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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

carbonyl group
A group in which an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom: O=C. The carbon atom then has two additional bonds to attach to the rest of the molecule. Organic molecules containing a carbonyl group are a very important, major group of compounds studied in the field of organic chemistry. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carboplatin
An injected chemotherapydrug which is typically used to treat advancedovarian cancer (carcinoma).Side effects include lowered blood cellcounts (all types), nausea and diarrhoea, hair loss, pain and otherneurologic problems. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carboprost
<chemical> An abortifacient effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. ... Pharmacological action: abortifacient agents, non-steroidal, oxytocics. ... Chemical name: Prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid, 9,11,15-trihydroxy-15-methyl-, (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboprost tromethamine
C25H38O5;a prostaglandin used as an abortifacient and in the treatment of refractory postpartum bleeding. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxamide
A molecular configuration (-CONH2) that, together with the related carboximides (iminocarbonyls) (-CONH-), is a constituent of many hypnotics, including barbiturates, hydantoins, and thiazines. ... Synonym: aminocarbonyl. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxamidopeptidase
<enzyme> Has both trypsin and chymotrypsin-like activities; neurohypophyseal hormone inactivating peptidase from toad skin ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carboximide
See: carboxamide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxin
<chemical> A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent. ... Pharmacological action: fungicides, industrial. ... Chemical name: 1,4-Oxathiin-3-carboxamide, 5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-N-phenyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxy terminal
Synonym for C-terminus ... The end of a peptide or protein having a free carboxyl (-COOH) group. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxy-
Combining form indicating addition of CO or CO2. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxy-lyases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the nonhydrolytic addition or removal of a carboxyl group to or from a compound. They include the carboxylases and decarboxylases. ... Registry number: EC 4.1.1. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxy-terminal domain kinase
<enzyme> Protein kinase that phosphorylates the c-terminal repeat domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II at serine residues ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.- ... Synonym: ctd kinase, hs-ctd kinase, tfiih-associated ctd kinase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carboxycathepsin
Synonym for peptidyl-dipeptidase A ... <enzyme> A hydrolase cleaving C-terminal dipeptides from a variety of substrates, including angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II and histidylleucine. ... An important step in the metabolism of certain vasopressor agents. ... It is a chloride-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally memb …

carboxydismutase
Synonym for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase ... A dimerizing carboxy-lyase; an enzyme that catalyses the addition of carbon dioxide to d-ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and the hydrolysis of the addition product to two molecules of 3-d-phosphoglyceric acid, a key reaction in the fixation of CO2 in photosynthesis. ... Synonym: carboxydismutase. ... (05 …

carboxyhaemoglobin
<protein> A blood test which is performed on an arterial specimen and is a measurement of the amount of carbon monoxide which is present and bound to haemoglobin. This is an important test to diagnosis carbon monoxide toxicity (smoke inhalation). Normal carboxyhaemoglobin may be from 3% to as high as 12% in heavy smokers. ... Symptoms of carbo …

carboxyhemoglobin
<chemical> Chemical name: Haemoglobins, carbonyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxyhemoglobinaemia
Presenc e of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood, as in carbon monoxide poisoning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxyl
The characterizing group (-COOH) of certain organic acids; e.g., HCOOH (formic acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid), CH3CH(NH2)COOH (alanine), etc. ... Compare: carboxylic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxyl and carbamoyl transferases
<enzyme> A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. ... Registry number: EC 2.1.3 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxyl group
-COOH group. One of the oxygens is double-bonded to the carbon atom, making it a carbonyl group, and the other oxygen is single bonded to the carbon on one side, and single bonded to the hydrogen on the other. The remaining bond on the carbon atom is atta

carboxyl terminal
The end of a polypeptide chain with the unattached carboxyl group (a -COOH group). Each amino acid in the middle of the chain has an amino group (a -NH2 group) on one side (which is attached to the carboxyl group of the previous amino acid) and a carboxyl group on the other side (which is attached to the amino group of the next amino acid). The oth …

carboxyl-terminal residue
This amino acid residue defines the carboxylterminus of the polypeptide, its the only residue with a free alpha-carboxyl group. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carboxylase
1. One of several carboxy-lyases, trivially named carboxylases or decarboxylases (EC subclass 4.1.1), catalyzing the addition of CO2 to all or part of another molecule to create an additional -COOH group (e.g., ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase). ... 2. Obsolete name for pyruvate decarboxylase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxylate reductase
<enzyme> From pyrococcus furiosus; acts on glyceraldehyde to yield glycerate in a unique, partially nonphosphorylated, glycolytic pathway that generates acetyl-CoA from glucose without the participation of nicotinamide nucleotides ... Registry number: EC 1.2.99.6 ... Synonym: glyceraldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, tungsten-iron-sulfur protei …

carboxylation
Addition of CO2 to an organic acceptor, as in formation of malonyl-CoA or in photosynthesis, to yield a -COOH group; catalyzed by carboxylases. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxylesterase
<enzyme> Catalyses a carboxylic ester to yield an alcohol and carboxylic acid anion; has wide specificity; also hydrolyzes vitamin a esters; can be used to separate stereoisomers; consider also esterase b which is a serine protease ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1.1 ... Synonym: carboxylic ester hydrolase, esterase 1, non-specific esterase, estera …

carboxylic acid
An organic acid containing the functional group -COOH.Structurally, the group looks like: O=C- OH ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carboxylic acid ester
Specifically, an ester derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol; R-CO-R' ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxylic acid reductase
<enzyme> Reduces double bonds in presence of hydrogen ... Registry number: EC 1.3.99.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carboxylic acids
Organic acids containing the carboxy (-cooh) group, including amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acid is used both as a class name and a suffix. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxylic ester hydrolases
<enzyme> Enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters with the formation of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid anion. ... Registry number: EC 3.1.1 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxyltransferases
Enzymes transferring carboxyl groups from one compound to another. ... Synonym: transcarboxylases. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxymethylcellulose
<chemical> Polycarboxymethyl ether of cellulose. It is used as an emulsifier, thickener, suspending agent, etc., in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; in research as a culture medium; in chromatography as a stabiliser for reagents; and therapeutically as a bulk laxative with antacid properties. ... Pharmacological action: cathartic, pharmaceutic a …

carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase
<enzyme> Nspc protein isolated from vibrio alginolyticus; genbank d31783 ... Registry number: EC 4.1.1.- ... Synonym: cans dc, nspc gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carboxynorspermidine synthase
<enzyme> Catalyses reductive condensation of l-aspartic beta-semialdehyde with diaminopropane to form carboxynorspermidine and water; requires NADPH ... Registry number: EC 1.5.1.- ... Synonym: c-nspd synthase, aspartic semialdehyde-diaminopropane schiff base reductase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carboxypeptidase
<enzyme> Enzymes (particularly of pancreas) that remove the C terminal amino acid from a protein or peptide. Carboxypeptidase A, will remove any amino acid, carboxypeptidase B is specific for terminal lysine or arginine. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

carboxypeptidase A
A hydrolase that releases C-terminal amino acids, with the exception of C-terminal arginyl, lysyl, and prolyl residues. A zinc-containing exopeptidase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxypeptidase B
A hydrolase that releases C-terminal lysyl or arginyl residues preferentially. A zinc-containing exopeptidase. ... Synonym: protaminase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxypeptidase C
See: serine carboxypeptidase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxypeptidase G
Synonym for gamma-glutamyl hydrolase ... N-Pteroyl-l-glutamate hydrolase;an enzyme cleaving l-glutamyl residues from pteridine oligoglutamates; used in certain antitumour treatments. ... Synonym: carboxypeptidase G, conjugase, gamma-glutamate (glutamate gamma-) carboxypeptidase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboxypeptidases
<enzyme> Registry number: EC 3.4. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carboxysome
<cell biology> Inclusion body (polyhedral body, 90-500nm diameter) found in some Cyanobacteria and autotrophic bacteria, contains ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase: RUBISCO and is involved in carbon dioxide fixation. ... Origin: Gr. Soma = body ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

carbromal
An obsolete hypnotic agent which is a monoureide-containing bromine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbuncle
A Staphylococcal skin infection which involves a hair follicle, often referred to as a boil or a furuncle. A group of boils is known as a carbuncle. ... Symptoms and findings include a tender pea-sized (or larger), red nodule, may ooze pus or weep. ... Treatment includes warm, wet compresses several times a day. Oral or topical antibiotics may be ind …

carbuncles
A skin abscess, a collection of pus that forms inside the body. Antibiotics are often not very helpful in treating abscesses. The main treatments include hot packs and draining ( lancing ) the abscess, but only when it is soft and ready to drain. If you have a fever or long-term illness, such as cancer or diabetes, or are taking medications that su …

carbuncular
Relating to a carbuncle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbunculosis
A Staphylococcal skin infection which involves a hair follicle, often referred to as a boil or a furuncle. A group of boils is known as a carbuncle. ... Symptoms and findings include a tender pea-sized (or larger), red nodule, may ooze pus or weep. ... Treatment includes warm, wet compresses several times a day. Oral or topical antibiotics may be ind …

carburet
1. Archaic term for carbide. ... 2. To combine with carbon. ... 3. To enrich a gas with volatile hydrocarbons, as in a carburetor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbutamide
<chemical> A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to chlorpropamide. ... Pharmacological action: hypoglycaemic agents. ... Chemical name: Benzenesulfonamide, 4-amino-N-((butylamino)carbonyl)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbuterol hydrochloride
[5-[2-(tert-Butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-hydro xyphenyl]urea monohydrochloride;a sympathomimetic drug with bronchodilatory activity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcass
The body of a dead animal; in reference to animals used for human food, the body after the hide, head, tail, extremities, and viscera have been removed. ... Origin: F. Carcasse, fr. It. Carcassa ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinaemia
Debilitation and emaciation caused by advanced-stage cancer. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carcinine synthetase
<enzyme> Requires ATP, beta-alanine, histamine, magnesium and dithiothreitol; forms beta-alanylhistamine(=carcinine) ... Registry number: EC 6.3.2.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carcino-
Cancer; crab. ... Origin: G. Karkinos, crab, cancer ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinoembryonic
Relating to a carcinoma-associated substance present in embryonic tissue, as a carcinoembryonic antigen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinoembryonic antigen
<tumour marker> Antigen found in blood of patients suffering from cancer of colon and some other diseases, that is otherwise normally found in foetal gut tissue. ... (19 Jan 1998) ...

carcinogen
<chemistry, oncology> An agent capable of initiating development of malignant tumours. May be a chemical, a form of electromagnetic radiation or an inert solid body. ... (19 Jan 1998) ...

carcinogenesis
<cell biology, oncology> The generation of cancer from normal cells, correctly the formation of a carcinoma from epithelial cells, but often used synonymously with transformation, tumourigenesis. ... (19 Jan 1998) ...

carcinogenic
Producing carcinoma. ... Origin: Gr. Gennan = to produce ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

carcinogenicity tests
Tests to experimentally measure the tumour-producing/cancer cell-producing potency of an agent by administering the agent (e.g., benzanthracenes) and observing the quantity of tumours or the cell transformation developed over a given period of time. The carcinogenicity value is usually measured as milligrams of agent administered per tumour develop …

carcinogens
Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinogens, environmental
Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoid
<oncology, tumour> Intestinal tumour arising from specialised cells with paracrine functions (APUD cells). ... The primary tumour is commonly in the appendix, where it is clinically benign, hepatic secondaries may release large amounts of vasoactive amines such as serotonin to the systemic circulation. ... Synonym: argentaffinoma. ... (19 Jan 19 …

carcinoid flush
Periodic hyperaemia (flushing) of the skin of the face and other parts of the body seen in patients with a carcinoid tumour; the mediator has not been identified but it is not serotonin; flush can be precipitated by alcohol, food, stress, or palpation of the liver. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinoid heart disease
Cardiac manifestation of malignant carcinoid syndrome. It is a unique form of fibrosis involving the endocardium, primarily of the right heart. The fibrous deposits tend to cause constriction of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoid syndrome
<oncology, syndrome> A constellation of symptoms associated with a serotonin-secreting neoplasm known as carcinoid tumour. ... These tumours may grow anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs) with approximately 90% in the appendix. The remainder occur in the ileum, stomach, colon or rectum. ... Symptoms include flushing, rapid p …

carcinoid tumour
A tumour which secretes excessive amounts of the hormone serotonin. The clinical result is carcinoid syndrome. These tumours may grow anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs) with approximately 90% in the appendix. The remainder occur in the ileum, stomach, colon or rectum. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

carcinolysis
The process of destroying cancer cells. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carcinolytic
Destructive to the cells of carcinoma. ... Synonym: cancericidal, cancerocidal. ... Origin: carcino-+ G. Lytikos, causing a solution ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinoma
<oncology> A malignant new growth that arises from epithelium, found in skin or, more commonly, the lining of body organs, for example: breast, prostate, lung, stomach or bowel. Carcinomas tend to infiltrate into adjacent tissue and spread (metastasize) to distant organs, for example: to bone, liver, lung or the brain. ... Origin: Gr. Karkinom …

carcinoma 256, walker
A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
<tumour> Carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumour of a salivary gland, characterised by rapid enlargement and pain. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinoma in situ
Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began and has not spread to other tissues. Lobular carcinoma in situ is found in the lobules of the breast. Ductal carcinoma in situ (also called intraductal carcinoma) arises in the ducts. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

carcinoma myxomatodes
An obsolete term for a form of colloid cancer in which there is myxomatous metaplasia of the cellular fibrous stroma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carcinoma simplex
An obsolete term for any form of carcinoma in which the relative proportions of stroma and neoplastic epithelial cells are not unusual, i.e., stromal elements are not comparatively abundant, nor are they reduced in amount or lacking; an obsolete term for a carcinoma lacking any identifiable microscopic pattern, such as glandular structure. ... (05 M …

carcinoma, acinar cell
A malignant tumour arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in t …

carcinoma, adenoid cystic
Carcinoma characterised by bands or cylinders of hyalinised or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumours occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the up …

carcinoma, adenosquamous
A mixed adenocarcinoma and squamous cell or epidermoid carcinoma. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, adrenal cortical
A malignant neoplasm of adrenal cortical cells demonstrating partial or complete histological and functional differentiation. They are rare, comprising between only 0.05% and 0.2% of all cancers. Women develop functional adrenal cortical carcinomas more commonly than men, but men develop nonfunctioning ones more often than women. Hypercortisolism i …

carcinoma, basal cell
A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). More than 95% of these carcinomas occur in patients over 40. They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximat …

carcinoma, basosquamous
A skin carcinoma that histologically exhibits both basal and squamous elements. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, bronchogenic
A cancer of the lung, so-called because it arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree. It is not a histologic designation despite the name. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, ehrlich tumour
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumour which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, embryonal
A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumours. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, endometrioid
Ovarian carcinoma which resembles typical carcinoma of the endometrium and may be seen with a synchronous endometrial carcinoma. When they appear together, both tend to be of low stage. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, giant cell
An epithelial neoplasm characterised by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, hepatocellular
Primary carcinoma of the liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumour difficult to distinguish from normal hepatocytes to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic or may form giant cells. Several classification schemes have been suggested. Hepatocellular carcinoma is very rare in the united stat …

carcinoma, infiltrating duct
An invasive (infiltrating) carcinoma of the breast. This carcinoma in which no special histological feature is recognised is designated nos or not otherwise specified and is by far the most common ductal tumour, accounting for almost 70% of breast cancers. It is characterised by stony hardness upon palpation. It commonly metastasizes to the axillar …

carcinoma, islet cell
A carcinoma of the islets of langerhans. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, large cell
A tumour of undifferentiated (anaplastic) cells of large size. It is usually bronchogenic. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, lewis lung
A carcinoma discovered by dr. Margaret r. Lewis of the wistar institute in 1951. This tumour originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a c57bl mouse. The tumour does not appear to be grossly haemorrhagic and the majority of the tumour tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. It is also called 3ll and llc and is used as a transplantable m …

carcinoma, lobular
A infiltrating (invasive) breast cancer, relatively uncommon, accounting for only 5%-10% of breast tumours in most series. It is often an area of ill-defined thickening in the breast, in contrast to the dominant lump characteristic of ductal carcinoma. It is typically composed of small cells in a linear arrangement with a tendency to grow around du …

carcinoma, medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, mucoepidermoid
A tumour of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumours of the parotid gland …

carcinoma, neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round 'blue cells', granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumours include carcinoids, small ('oat') cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, merkel cell tumour, cutan …

carcinoma, non-small-cell lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. They are dealt with collectively because of the shared properties of poor response to conventional chemotherapy and the potential for cure with surgical resection in a fraction of patie …

carcinoma, papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterised by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, papillary, follicular
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behaviour and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carcinoma, renal cell
Carcinoma of the renal parenchyma usually occurring in middle age or later and composed of tubular cells in varying arrangements. It was first described in 1826. Possible causal factors are environmental, hormonal, cellular, and genetic. Smoking is a definite risk factor and obesity is associated with increased risk. Renal cell carcinoma accounts f …

carcinoma, signet ring cell
A highly malignant, mucus-secreting tumour in which the mucus-secreting cells are anaplastic and appear rounded, with the nucleus displaced to one side by a globule of mucus in the cytoplasm. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...