian Mountains (Virginia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and possibly Kentucky); by the 16th century they occupied some 64,000 sq km/40,000 sq mi. Their language belonged to the Iroquoian family. They lived in log cabins ...

Chernobyl
Town in northern Ukraine, 100 km/62 mi north of Kiev; site of a former nuclear power station. The town is now abandoned. On 26 April 1986, two huge explosions occurred at the plant, destroying a central reactor and breaching its 1,000-tonne roof. In the immediate vicinity of Chernobyl, 31 people died (all firemen or workers at the plant...

Cherenkov, Pavel Alexeevich
Soviet physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 for his discovery in 1934 of Cherenkov radiation; this occurs as a bluish light when charged atomic particles pass through water or other media at a speed in excess of that of light. He shared the award with his colleagues Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for work resulting in a cosmi...

Cherbourg
French port and naval station at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula, in Manche département; population (1999) 25,300, conurbation 89,700. There is an institute for studies in nuclear warfare, and the town's dry-docks house some of the largest shipbuilding yards in France. Other industries include the manu...

Cher
(river) French river, rising in the Massif Central on the eastern edge of Creuse département, and flowing northwest to join the River Loire 19 km/12 mi below Tours; length 350 km/217 mi. It is navigable from Vierzon. It gives its name to the dé...

Chequers
Country home of the prime minister of the UK. It is an Elizabethan mansion in the Chiltern hills near Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, and was given to the nation by Lord Lee of Fareham under the Chequers Estate Act 1917, which came into effect in 1921. Its estate contains about 500 ha/1235 acres of farmlands and woods. The mansion dates fr...

cheque guarantee card
Card issued from 1968 by savings and clearings banks in Europe which guarantees payment by the issuing bank when it is presented with a cheque for payment of goods or service. It bears the customer's signature and account number, for comparison with those on the cheque; payment to the vendor by the issuing bank is immediate, no commission b...

cheque
Written order to pay money; a commonly used means of transferring money through the banking system. Chequebooks are issued by banks and building societies typically to holders of current accounts. Chequebook holders can then write out a cheque, an order to pay money from their account to the person or company named on the cheque. Usually the ch...

Chengdu
Ancient city and capital of Sichuan province, China; population (2001 est) 1,909,400. It is a busy rail junction and has railway workshops. Industries include food-processing, engineering (especially precision machinery), electronics, and the manufacture of textiles and petrochemicals. There are well-preserved temples of the 8th-cen...

Chemnitz
Industrial city in Saxony, Federal Republic of Germany, on the River Chemnitz, 65 km/40 mi south-southeast of Leipzig; population (2005 est) 246,600. Industries include engineering and the manufacture of textiles and chemicals. As a former district capital of East Germany it was named Karl-Marx-Stadt from 1953 to 1990. The city ...

chemical warfare
Use in war of gaseous, liquid, or solid substances intended to have a toxic effect on humans, animals, or plants. Together with biological warfare, it was banned by the Geneva Protocol in 1925, and the United Nations, in 1989, also voted for a ban. In June 1990 the USA and USSR agreed bilaterally to ...

Chelyabinsk
(city) Capital city, economic and cultural centre of Chelyabinsk oblast (region), Russian Federation, 240 km/150 mi south of Yekaterinburg on the Miass River; population (2002) 1,104,600. Chelyabinsk is a major industrial centre in the Urals and an important rail centre. The main branc...

Cheltenham
Spa town at the foot of the Cotswold Hills, Gloucestershire, England, 12 km/7 mi northeast of Gloucester; population (2001) 98,900. The town has light industries including aerospace electronics and food-processing (Kraft). Tourism and the conference business are also important. Annual events include the Cheltenham Festival of Literature...

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich
Russian dramatist and writer of short stories. His plays concentrate on the creation of atmosphere and delineation of internal development, rather than external action. His first play, Ivanov (1887), was a failure, as was The Seagull (1896) until revived by Stani...

Chechnya
Breakaway part of the former Russian autonomous republic of Checheno-Ingush, on the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains; official name Noxcijn Republika Ickeriy from 1994; area 17,300 sq km/6,680 sq mi; population (1990 est) 1,290,000 (Chechen 90%). The capital is Grozny. Chief industries are oil extraction (at one of ...

Chayefsky, Paddy
(Sidney) US screenwriter and dramatist. A writer of great passion and insight, he established his reputation with naturalistic television plays, three of which – Marty (1953), Bachelor Party (1954), and The Catered Affair (1955) ...

chauvinism
Unreasonable and exaggerated patriotism and pride in one's own country, with a corresponding contempt for other nations. In the mid-20th century the expression male chauvinism was coined to mean an assumed superiority of the male sex over the female

Chaucer, Geoffrey
Click images to enlargeEnglish poet. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, reveals his knowledge of human nature and his stylistic variety, from the sophisticated and subtly humorous to the simple and bawdy. His early work shows formal Fren...

Chatterton, Thomas
English poet. His medieval-style poems and brief life were to inspire English Romanticism. Having studied ancient documents, he composed poems he ascribed to a 15th-century monk, `Thomas Rowley`, and these were at first accepted as genuine. He committed suicide after becoming destitute. Seeking a patron, he sent examples to the wr...

château
Click images to enlargeCountry house or important residence in France. The term originally applied to a French medieval castle. The château was first used as a domestic building in the late 15th century. By the reign of Louis XIII (1610–43) fortifications such as moats and keeps were no longer used for defensive...

chasing
Indentation of a design on metal by small chisels and hammers. This method of decoration was familiar in ancient Egypt, Assyria, and Greece; it is used today on fine silverware

Charybdis
In Greek mythology, a monster and the whirlpool it forms, on the Sicilian side of the northern end of the narrow Straits of Messina, opposite the sea monster Scylla. Charybdis lived under a huge fig tree, swallowing the sea and regurgitating it three times a day

Chartres
Administrative centre of the département of Eure-et-Loir in northwest France, 96 km/59 mi southwest of Paris on the River Eure; population (1999) 40,400; conurbation 87,800. The city is an agricultural centre for the fertile Plaine de la Beauce. The twin...

Chartism
Radical British democratic movement, mainly of the working classes, which flourished around 1838 to 1848. It derived its name from the People's Charter, a six-point programme comprising universal male suffrage, equal electoral districts, secret ballot, annual parliaments, and abolition of the property qualification for, and payment of, memb...

Charon
In Greek mythology, the boatman who ferried the dead (shades) over the rivers Acheron and Styx to Hades, the underworld. An obolus (coin) placed on the tongue of the dead paid for their passage. Charon was the son of Night (Nyx) and her brother Erebus, the god of darkness whose kingdom was the subterranean region. He was describe...

Charlotte Augusta, Princess
Only child of George IV and Caroline of Brunswick, and heir to the British throne. In 1816 she married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later Leopold I of the Belgians), but died in childbirth 18 months later

Charlotte Sophia
British queen consort. The daughter of the German duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, she married George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1761, and they had nine sons and six daughters

Charleston
(dance) Back-kicking dance of the 1920s that originated in Charleston, South Carolina, and became a US craze following the musical Runnin' Wild (1923)

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy
Duke of Burgundy from 1463 who fought in the French civil war at Montlhéry in 1465, then crushed Liège (1464–68). He reformed his army before engaging in an ambitious campaign for conquest, unsuccessfully besieging the imperial town of Neuss (1474–75), before being defeated in his attack on the Swiss Federation (1476–77). H...

Charles Martel
Frankish ruler (Mayor of the Palace) of the eastern Frankish kingdom from 717 and the whole kingdom from 731. His victory against the Moors at Moussais-la-Bataille near Tours in 732 earned him his nickname of Martel, `the Hammer`, because he halted the Islamic advance by the Moors into Europe. An illegitimate son of Pepin of Heris...

Charles Edward Stuart
British prince, grandson of James II and son of James, the Old Pretender. In the Jacobite rebellion of 1745 (the Forty-Five) Charles won the support of the Scottish Highlanders; his army invaded England to claim the throne but was beaten back by the Duke of Cumberland and routed at Culloden on 16 April 1746. Charles fled; for five month...

Charles Albert
King of Sardinia from 1831. He showed liberal sympathies in early life, and after his accession introduced some reforms. On the outbreak of the 1848 revolution he granted a constitution and declared war on Austria. His troops were defeated at Custozza and Novara. In 1849 he abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel and retired to a monastery, ...

Charles,
(Karl Franz Josef) Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary from 1916, the last of the Habsburg emperors. He succeeded his great-uncle Franz Josef in 1916 but was forced to withdraw to Switzerland in 1918, although he refused to abdicate. In 1921 he attempted unsuccessfully to regain the cro...

Charge of the Light Brigade
Disastrous attack by the British Light Brigade of cavalry against the Russian entrenched artillery on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War at the Battle of Balaclava. Of the 673 soldiers who took part, there were 272 casualties

Charente
(river) French river, rising in the Massif Central, in Haute-Vienne département, 22 km/14 mi northwest of Chalus, and flowing past Angoulême and Cognac into the Bay of Biscay south of Rochefort. It is 360 km/225 mi long. Its wide estuary is much silted ...

Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon
French painter. He took as his subjects naturalistic still lifes and quiet domestic scenes that recall the Dutch tradition. His work is a complete contrast to that of his contemporaries, the rococo painters. He developed his own technique, using successive layers of paint to achieve depth of tone, and is generally considered one of the finest expon...

Chapman, George
English poet and dramatist. His translations of the Greek epics of Homer (completed 1616) were the earliest in England; his plays include the comedy Eastward Ho (with Ben Jonson and John Marston, 1605) and the tragedy Bussy d'Ambois (1607). Chapman's translations of Homer are among the most faithful...

Chaplin, Charlie
English film actor, director, producer, and composer. One of cinema's most popular stars, he made his reputation as a tramp with a smudge moustache, bowler hat, and twirling cane in silent comedies, including The Rink (1916), The Kid (1921), and The Gold Rush (1925). His work combines buf...

Chapel Royal
In the UK, a group of musicians and clergy serving the English monarch. Dating back at least to 1135, the Chapel Royal fostered some of England's greatest composers, especially prior to the 18th century, when many great musical works were religious in nature. Members of the Chapel Royal have included Thomas Tallis, William Byrd, and Henry Purce...

chaos theory
Branch of mathematics that attempts to describe irregular, unpredictable systems – that is, systems whose behaviour is difficult to predict because there are so many variable or unknown factors. Weather is an example of a chaotic system. Chaos theory, which attempts to predict the probable behaviour of such systems, based on...

Chao Phraya
Click images to enlargeChief river (formerly Menam) of Thailand, flowing 1,200 km/750 mi into the Bight of Bangkok, an inlet of the Gulf of Thailand

chant
Ritual incantation by an individual or group, for confidence or mutual support. Chants can be secular (as, for example, sports supporters' chants) or religious, both Eastern and Western. Ambrosian and Gregorian chants are forms of plainsong

Channel Islands
Group of islands in the English Channel, off the northwest coast of France; they are a possession of the British crown. They comprise the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Great and Little Sark, with the lesser Herm, Brechou, Jethou, and Lihou; area 194 sq km/75 sq mi; population...

Chang Jiang
Longest river of China and Asia, and third longest in the world, flowing about 6,300 km/3,900 mi from Qinghai on the Tibetan Plateau to the Yellow Sea. It is a major commercial waterway and, with its tributaries, is navigable for 30,000 km/18,640 mi; Yichang is considered the head of navigation, but ocean-going vessels can reach inl...

Changchun
Industrial city and capital of Jilin province, northeast China; population (2001 est) 1,868,600. It is the centre of a fertile lowland agricultural district, and manufactures machinery, motor vehicles, and railway rolling stock and equipment. As Hsinking (New Capital) it was the capital of Manchukuo from 1932 to 1945, during the Japanese occupa...

Chanel, Coco
(Gabrielle) French fashion designer. She was renowned as a trendsetter and her designs have been copied worldwide. She created the `little black dress`, the informal cardigan suit, costume jewellery, and perfumes. Her designs were inspired by her personal wish for simple, comfortable...

Chandler, Raymond Thornton
US novelist. He turned the pulp detective mystery form into a successful genre of literature and created the quintessential private eye in the tough but chivalric loner, Philip Marlowe. Marlowe is the narrator of such books as The Big Sleep (1939; filmed 1946), Farewell My Lovely (1940; filmed 1944), &l...

Chancery
In the UK, a division of the High Court that deals with such matters as the administration of the estates of deceased persons, the execution of trusts, the enforcement of sales of land, and foreclosure of mortgages. Before reorganization of the court system in 1875, it administered the rules of equity as distinct from common law

chancellor of the Exchequer
In the UK, senior cabinet minister responsible for the national economy. The office, established under Henry III, originally entailed keeping the Exchequer seal. The chancellor of the Exchequer, from June 2007, is Alistair Darling

Champlain, Samuel de
French pioneer, soldier, and explorer in Canada. Having served in the army of Henry IV and on an expedition to the West Indies, he began his exploration of Canada in 1603. In a third expedition in 1608 he founded and named Québec, and was appointed lieutenant governor of French Canada in 1612

Champaigne, Philippe de
French artist. He was the leading portrait painter of the court of Louis XIII. Of Flemish origin, he went to Paris in 1621 and gained the patronage of Cardinal Richelieu. His style is elegant, cool, and restrained. Ex Voto (1662; Louvre, Paris) is his best-known work. He first studied landscape in Brussels, and went to Pa...

Champagne-Ardenne
Region of northeast France; area 25,606 sq km/9,887 sq mi; population (1999 est) 1,342,400. Its largest town is Reims, but its administrative centre is Châlons-sur-Marne. It comprises the départements of Ardennes, Aube, Marne, and Haute-Marne. The ...

chamber music
Music intended for performance in a small room or chamber, rather than in the concert hall, and usually written for instrumental combinations, played with one instrument to a part, as in the string quartet. Chamber music developed as an instrumental alternative to earlier music for voices such as the madrigal, in which instruments only played an ac...

Chamberlain,
(Joseph) British Conservative politician, elder son of Joseph Chamberlain; foreign secretary 1924–29. He shared the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1925 with Charles G Dawes for his work in negotiating and signing the Pact of Locarno, which fixed the boundaries of Germany. In 1928 he also si...

Chamberlain, Joseph
British politician, reformist mayor of and member of Parliament for Birmingham. In 1886 he resigned from the cabinet over William Gladstone's policy of home rule for Ireland, and led the revolt of the Liberal-Unionists that saw them merge with the Conservative Party

Chamberlain,
(Arthur) British Conservative politician, son of Joseph Chamberlain. He was prime minister 1937–40; his policy of appeasement toward the Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini and German Nazi Adolf Hitler (with whom he con...

Châlons-en-Champagne
Administrative centre of the département of Marne and of the Champagne-Ardenne region in northeast France, 150 km/93 mi east of Paris on the right bank of the River Marne; population (1999) 50,300. Industries include champagne production, brewing, electrical engineering, and textiles manufacture. Châlons was...

Chaldaea
Ancient region of Babylonia

chalice
Cup, usually of precious metal, used in celebrating the Eucharist in the Christian church

Chalmers, Thomas
Scottish theologian. At the Disruption of the Church of Scotland in 1843, Chalmers withdrew from the church along with a large number of other priests, and became principal of the Free Church college, thus founding the Free Church of Scotland

Chaka
Alternative spelling of Shaka, Zulu chief

Chagas's disease
Disease common in Central and South America, infecting approximately 18 million people worldwide. It is caused by a trypanosome parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, transmitted by several species of blood-sucking insect; it results in incurable damage to the heart, intestines, and brain. It is named after Brazilian doctor Carlos ...

Chagall, Marc
Belorussian-born French painter and designer. Much of his highly coloured, fantastic imagery was inspired by the village life of his boyhood and by Jewish and Belorussian folk traditions. He was an original figure, often seen as a precursor of surrealism. I and the Village (1911; Museum of Modern Art, New York) is charact...

chador
All-enveloping black garment for women worn by some Muslims and Hindus. The origin of the chador dates to the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great and the Achaemenian Empire in Persia. Together with the purdah (Persian `veil`) and the idea of female seclusion, it persisted under Alexander the Great and the Byzantine Empire, and was ad...

Chad, Lake
Lake on the northeastern boundary of Nigeria and the eastern boundary of Chad. It lies in a basin of inland drainage and once varied in extent between rainy and dry seasons from 50,000 sq km/19,000 sq mi to 20,000 sq km/7,000 sq mi, but a series of droughts (and loss of water through evaporation and seepage underground) between 1979 and 198...

Chaco
Province of northeast Argentina; area 99,633 sq km/38,469 sq mi; population (2001 est) 979,000; its capital is Resistencia, in the southeast. The province forms part of the Gran Chaco area of South America, which extends into Bolivia and Paraguay, and consists of a flat savannah lowland, mainly covered with scrub, and has many lakes...

Chablis
White burgundy wine produced near the town of the same name in the Yonne département of central France

chrysanthemum
Any of a large group of plants with colourful, showy flowers, containing about 200 species. There are hundreds of cultivated varieties, whose exact wild ancestry is uncertain. In the Far East the common chrysanthemum has been cultivated for more than 2,000 years and is the imperial emblem of Japan. Chrysanthemums can be grown from seed, but new pla...

chive
Perennial European plant belonging to the lily family, related to onions and leeks. It has an underground bulb, long hollow tubular leaves, and globe-shaped purple flower heads. The leaves are used as a garnish for salads. (Allium schoenoprasum, family Liliaceae.)

chilli
Pod, or powder made from the pod, of a variety of capsicum (Capsicum frutescens), a small, hot, red pepper. It is widely used in cooking. The hot ingredient of chilli is capsaicin. It causes a burning sensation in the mouth by triggering nerve branches in the eyes, nose, tongue, and mouth. Capsaicin does not activate the taste bu...

chicory
Plant native to Europe and West Asia, with large, usually blue, flowers. Its long taproot is used dried and roasted as a coffee substitute. As a garden vegetable, grown under cover, its blanched leaves are used in salads. It is related to endive. (Cichorium intybus, family Compositae.)

chickpea
Annual leguminous plant (see legume), grown for food in India and the Middle East. Its short hairy pods contain edible seeds similar to peas. (Cicer arietinum, family Leguminosae.)

chervil
Any of several plants belonging to the carrot family. The garden chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) has leaves with a sweetish smell, similar to parsley. It is used as a garnish and in soups. Chervil originated on the borders of Europe and Asia and was introduced to Western Europe by ...

cherry
Any of a group of fruit-bearing trees distinguished from plums and apricots by their fruits, which are round and smooth and not covered with a bloom. They are cultivated in temperate regions with warm summers and grow best in deep fertile soil. (Genus Prunus, family Rosaceae.)

chanterelle
Edible fungus that is bright yellow and funnel-shaped. It grows in deciduous woodland. (Cantharellus cibarius, family Cantharellaceae.)

chromosphere
Layer of mostly hydrogen gas about 10,000 km/6,000 mi deep above the visible surface of the Sun (the photosphere). It appears pinkish red during eclipses of the Sun

champignon
Any of a number of edible fungi (see fungus). The fairy ring champignon (Marasmius oreades) has this name because its fruiting bodies (mushrooms) grow in rings around the outer edge of the underground mycelium (threadlike body) of the fungus. (Family Agaricaceae.)

chromium
Hard, brittle, grey-white, metallic element, atomic number 24, relative atomic mass 51.996. It takes a high polish, has a high melting point, and is very resistant to corrosion. It is used in chromium electroplating, in the manufacture of stainless steel and other alloys, and as a catalyst. Its compounds are used for tanning leather and for alu...

chloride
Negative ion formed when hydrogen chloride dissolves in water, and any salt containing this ion, commonly formed by the action of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on various metals or by direct combination of a metal and chlorine. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is common table salt

chloroform
Clear, colourless, toxic, carcinogenic liquid with a characteristic pungent, sickly sweet smell and taste, formerly used as an anaesthetic (now superseded by less harmful substances). It is used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic chemical compounds

chloral
Oily, colourless liquid with a characteristic pungent smell, produced by the action of chlorine on ethanol. It is soluble in water and its compound chloral hydrate is a powerful sleep-inducing agent

chlorate
The anion of chloric acid (HClO4), or any salt containing this anion. Common chlorates are those of sodium, potassium, and magnesium. In these compounds, chlorine has the the oxidation level +5. Chlorine compounds with different oxidation levels include the perchlorates (+7), chlorites (+3), hypochlorites (+1)...

chemisorption
Attachment, by chemical means, of a single layer of molecules, atoms, or ions of gas to the surface of a solid or, less frequently, a liquid. It is the basis of some types of catalysis (see catalyst) and is of great industrial importance