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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


carbenium
See: carbonium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbenoxolone
<chemical> An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity. ... Pharmacological action: anti-ulcer agents. ... Chemical name: Olean-12-en-29-oic acid, 3-(3-carboxy-1-oxopropoxy)-11-oxo-, (3bet …

carbenoxolone disodium
3b-Hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic hydrogen succinate disodium salt;a glucocorticoid used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of peptic ulcer. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbetapentane citrate
2-(Diethylaminoethoxy)ethyl 1-phenylcyclopentyl-1-carboxylate citrate;it has atropine-like and local anaesthetic actions and effectively suppresses acute cough due to common upper respiratory infections. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbhemoglobin
Synonym for carbaminohemoglobin ... Carbon dioxide bound to haemoglobin by means of a reactive amino group on the latter, i.e., Hb-NHCOOH; approximately 20% of the total content of carbon dioxide in blood is combined with haemoglobin in this manner. ... Synonym: carbhemoglobin, carbohemoglobin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbide
A compound of carbon with an element more electropositive than itself; e.g., CaC2, calcium carbide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbidopa
<chemical> A peripheral inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase. It is given in parkinsonism along with levodopa to inhibit the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby reducing the peripheral adverse effects, increasing the amount of levodopa that reaches the central nervous system, and reducing the dose needed. It has no antipar …

carbimazole
<chemical> An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolised to methimazole, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity. ... Pharmacological action: antithyroid agents. ... Chemical name: 1H-Imidazole-1-carboxylic acid, 2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-2-thioxo-, ethyl ester ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbinol
Synonym for methyl alcohol ... CH3OH;a flammable, toxic, mobile liquid, used as an industrial solvent, antifreeze, and in chemical manufacture; ingestion may result in severe acidosis, visual impairment, and other effects on the central nervous system. ... Synonym: carbinol, methanol, pyroligneous alcohol, pyroligneous spirit, pyroxylic spirit, wood …

carbinoxamine maleate
Paracarbinoxamine maleate 2-[p-chloro-alpha-(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)benzyl]pyridine maleate; an antihistaminic agent. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbo
Synonym: charcoal. ... Origin: L. Coal ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbobenzoxy
Synonym for benzyloxycarbonyl ... Amino-protecting radical used (as the chloride) in peptide synthesis, yielding PhCH2OCO-NHR. ... Synonym: carbobenzoxy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbocation
<chemistry> A positively charged carbon atom. ... (07 Apr 1998) ...

carbocyanines
<chemical> Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials. ... Pharmacological action: dyes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbocyclic compound
See: cyclic compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbocysteine
<chemical> A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action. ... Pharmacological action: anti-infective agents, local, expectorants. ... Chemical name: Cysteine, S-(carboxymethyl)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbofuran
<chemical> A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. ... Pharmacological action: antinematodal agent, cholinesterase inhibitor, insecticide, carbamate. ... Chemical name: 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, methylcarbamate ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbohemoglobin
Synonym for carbaminohemoglobin ... Carbon dioxide bound to haemoglobin by means of a reactive amino group on the latter, i.e., Hb-NHCOOH; approximately 20% of the total content of carbon dioxide in blood is combined with haemoglobin in this manner. ... Synonym: carbhemoglobin, carbohemoglobin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbohydrase
<enzyme> Contains sialidase, fucosidase, hexosaminidase and beta-galactosidase ... Registry number: EC 3.2.1.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carbohydrate
<biochemistry> Very abundant compounds, usually an aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water with the general formula Cn(H2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, s …

carbohydrate conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbohydrate dehydrogenases
<enzyme> Reversibly catalyze the oxidation of a hydroxyl group of carbohydrates to form a keto sugar, aldehyde or lactone. Any acceptor except molecular oxygen is permitted. ... Registry number: EC 1.1. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbohydrate epimerases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the epimerization of chiral centres within carbohydrates or their derivatives. ... Registry number: EC 5.1.3 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbohydrate loading
A procedure popular with long-distance runners and other athletes of filling muscles with a large glycogen pool prior to an athletic event; often, the athlete consumes very few carbohydrates for three days followed by a largely carbohydrate diet for the last three days before the event. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbohydrate metabolism
<biochemistry> The breakdown of starches and sugars into smaller units that can be used by the body for energy. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

carbohydrate sequence
The sequence of carbohydrates within polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbohydrate utilization test
A test for the definitive identification of clinically important yeasts and yeastlike organisms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbohydrate-induced hyperlipaemia
type III familial hyperlipoproteinaemia, type IV familial hyperlipoproteinaemia ...

carbohydrates
A class of aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydric alcohols, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, cn(h2o)n. The most important include the small sugars as well as the large starches, glycogens, celluloses, and gums. Carbohydrates …

carbohydraturia
General term denoting the excretion of one or more carbohydrates in the urine (e.g., glucose, galactose, lactose, pentose), thus including such conditions as glycosuria (melituria), galactosuria, lactosuria, pentosuria, etc. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbohydrazides
Synonym for carbazides ... 1,3-diaminoureas; rNH-NHCONH-NHR'. ... Synonym: carbohydrazides. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbol-fuchsin
See: Ziehl's stain. ... See: carbol-fuchsin paint. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbol-fuchsin paint
A paint containing boric acid, phenol, resorcinol, fuchsin, acetone, and alcohol in water; used in the treatment of superficial mycotic infections. ... Synonym: Castellani's paint. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbol-thionin stain
<technique> A stain useful for demonstrating typhoid bacilli in films and sections, and for Nissl substance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbolate
Synonym: phenate. ... 2. To carbolise. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbolated
Synonym for phenolated ... Impregnated or mixed with phenol. ... Synonym: carbolated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbolic acid
Synonym for phenol ... <chemistry> ... 1. A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc, and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar. ... It has a peculiar odour, somewhat resembling creosote, which is a complex mixture of phenol derivatives. It is of the t …

carbolines
A group of pyridoindole compounds. Allowed are any points of fusion of pyridine with the five-membered ring of indole and any derivatives of these compounds. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbolise
To mix with or add carbolic acid (phenol). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carboluria
The presence of phenol (carbolic acid) in the urine. ... Origin: carbolic acid + G. Ouron, urine ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbomer
A polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with a polyfunctional compound, hence, a poly (acrylic acid) or polyacrylate; a suspending agent for pharmaceuticals. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbometry
Synonym for carbonometry ... An obsolete method for the determination of the presence and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air or expired breath by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lime water. ... Synonym: carbometry. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbomycin
A macrolide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces halstedii; similar to erythromycin and used as an antibacterial and antimicrobial. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbomycin 3-O-acetyltransferase
<enzyme> Involved in carbomycin biosynthesis in streptomyces thermotolerans; referred to as macrolide 3-o-acyltransferase in text; genbank d30759 ... Registry number: EC 2.3.1.- ... Synonym: carbomycin 3-o-acyltransferase, acya gene product ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carbon
<chemistry, element> Sixth element (Z=6) in the periodic table, has 6 protons, often described as the basis of life on earth because of its chemical properties, has potential for use with silicon as a low-activation structural material for fusion reactors, in the form silicon carbide. ... Carbon tiles are often used in plasma-facing components …

carbon bisulfide
Synonym for carbon disulfide ... <chemical> Carbon disulfide (cs2). A colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid, cs2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anaesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, haematologic, and dermatologic effects. ... Chemical name: Carbon disulfide …

carbon compounds, inorganic
Inorganic compounds that contain carbon as an integral part of the molecule but are not derived from hydrocarbons. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon dichloride
Synonym for tetrachlorethylene ... An anthelmintic against hookworm and other nematodes. ... Synonym: carbon dichloride, ethylene tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon dioxide
<biochemistry, physiology> A metabolic byproduct of carbohydrate metabolism. Carbon Dioxide collects in the tissues, is cleared by the blood (via the veins) and removed from the body via the lungs when we exhale air. ... Abbreviation: CO2 ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

carbon dioxide acidosis
Synonym for respiratory acidosis ... <biochemistry> A metabolic derangement of acid-base balance where the blood pH is abnormally low. ... Causes include haemorrhagic shock, cardiogenic shock, severe dehydration, sepsis, toxic ingestion (for example isopropyl alcohol, methanol), alcoholic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal failure and diabeti …

carbon dioxide blood level
A measure of the bicarbonate level in the blood based on a venipuncture specimen. The serum carbon dioxide is one of the normally reported values in the electrolytes profile. Lower levels of carbon dioxide indicate an acidosis. The normal level is 20 to 29 mEq/L. Lower than normal levels can indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, alcoholi …

carbon dioxide content
The total carbon dioxide available from serum or plasma following addition of acid; measured routinely in hospital laboratories as a component of electrolyte profiles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon dioxide cycle
First, an organism which can photosynthesise (such as a plant or some bacteria) will absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air and incorporate it into its body or turn it into organic matter. Then, other organisms which cannot photosynthesise will eat the organic matter, or the photosynthesising organism, and release carbon dioxide gas as a waste pr …

carbon dioxide electrode
A glass electrode in a film of bicarbonate solution covered by a thin plastic membrane permeable to carbon dioxide but impermeable to water and electrolytes; the carbon dioxide pressure of a gas or liquid sample quickly equilibrates through the membrane and is measured in terms of the resulting pH of the bicarbonate solution, as sensed by the glass …

carbon dioxide elimination
The rate at which carbon dioxide enters the alveolar gas from the blood, equal in the steady state to the metabolic production of carbon dioxide by tissue metabolism throughout the body; units: ml/min STPD or mmol/min. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon dioxide reductase
<enzyme> Co is oxidised to co2; carbon dioxide may be reduced to formate; co dehydrogenase contains a (ni/fe-s) enzyme and a (corrinoid/fe-s) enzyme component; has co-beta-methylcobamide/tetrahydropteridine methyltransferase and acetyl-CoA synthase activities ... Registry number: EC 1.2.99.2 ... Synonym: co2 reductase, ferredoxin-co2 oxidoreduc …

carbon dioxide snow
Solid carbon dioxide used in the treatment of warts, lupus, nevi, and other skin affections, and as a refrigerant. ... Synonym: dry ice. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon dioxide-free water
Purified water that has been boiled vigorously for 5 minutes or more. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon disulfide
<chemical> Carbon disulfide (cs2). A colourless, flammable, poisonous liquid, cs2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anaesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, haematologic, and dermatologic effects. ... Chemical name: Carbon disulfide ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon disulfide poisoning
Acute or chronic intoxication by CS2, an industrial condition encountered among rubber workers and makers of artificial silk (rayon) by the viscose process; characterised by insomnia, listlessness, and irritability, followed by paralyses, impaired vision, peptic ulcer, and psychoses. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon fixation
<plant biology> The process by which photosynthetic organisms such as plants turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (us. Carbohydrates). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carbon isotopes
Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon monoxide
<chemical> An organic byproduct of combustion, tasteless, odourless gas that competes with oxygen binding sites on the haemoglobin molecule. ... Early symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure include headache and nausea. Advanced exposure results in coma, cardiovascular collapse and death. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

carbon monoxide haemoglobin
Synonym for carboxyhemoglobin ... <chemical> Chemical name: Haemoglobins, carbonyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon monoxide poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon source
Any carbon-containing organic molecule (carbohydrate, aminoacid) that an organism can use to produce energy in the form of ATP. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

carbon tetrachloride
<chemical> Tetrachloromethane. A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. ... Chemical name: Methane, tetrachloro- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-11
A cyclotron-produced, positron-emitting radioisotope of carbon with a half-life of 20.3 minutes; used in positron-emitting tomography. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon-12
The standard of atomic mass, 98.90% of natural carbon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon-13
A stable natural isotope, 1.1% of natural carbon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon-14
A beta-emitter with a half-life of 5715 years, widely used as a tracer in studying various aspects of metabolism; naturally occurring 14C, arising from cosmic ray bombardment, is used to date relics containing natural carbonaceous materials. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbon-carbon ligases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-carbon bond. These are the carboxylating enzymes and are mostly biotinyl-proteins. ... Registry number: EC 6.4 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-carbon lyases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. This subclass contains the decarboxylases, the aldehyde-lyases, and the oxo-acid-lyases. ... Registry number: EC 4.1 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-nitrogen ligases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-nitrogen bond. ... Registry number: EC 6.3 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-nitrogen lyases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. Subclasses are the ammonia-lyases, the amidine-lyases, the amine-lyases, and other carbon-nitrogen lyases. ... Registry number: EC 4.3 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-oxygen ligases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-oxygen bond. ... Registry number: EC 6.1 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-oxygen lyases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. ... Registry number: EC 4.2 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-phosphorus lyase
<enzyme> Found in bacteria which utilise alkyl and phenylphosphonic acids ... Registry number: EC 4.99.- ... Synonym: c-p lyase, carbon-phosphorus cleavage enzyme ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

carbon-sulfur ligases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the joining of two molecules by the formation of a carbon-sulfur bond. ... Registry number: EC 6.2 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbon-sulfur lyases
<enzyme> Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. ... Registry number: EC 4.4 ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbonate
1. A salt of carbonic acid. ... 2. The ion CO3=. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonate dehydratase
<enzyme> A zinc-containing enzyme of erythrocytes with molecular weight of 30 kD. It is among the most active of known enzymes and catalyses the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide, which is significant in the transport of co2 from the tissues to the lungs. The enzyme is inhibited by acetazolamide. ... Chemical name: Carbonate hydro-lyase
carbonate dehydratase inhibitor
An agent, usually chemically related to the sulfonamides, that inhibits the activity of carbonate dehydratase, producing a general decrease in the formation of H2CO3 in the tissues. ... See: acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide. ... Synonym: carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonate hydro-lyase
carbonic anhydrase ...

carbonated beverages
Drinkable liquids combined with or impregnated with carbon dioxide. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbonated water
Carbonic water, water that contains a considerable amount of carbonic acid in solution. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonates
Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical co2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbonic
Relating to carbon. See also under carbonate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonic acid
<chemical> Carbonic acid (h2c03). The hypothetical acid of carbon dioxide and water. It exists only in the form of its salts (carbonates), acid salts (hydrogen carbonates), amines (carbamic acid), and acid chlorides (carbonyl chloride). ... Chemical name: Carbonic acid ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

carbonic acid gas
Synonym for carbon dioxide ... <biochemistry, physiology> A metabolic byproduct of carbohydrate metabolism. Carbon Dioxide collects in the tissues, is cleared by the blood (via the veins) and removed from the body via the lungs when we exhale air. ... Abbreviation: CO2 ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

carbonic acid inhibitor
<pharmacology> A group of diuretic medications which act to inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase to create a metabolic acidosis. Many of these medications are used in the treatment of glaucoma. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
<pharmacology> A group of medications (sulphonamide drugs) which inhibit the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. These medications are used in the treatment of glaucoma. ... Examples include acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide and methazolamide. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A class of compounds that reduces the secretion of h+ ions by the proximal kidney tubule through inhibition of carbonic anhydrase (carbonate dehydratase). Although their therapeutic use as diuretics is not frequent, they are used in clinical conditions where alkalinization of the urine is beneficial. Their most frequent application is in the reduct …

carbonic anhydride
Synonym for carbon dioxide ... <biochemistry, physiology> A metabolic byproduct of carbohydrate metabolism. Carbon Dioxide collects in the tissues, is cleared by the blood (via the veins) and removed from the body via the lungs when we exhale air. ... Abbreviation: CO2 ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

carbonium
An organic cation in which the positive charge is on a carbon atom; e.g., (CH3)+. It is now recommended that carbocation be used as the class name and carbenium be used for specific compound names. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonometer
An obsolete device used in carbonometry. ... Origin: L. Carbo (carbon-), coal, + G. Metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonometry
An obsolete method for the determination of the presence and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air or expired breath by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lime water. ... Synonym: carbometry. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonuria
Rarely used term denoting the excretion of carbon dioxide or other carbon compounds in the urine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

carbonyl
The characteristic group, -CO-, of the ketones, aldehydes, and organic acids. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...