Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

shift to the right
a preponderance of older neutrophils in the blood picture. a decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.

Shigella
(shĭ-gel´ә) a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile, rod-shaped bacteria containing four species that are differentiated by biochemical reactions: S. dysente´riae (subgroup A), S. flex´neri (subgroup B), S. boy´dii (subgroup C), and S. son´nei (subgroup D). Their normal habitat is the int...

shigella
(shĭ-gel´ә) any individual organism of the genus Shigella.

shigellosis
(shĭ´gә-lo´sis) any of the intestinal infections with Shigella, such as bacillary dysentery.

shin
(shin) the prominent anterior edge of the tibia and lower leg. saber shin marked anterior convexity of the tibia, seen in congenital syphilis.

shin bone
tibia.

shin bone fever
trench fever.

shin splints
strain of the long flexor muscle of the toes, occurring in athletes and marked by pain along the tibia.

shingles
(shing´gәlz) herpes zoster.

Shirodkar operation
an operation for incompetent cervix in which the cervical os is closed with a surrounding purse-string suture.

shirt stud abscess
collar button abscess.

shiver
(shiv´әr) a slight tremor. to tremble slightly, as from cold.

shivering
(shiv´әr-ing) involuntary shaking of the body, as with cold. It is caused by contraction or twitching of the muscles, and is a physiologic method of heat production in humans and other mammals. As a form of aerobic skeletal muscle activity, vigorous shivering uses about as much energy as riding a bicycle or ...

shock
(shok) a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. a condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of circulating fluid. It is marked by hypotension and coldness of the skin, and often by tachycardia and anxiety. The five main types of shock are anaphyl...

shock lung
acute respiratory distress syndrome.

shock therapy
former name for convulsive therapy.

Shohl solution
(shōl) a solution containing 140 g citric acid and 98 g hydrated crystalline salt of sodium citrate in distilled water to make 1000 mL; used to correct electrolyte imbalance in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

short bone
one of approximately equal length, width, and thickness.

short bowel syndrome
any of the malabsorption conditions resulting from massive resection of the small intestine, the degree and kind of malabsorption depending on the site and extent of the resection; it is characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, and malnutrition.

short central arteries
the anteromedial central arteries, excepting the long central artery (distal medial striate artery).

short ciliary nerves
origin, ciliary ganglion; distribution, smooth muscle and tunics of eye; modality, parasympathetic, sympathetic, and general sensory.

short circumferential arteries
origin, precommunical part of posterior cerebral artery; branches, none; distribution, part of the ventrolateral surface of the pons.

short gastric arteries
origin, splenic artery; branches, none; distribution, upper part of stomach.

short gastric veins
small vessels draining the left portion of the greater curvature of the stomach and emptying into the splenic vein.

short increment sensitivity index
(SISI) short increment sensitivity index test a hearing test in which randomly spaced bursts of sound with increasing intensities are superimposed on a carrier tone that is considerably more intense than the usual speech recognition threshold.

short posterior ciliary arteries
origin,ophthalmic artery; branches, none; distribution, choroid coat of eye.

short PR syndrome
Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome.

short procedures unit
short term care unit a nursing unit where patients are briefly cared for following a medical or surgical procedure and are then discharged without spending the night.

short wave
a wave having a wavelength of 60 meters or less.

short-acting insulin
rapid-acting i.

short-term memory
what one is conscious of at a given moment; in contrast to long-term memory it is of limited capacity (about seven items) and will be lost unless rehearsed and related to information in long-term memory.

shortening contraction
contraction resulting in shortening of a muscle, used to perform positive work or to accelerate a body part. It is metabolically more demanding than a lengthening contraction. Called also concentric contraction.

shot silk phenomenon
shot-silk reflexshot-silk retina an opalescent effect, as of changeable silk, sometimes seen in the retinas of young persons.

shotted suture
one in which the two ends of the suture wire are passed through a split or perforated lead shot, which is then compressed.

shoulder
(shōl´dәr) the area around the glenohumeral joint, the large ball-and-socket joint where the humerus joins the scapula. The smooth, rounded head of the humerus rests against the socket in the scapula. The joint is covered by a tough, flexible protective capsule and has numerous reinforcing ligaments that stre...

shoulder joint
glenohumeral joint.

shoulder presentation
presentation with the fetal shoulder as the presenting part; see oblique lie and transverse lie.

shoulder-hand syndrome
reflex sympathetic dystrophy limited to the upper extremity.

show
(sho) a tiny amount or appearance of something. bloody show. bloody show vaginal discharge of blood-tinged mucus, usually meaning that the cervix has begun to dilate and the onset of labor is imminent.

Shprintzen syndrome
(shprint´sәn) Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (shprint´sәn gōld´bәrg) velocardiofacial syndrome.

shunt
(shunt) to turn to one side; to divert; to bypass. a passage or anastomosis between two natural channels, especially between blood vessels. Such structures may be formed physiologically (such as to bypass a thrombosis), or they may be structural anomalies. a surgical anastomosis.

shuttle walk test
shuttle walking test an exercise test for cardiac function in which the person walks laps (shuttles) at least 10 meters long on a flat, nonslippery surface, keeping pace with audio signals; there are different levels of difficulty in which the patient walks faster until the point of becoming breathless.

Shwachman syndrome
(shwahk´mәn) Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (shwahk´mәn di´ә-mond) a syndrome, believed to be hereditary and autosomal recessive, characterized by primary pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow failure, with normal sweat chloride values and neutropenia. It may be associated with dwarfism ...

Shy-Drager syndrome
(shi´ dra´gәr) a disorder of unknown etiology that begins with symptoms of autonomic insufficiency including orthostatic hypotension, impotence in males, constipation, urinary urgency or retention, and anhidrosis; these are followed by signs of nervous system disturbance such as parkinsonian-like symptoms, cerebel...

Shy-Magee syndrome
(shi´ mә-gee´) central core disease.

SI
international system (système internationale); see si units.

Si
silicon.

SI system
see SI units.

SI unit
any unit of the International System of units (the metric system); see also si units.

SI units
the units of measurement generally accepted for all scientific and technical uses; together they make up the International System of Units (see also metric system). The abbreviation SI, from the French Système International d'Unités, is used in all languages. There are seven base SI units, defined by specified physical measurem...

Sia test
(for macroglobulinemia) a simple screening test performed by adding a drop of serum to 10 to 100 mL of cold distilled water; a positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a heaving cloud of precipitate at the bottom of the container. It is not diagnostic, because it may be positive in other conditions, as in rheuma...

SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone.

sialadenitis
(si″әl-ad″ә-ni´tis) inflammation of a salivary gland.

sialadenosis
(si″әl-ad″ә-no´sis) noninflammatory swelling of the salivary glands.

sialagogue
(si-al´ә-gog) an agent that stimulates the flow of saliva.

sialectasia
(si″әl-ek-ta´zhә) dilatation of a salivary duct.

sialic acid
(si-al´ik) any N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid; various ones are found in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

sialidase
(si-al´ĭ-dās) an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the cleavage of glucosidic linkages between a sialic acid residue and a hexose or hexosamine residue at the nonreducing terminal of oligosaccharides in glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Deficiency of it is an autosomal recessive trait a...

sialidosis
(si-al″ĭ-do´sis) an autosomal recessive disorder due to a deficiency of sialidase; there are two different types: Type I is of adolescent or adult onset and is characterized by myoclonus, cherry-red spots in the eyes with progressive loss of vision, and storage of oligosaccharides with sialic acid residues. Type II...

sialism
(si´әl-iz-әm) ptyalism.

sialitis
(si″ә-li´tis) inflammation of a salivary gland or duct.

sialoadenectomy
(si″ә-lo-ad″ә-nek´tә-me) excision of a salivary gland.

sialoadenitis
(si″ә-lo-ad″ә-ni´tis) inflammation of a salivary gland.

sialoadenotomy
(si″ә-lo-ad″ә-not´ә-me) incision of a salivary gland.

sialoaerophagy
(si″ә-lo-ār-of´ә-je) the swallowing of saliva and air.

sialoangiectasis
(si″ә-lo-an″je-ek´tә-sis) dilatation of a salivary duct.

sialoangiitis
(si″ә-lo-an″je-i´tis) inflammation of a salivary duct; called also sialodochitis and sialoductitis.

sialoangiography
(si″ә-lo-an″je-og´rә-fe) radiography of the ducts of the salivary glands after injection of radiopaque material.

sialocele
(si´ә-lo-sēl″) a salivary cyst.

sialodochitis
(si″ә-lo-do-ki´tis) sialoangiitis.

sialodochoplasty
(si″ә-lo-do´ko-plas″te) plastic repair of a salivary duct.

sialoductitis
(si″ә-lo-dәk-ti´tis) sialoangiitis.

sialogenous
(si″ә-loj´ә-nәs) producing saliva.

sialogogue
(si-al´o-gog) sialagogue.

sialogram
(si-al´o-gram) a film obtained by sialography.

sialography
(si″ә-log´rә-fe) radiographic demonstration of the salivary ducts by means of the injection of substances opaque to x-rays.

sialolith
(si-al´o-lith) a calculus in a salivary gland or duct.

sialolithiasis
(si″ә-lo-lĭ-thi´ә-sis) a condition characterized by the presence of sialoliths.

sialolithotomy
(si″ә-lo-lĭ-thot´ә-me) excision of a salivary calculus.

sialomucin
(si″ә-lo-mu´sin) an acid mucopolysaccharide containing sialic acid, a component of airway secretions of the lungs.

sialorrhea
(si″ә-lo-re´ә) ptyalism.

sialoschesis
(si″ә-los´kә-sis) suppression of secretion of saliva.

sialostenosis
(si″ә-lo-stә-no´sis) stenosis of a salivary duct.

sialosyrinx
(si″ә-lo-si´rinks) salivary fistula. a syringe for washing out the salivary ducts, or a drainage tube for the salivary ducts.

Siamese twins
conjoined twins.

sib
(sib) a blood relative; one of a group of persons all descended from a common ancestor. sibling.

sibilant
(sib´ĭ-lәnt) shrill, whistling, or hissing.

sibling
(sib´ling) any of two or more offspring of the same parents; a brother or sister. Called also sib. half sibling an individual who shares just one parent with the person of reference.

sibship
(sib´ship) a group of persons all descended from a common ancestor. a group of siblings.

sibutramine
(sĭ-bu´trә-mēn″) an appetite suppressant used as the hydrochloride salt in treatment of obesity; administered orally.

Sicard syndrome
(se-kahr´) Collet syndrome.

sicca syndrome
(sik´ah) keratoconjunctivitis and xerostomia (dry mouth) without connective tissue disease.

siccative
(sik´ah-tiv) drying; removing moisture. an agent that produces drying.

siccus
(sik´әs) Latin word meaning dry.

sick
(sik) not in good health; ill; afflicted with disease.

sick sinus syndrome
a complex cardiac arrhythmia usually associated with syncope and manifested as severe sinus bradycardia alone, sinus bradycardia alternating with tachycardia (see bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome), or sinus bradycardia with atrioventricular block. It is a combination of sinoatrial node dysfunction and failure of an escape pacemaker.

sickle cell
an erythrocyte that is shaped like a crescent or sickle because of the presence of varying proportions of hemoglobin S.

sickle cell anemia
an autosomal dominant, chronic form of hemolytic anemia in which large numbers of sickle cells circulate in the blood; it is most common among persons of African and Mediterranean descent. See also sickle cell disease.

sickle cell crisis
a broad term that describes several different conditions occurring as part of sickle cell disease, particularly aplastic crisis, hemolytic crisis, and vaso-occlusive crisis. Factors that can precipitate this include infection, dehydration, trauma, strenuous physical exertion, emotional stress, and extremes of heat and cold.

sickle cell disease
any of a group of diseases associated with the presence of erythrocytes with hemoglobin S, including sickle cell anemia, sickle cell–thalassemia disease, hemoglobin SC disease, and hemoglobin SD disease. They are found most often in those of black African descent, but they also occur in persons of Mediterranean (Southern Europe...