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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

violent
1. Moving or acting with physical strength; urged or impelled with force; excited by strong feeling or passion; forcible; vehement; impetuous; fierce; furious; severe; as, a violent blow; the violent attack of a disease. 'Float upon a wild and violent sea.' (Shak) 'A violent cross wind from either coast.' (Milton) ... 2. Acting, characterised, or pr …

violet
1. <botany> Any plant or flower of the genus Viola, of many species. The violets are generally low, herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species are blue, while others are white or yellow, or of several colours, as the pansy (Viola tricolour). ... The cultivated sweet violet is Viola odorata of Europe. The common blue violet of th …

violinist's cramp
A occupational dystonia affecting the digits of the fingering hand, or sometimes the bowing arm, in violin players. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viologens
A group of dipyridinium chloride derivatives that are used as oxidation-reduction indicators. The general formula is 1,1'-di-r-4,4'-bipyridinium chloride, where r = methyl, ethyl, benzyl or, betaine. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viomycin
A rather toxic antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomycespuniceus that, because it can cause nervous system and kidney damage, is only used as a last-ditch treatment for antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

viomycin kinase
<enzyme> Vph from streptomyces vinaceus is involved in viomycin resistance; acts also on capreomycins; a serine residue in the peptide antibiotic acts as phosphate-acceptor ... Registry number: EC 2.7.1.103 ... Synonym: vph gene product, viomycin phosphotransferase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

viosterol
The sunshine vitamin is produced by the body when exposed to UV light. Plays important role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Deficiency is known as rickets. ... Symptoms include soft (weak) and bendable bones, stunted growth, bow legs, chest deformities and knock-knees. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

VIP
Synonym for vasoactive intestinal peptide ... <gastroenterology, protein> Peptide of 28 amino acids, originally isolated from porcine intestine, but later found in the central nervous system where it acts as a neuropeptide and is released by specific interneurons. May also affect behaviour of cells of the immune system. ... Acronym: VIP ... (05 …

viper
1. <zoology> Any one of numerous species of Old World venomous makes belonging to Vipera, Clotho, Daboia, and other genera of the family Viperidae. 'There came a viper out of the heat, and fastened on his hand.' (Acts xxviii. 3) ... Among the best-known species are the European adder (Pelias berus), the European asp (Vipera aspis), the African …

viper venoms
Venoms from snakes of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viperidae
A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), viperinae (true vipers), and crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the united states, central and south america, europe, asia and africa. Their venoms act on the blood (haemotoxic) as comp …

viperine
Of or pertaining to a viper or vipers; resembling a viper. Viperine snake. ... <zoology> Any venomous snake of the family Viperidae. A harmless snake resembling a viper in form or colour, especially. Tropidonotus viperinus, a small European species which resembles the viper in colour. ... Origin: L. Viperinus: cf. F. Viperin. ... Source: Webster …

vipoma
An endocrine tumour, usually arising in the pancreas, that produces vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, which is the mediator of a syndrome of watery diarrhoea, hypokalaemia, and hypochlorhydria, leading to renal failure and death. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Vipond's sign
<clinical sign> A generalised adenopathy occurring during the period of incubation of various of the exanthemas of childhood, affording an early diagnostic sign in a case of known exposure. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viprynium embonate
Synonym for pyrvinium pamoate ... 6-(dimethylamino)-2-[2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrrol-3-yl)-vinyl]-1-methylquinolinium 4,4'-methylenebis[3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate] (2:1);a highly effective drug used in the eradication of human pinworms. ... Synonym: viprynium embonate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viraemia
<virology> The existence of viruses or viral particles in the bloodstream. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

viraginity
Presence of pronounced masculine psychological qualities in a woman. ... Origin: L. Virago (viragin-), a female warrior ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virago
Origin: L. Virago, -intis, from vir a man. See Virile. ... 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, and courage; a woman who has the robust body and masculine mind of a man; a female warrior. 'To arms! to arms! the fierce virago cries.' (Pope) ... 2. Hence, a mannish woman; a bold, turbulent woman; a termagant; a vixen. 'Virago . . . Serpent un …

viral
Pertaining to, caused by or of the nature of virus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

viral alkaline nuclease
<enzyme> Has both exo and endonuclease activity ... Registry number: EC 3.1.- ... Synonym: hsv type 1 alkaline nuclease, herpes simplex virus type I alkaline nuclease, alkaline nuclease, herpes simplex virus ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

viral antigen
Those antigens specified by the viral genome (often coat proteins) that can be detected by a specific immunological response. Often of diagnostic importance. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

viral core proteins
Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the nucleocapsid. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral cystitis
Bladder inflammation due to a viral infection. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral dysentery
Profuse watery diarrhoea due to, or thought to be due to, infection by a virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral encephalomyelitis
An encephalomyelitis due to a neurotropic virus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral envelope
The outer structure that encloses the nucleocapsids of some viruses; may contain host material. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral envelope proteins
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer a …

viral fusion proteins
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral gastroenteritis
<pathology> An inflammatory condition of the intestines that results from an infection with a virus. Rotavirus is a common cause. Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting are common symptoms. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

viral haemagglutination
The nonimmune agglutination of suspended red blood cells by certain of a wide range of otherwise unrelated viruses, usually by the virion itself but in some instances by products of viral growth, the species of erythrocyte agglutinated differing with the different viruses. ... See: haemagglutination inhibition. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral haemorrhagic fever
An epidemic viral illness seen in southern Sudan and Zaire, caused by the Ebola virus. The illness is characterised by fever, malaise, muscle aches, respiratory symptoms, diarrhoea, vomiting, epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematemesis, rash, tremors and subconjunctival haemorrhages. Transmitted by close bodily contact with infected individuals (blood, fa …

viral haemorrhagic fever virus
Synonym for ebola virus ... <virology> An epidemic viral illness seen in southern Sudan and Zaire, caused by the Ebola virus. The illness is characterised by fever, malaise, muscle aches, respiratory symptoms, diarrhoea, vomiting, epistaxis, haemoptysis, haematemesis, rash, tremors and subconjunctival haemorrhages. Transmitted by close bodily …

viral hepatitis
Liver inflammation caused by viruses. Specific hepatitis viruses have been labelled a, b, c, d, e, f, and g. While other viruses can also cause hepatitis, their primary target is not the liver. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral hepatitis type A
A virus disease with a short incubation period (usually 15 to 50 days), caused by hepatitis A virus, a member of the family Picornaviridae, often transmitted by faecal-oral route; may be inapparent, mild, severe, or occasionally fatal and occurs sporadically or in epidemics, commonly in school-age children and young adults; necrosis of periportal l …

viral hepatitis type B
A virus disease with a long incubation period (usually 50 to 160 days), caused by hepatitis B virus, a DNA virus and member of the family Hepadnoviridae, usually transmitted by injection of infected blood or blood derivatives or by use of contaminated needles, lancets, or other instruments; clinically and pathologically similar to viral hepatitis t …

viral hepatitis type C
Principal cause of non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis caused by an RNA virus that may be related to Flaviviridae family. ... Synonym: hepatitis C, virus C hepatitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral hepatitis type D
Acute or chronic hepatitis caused by the hepatitis delta virus, a defective RNA virus requiring HBV for replication. The acute type occurs in two forms: 1) coinfection, the simultaneous occurrence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus infections, which usually is self-limiting; 2) superinfection, the appearance of hepatitis delta virus inf …

viral hepatitis type E
Hepatitis caused by a nonenveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus 27-34 nm in diameter, unrelated to other hepatitis; it is the principal cause of enterically transmitted, waterborne, epidemic NANB hepatitis occurring primarily in Asia and Africa. ... Synonym: hepatitis E. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral hepatitis vaccines
Any vaccine raised against any virus or viral derivative that causes hepatitis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral infection
The successful invasion, establishment and growth of viruses in the tissues of the host. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

viral interference
A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral load
The number of viral particles (usually HIV) in a sample of blood plasma. HIV viral load is increasingly employed as a surrogate marker for disease progression. It is measured by PCR and bDNA tests and is expressed in number of HIV copies or equivalents per millilitre. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

viral matrix proteins
Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the 'glue' that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral meningitis
<pathology> A viral form of infection that is seen most often in those under 30 years of age. Peak time for infection is in late summer. Majority of cases are caused by the Coxsackie and echovirus. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

viral myocarditis
<cardiology, virology> Inflammation of the heart muscle that is caused by an infection with a virus. Coxsackie B is most common in the U.S.A., but Coxsackie A, influenza, rubeola, rubella, Adenovirus, HIV and echovirus can all cause myocarditis. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

viral nonstructural proteins
Viral proteins that are coded by nonstructural genes and usually have an unknown function. Some of these proteins may play structural roles within the infected cell during replication or act in virus regulation. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral oncogene
<molecular biology> A viral gene that contributes to cancer development in vertebrate hosts. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

viral pericarditis
Pericarditis due to a viral infection. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral physiology
Biological processes and activities of viruses. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral pneumonia
<radiology> Common agents: RSV, parainfluenza, adenovirus, influenza ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral probe
Synonym for nucleic acid probe ... A nucleic acid fragment, labelled by a radioisotope, biotin, etc., that is complementary to a sequence in another nucleic acid (fragment) and that will, by hydrogen binding to the latter, locate or identify it and be detected; a diagnostic technique based on the fact that every species of microbe possesses some uni …

viral proteins
Proteins found in any species of virus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral regulatory proteins
Proteins which regulate the rate of transcription of viral structural genes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral strand
See: replicative form. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral structural proteins
Viral proteins that do not regulate transcription. They are coded by viral structural genes and include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). Transcription of viral structural genes is regulated by viral regulatory proteins. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral tail proteins
Proteins found in the tail sections of DNA and RNA viruses. It is believed that these proteins play a role in directing chain folding and assembly of polypeptide chains. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral therapy
The use of genetically altered virus particles for delivering genes to specific sites for the purpose of therapy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viral transformation
<oncology, virology> Malignant transformation of an animal cell in culture, induced by a virus. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

viral vaccines
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

viral vector
<molecular biology> Viral DNA that has been modified to serve as a vector for recombinant DNA. ... (11 Nov 1997) ...

viral wart
Synonym for verruca vulgaris ... A keratotic papilloma of the epidermis which occurs most frequently in young persons as a result of localised infection by human papilloma virus, usually types 2 and 4; the lesions are of variable duration, eventually undergoing spontaneous regression, and are both exophytic and endophytic, with hyperkeratosis, parak …

Virchow-Hassall bodies
Synonym for thymic corpuscle ... Small spherical bodies of keratinised and usually squamous epithelial cells arranged in a concentric pattern around clusters of degenerating lymphocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages; found in the medulla of the lobules of the thymus. ... Synonym: Hassall's bodies, Hassall's concentric corpuscle, Virchow-Hassall bodie …

Virchow-Holder angle
Synonym for Virchow's angle ... An angle formed by the meeting of a line drawn from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the base of the anterior nasal spine with a line drawn from this last point to the centre of the external auditory meatus. ... Synonym: Virchow-Holder angle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow-Robin space
A tunnel-like extension of the subarachnoid space surrounding blood vessels that pass into the brain or spinal cord from the subarachnoid space; the lining of the channel is composed of pia and glial feet of astrocytes; a continuation of the space around capillaries and nerve cells probably does not occur. ... Synonym: His' perivascular space. ... (0 …

Virchow, Rudolf
<person> German pathologist and politician, 1821-1902. ... See: Virchow's angle, Virchow's cells, Virchow's corpuscles, Virchow's crystals, Virchow's disease, Virchow's law, Virchow's node, Virchow's psammoma, Virchow-Holder angle, Virchow-Hassall bodies, Virchow-Robin space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow's angle
An angle formed by the meeting of a line drawn from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the base of the anterior nasal spine with a line drawn from this last point to the centre of the external auditory meatus. ... Synonym: Virchow-Holder angle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow's cells
The lacunae in osseous tissue containing the bone cell's; also the bone cell's themselves. ... Synonym: corneal corpuscles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow's corpuscles
Synonym for corneal corpuscles ... Connective tissue cells found between the laminae of fibrous tissue in the cornea. ... Synonym: Toynbee's corpuscles, Virchow's cells, Virchow's corpuscles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow's crystals
Yellow-brown, amber, or burnt orange crystal's of haematoidin, frequently observed in extravasated blood in tissues. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow's disease
Synonym for megacephaly ... A condition, either congenital or acquired, in which the head is abnormally large; usually applied to an adult skull with a capacity of over 1450 ml. ... Synonym: leontiasis ossea, macrocephaly, macrocephalia, megacephalia, megalocephaly, megalocephalia, Virchow's disease. ... Origin: mega-+ G. Kephale, head ... (05 Mar 2000 …

Virchow's law
There is no special or distinctive neoplastic cell, inasmuch as the component cells of neoplasms originate from preexisting forms. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virchow's node
Synonym for signal node ... A firm supraclavicular lymph node, especially on the left side, sufficiently enlarged that it is palpable from the cutaneous surface; such a lymph node is so termed because it may be the first recognised presumptive evidence of a malignant neoplasm in one of the viscera. A signal node that is known to contain a metastasis …

Virchow's psammoma
Synonym for psammomatous meningioma ... <tumour> A firm cellular neoplasm derived from fibrous tissue of the meninges, choroid plexus, and certain other structures associated with the brain, characterised by the formation of multiple, discrete, concentrically laminated, calcareous bodies (psammoma bodies); most of these neoplasms are histologi …

viremia
Synonym for viraemia ... <virology> The existence of viruses or viral particles in the bloodstream. ... (11 Jan 1998) ...

vireo
<ornithology> Any one of numerous species of American singing birds belonging to Vireo and allied genera of the family Vireonidae. In many of the species the back is greenish, or olive-coloured. Called also greenlet. ... In the Eastern United States the most common species are the white-eyed vireo (Vireo Noveboracensis), the redeyed vireo (V. …

vires
Plural of vis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virga
Synonym: penis. ... Origin: L. A rod ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virgin
1. Being a virgin; chaste; of or pertaining to a virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating modesty; as, a virgin blush. 'Virgin shame.' 'Innocence and virgin modesty . . . That would be wooed, and unsought be won.' (Milton) ... 2. Pure; undefiled; unmixed; fresh; new; as, virgin soil; virgin gold. 'Virgin Dutch.' 'The white cold virgin …

virgin generation
Synonym for parthenogenesis ... <biology> Development of an ovum without fusion of its nucleus with a male pronucleus to form a zygote. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

virgin islands of the united states
A group of islands in the lesser antilles in the west indies, the three main islands being st. Croix, st. Thomas, and st. John. The capital is charlotte amalie. The virgin islands were discovered by columbus in 1493. Before 1917 the u.s. Virgin islands were held by the danish and called the danish west indies but the name was changed when the unite …

virgin lymphocyte
<haematology, immunology> A lymphocyte that has not and whose precursors have not, encountered the antigenic determinant for which it possesses receptors. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

virginal membrane
An obsolete term for hymen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

Virginia snakeroot
<botany> Aristolochia serpentaria, a botanical source of serpentaria. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virginiamycin
<chemical> A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from streptomyces virginiae, s. Loidensis, s. Mitakaensis, s. Pristina-spiralis, s. Ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, virginiamycin factor m1 and virginiamycin factor s1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle …

virginity
The virgin state. ... Origin: L. Virginitas ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virgophrenia
The receptive, capacious, and retentive mind of youth. ... Origin: L. Virgo, maiden, + G. Phren, mind ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virgularian
<zoology> Any one of numerous species of long, slender Alcyonaria belonging to Virgularia and allied genera of the family Virgularidae. These corals are allied to the sea-pens, but have a long rodlike rhachis inclosing a slender, round or square, calcareous axis. The polyps are arranged in transverse rows or clusters along each side of the rh …

viricidal
Synonym for virucidal ... Destructive to a virus. ... Synonym: viricidal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

viricide
Synonym for virucide ... <pharmacology> A chemical that destroys or inactivates a virus. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

viridans haemolysis
See: a' haemolysis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virile
Having the nature, properties, or qualities, of an adult man; characteristic of developed manhood; hence, masterful; forceful; specifically, capable of begetting; opposed to womanly, feminine, and puerile; as, virile age, virile power, virile organs. ... Origin: L. Virilis, fr. Vir a man; akin to AS. Wer: cf. F. Viril. See Werewolf, World, and cf. D …

virilescence
Assumption of male characteristics by the female. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virilia
The male sexual organs. ... Origin: L. Ntr. Pl. Of virilis, virile ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virilisation
<endocrinology> The induction or development of male secondary sex characteristics, especially the induction of such changes in the female, including enlargement of the clitoris, growth of facial and body hair, development of a hairline typical of the male forehead, stimulation of secretion and proliferation of the sebaceous glands (often wit …

virilism
<clinical sign> Masculinisation. Signs may include: increased body or facial hair, change in voice, clitoral enlargement and male-type baldness. ... (13 Oct 1997) ...

virility
The condition or quality of being virile. ... Origin: L. Virilitas, manhood, fr. Vir, man ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virilization
Production or acquisition of virilism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virilizing
Causing virilism. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

virino
<molecular biology, virology> A proposed infectious particle composed of protein and a short sequence of nucleic acids that does not code for any proteins. ... (13 Oct 1997) ...

virion
<virology> A single virus particle, complete with coat. ... (13 Oct 1997) ...