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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

vital spirits
In the galenical teachings, a vital essence or principle supposed to be generated from the air or pneuma in the left ventricle of the heart; carried in the blood to the brain, it was converted to animal spirit's which then flowed along the nerves to all parts of the body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vital stain
<technique> A stain that is taken up by live cells and that can be used to stain, for example: a group of cells in a developing embryo in order to try to determine a fate map. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vital statistics
Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

vital tooth
A tooth with a living pulp. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vital tripod
The brain, the heart, and the lungs, regarded as the three organs essential to life. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vital ultraviolet
Rays necessary or helpful to normal growth; they promote calcium metabolism, are antirachitic in action, and have wavelengths between 3200 and 2900 A°. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitalise
To endow with vital force. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitality test
A group of thermal and electrical test's used to aid in assessment of dental pulp health. ... Synonym: pulp test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitallium
<chemical> An alloy of 60% cobalt, 20% chromium, 5% molybdenum, and traces of other substances. It is used in dentures, certain surgical appliances, prostheses, implants, and instruments. ... Chemical name: Cobalt alloy, base, Co 56-68,Cr 25.00-29.00,Mo 5.00-6.00,Ni 1.75-3.75,Fe 0-3.00,Mn 0-1.00,Si 0-1.00,C 0.20-0.30,B 0-0.007 (UNS R30021) ... …

vitalometer
An electrical device for determining the vitality of the tooth pulp. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamer
One of two or more similar compounds capable of fulfilling a specific vitamin function in the body; e.g., niacin, niacinamide. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin
<biochemistry> An essential low molecular weight organic compound required in trace amounts for normal growth and metabolic processes. They usually serve as components of coenzyme systems. ... For humans Vitamin A, the B series, C, D1 and D2, E and K are required. Deficiencies of one or more vitamins in the nutrient supply result in deficiency …

vitamin A
<biochemistry> Deficiency of this vitamin interferes with the production of rhodopsin in the eye resulting in night blindness and xerophthalmia. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin A aldehyde
Synonym for retinaldehyde ... <chemical> A carotenoid constituent of visual pigments. It is the oxidised form of retinol which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. ... It is bound to the protein opsin forming the complex rhodopsin. When stimulated by visible light, the retinal component of the rhodopsin complex undergoes isome …

vitamin a deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin a in the diet, characterised by night blindness and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (xerophthalmia). Vitamin a deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages …

vitamin A unit
The specific biologic activity of 0.3 ug of vitamin A (alcohol form). ... See: Sherman-Munsell unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin A1
Synonym for retinol ... Vitamin A1alcohol; 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene;a half-carotene bearing the b (or beta-ionone) form of the cyclic end group and a CH2OH at the C-15 position (numbering as in carotenoids) or 9'-position (numbering as a nonyl side chain on a cyclohexene ring); an intermed …

vitamin A1 acid
Synonym for retinoic acid ... <biochemistry> The aldehyde (retinal) has long been known to be involved in photoreception, but retinoic acid has other roles. ... There are cytoplasmic retinoic acid binding proteins and retinoic acid response elements that regulate gene transcription. Retinoic acid is thought to be a morphogen in chick limb bud d …

vitamin A1 alcohol
Synonym for retinol ... Vitamin A1alcohol; 2,6,6-trimethyl-1-(9'-hydroxy-3',7'-dimethylnona-1',3',5',7'-tetraenyl)cyclohex-1-ene;a half-carotene bearing the b (or beta-ionone) form of the cyclic end group and a CH2OH at the C-15 position (numbering as in carotenoids) or 9'-position (numbering as a nonyl side chain on a cyclohexene ring); an intermed …

vitamin A2
Synonym for dehydroretinol ... 3-Dehydroretinol;retinol with an additional double bond in the 3-4 position of the cyclohexane ring. ... Synonym: vitamin A2. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin A2 aldehyde
Synonym for dehydroretinaldehyde ... 3-Dehydroretinaldehyde;dehydroretinol with -CHO instead of -CH2OH at the terminal carbon of the side chain. ... Synonym: retinene-2, vitamin A2 aldehyde. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin B
A group of water-soluble substances originally considered as one vitamin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin b 12
<chemical> A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin b 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. ... Pharmacological action: haematinics. ... Chemical name: Vitamin B12 ... (12 Dec 19 …

vitamin b 12 deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin b 12 in the diet, characterised by megaloblastic anaemia. Since vitamin b 12 is not present in plants, humans have obtained their supply from animal products, from multivitamin supplements in the form of pills, and as additives to food preparations. A wide variety of neuropsychiatric abnor …

vitamin b complex
<chemical> A group of water-soluble substances including thiamine, riboflavin, niacin (nicotinic acid), niacinamide (nicotinamide), the vitamin b6 group (including pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine), biotin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, possibly para-aminobenzoic acid, inositol, vitamin b12, and possibly choline. ... Chemical name: Vitamin …

vitamin B1
<biochemistry> A member of the water-soluble B vitamin group, necessary for energy production and carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency is known as beriberi. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin B1 hydrochloride unit
Synonym for thiamin hydrochloride unit ... The antineuritic activity of 0.003 mg of the standard crystalline vitamin B1 hydrochloride. ... Synonym: vitamin B1 hydrochloride unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin B12
<biochemistry> Member of the water soluble B vitamin group, important in the proper function of the nervous system and important in proper carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin B12 absorption test
<investigation> This test measures the amount of vitamin B12 in the urine after ingesting a dose of B12. This test evaluates vitamin B12 absorption. The cells in the stomach produce a substance known as intrinsic factor. This substance combines with B12 to allow absorption in the distal ileum. The patient is given a small dose of radioactive …

vitamin B12 neuropathy
Synonym for subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord ... A subacute or chronic disorder of the spinal cord, such as that occurring in certain patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, characterised by a slight to moderate degree of gliosis in association with spongiform degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns. ... Synonym: combined scl …

vitamin B2
<biochemistry> Member of the water soluble B vitamin group, important in energy production and the production of red blood cells ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin B2 unit
Synonym for riboflavin unit ... Potency usually expressed in terms of weight of pure riboflavin. ... See: Sherman-Bourquin unit of vitamin B2. ... Synonym: vitamin B2 unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin B3
<biochemistry> Member of the water soluble B vitamin group, used in the production of fatty acids, steroids and cholesterol, deficiency is known as pellagra. Has cholesterol-lowering and vasodilating properties. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin B4
Once believed to be a factor necessary for nutrition of the chick, now identified simply as certain essential amino acids and/or adenine, obsolete term for adenine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin B5
Once used to describe biological activities now ascribed to pantothenic acid or nicotinic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin B6
<biochemistry> Member of the water soluble B vitamin group. Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine, is active in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. It is also a necessary part of haemoglobin synthesis. B6 deficiency results in retarded growth and a peripheral neuropathy. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin B6 deficiency
Member of the water soluble B vitamin group. Vitamin B6 or pyridoxine, is active in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. It is also a necessary part of haemoglobin synthesis. B6 deficiency results in retarded growth and a peripheral neuropathy. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin B6 unit
Potency expressed in terms of weight of pure crystalline pyridoxine. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin B7
<biochemistry> This vitamin is necessary for the synthesis of various enzymes and actsto reduce blood cholesterol. Adeficiency in this vitamin causes pellagra, which is characterised bydermatitis, diarrhoea, and inflammation of the mucous membranes. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

vitamin Bc conjugase
<enzyme> An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of the pteroylpolyglutamic acids to pteroylmonoglutamic acid, with consequent increase in vitamin activity; vitamin Bc is an obsolete term for folic acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin BT
Synonym for carnitine ... <biochemistry> _ Hydroxy _ trimethyl aminobutyric acid. Compound that transports long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane in the form of acyl carnitine. Sometimes referred to as Vitamin Bt or Vitamin B7. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vitamin Bx
Synonym for p-aminobenzoic acid ... A factor in the vitamin B complex, a part of all folic acids and required for its formation; neutralises the bacteriostatic effects of the sulfonamides since it furnishes an essential growth factor for bacteria, the utilization with which the sulfonamides interfere; used as an ultraviolet screen in lotions and cre …

vitamin C
<biochemistry> A water soluble vitamin crucial for the maintenance of connective tissue, wound healing and scar formation. Deficiency is known as scurvy. ... Symptoms include dry skin, bleeding and swollen gums, bone pains, dental cavities and mouth sores. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin C deficiency
A disease due to the deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). ... Symptoms include weakness, anaemia, spongy gums and mucocutaneous bleeding (mouth ulcers). ... Synonym: scurvy. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin C test
Synonym for capillary fragility test ... A tourniquet test used to determine presence of vitamin C deficiency or thrombocytopenia; a circle 2.5 cm in diameter, the upper edge of which is 4 cm below the crease of the elbow, is drawn on the inner aspect of the forearm, pressure midway between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure is applied above …

vitamin C unit
The vitamin C activity of 0.05 mg of the standard crystalline levoascorbic acid; 1 mg of crystalline vitamin C provides 20 USP unit's. ... See: Sherman unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin D
<biochemistry> The sunshine vitamin is produced by the body when exposed to UV light. Plays important role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Deficiency is known as rickets. ... Symptoms include soft (weak) and bendable bones, stunted growth, bow legs, chest deformities and knock-knees. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin D deficiency
A vitamin D deficiency disease of infancy or childhood with a disturbance of the normal process of ossification and bone growth. Often manifests with bone deformity. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin D milk
Cow's milk to which vitamin D has been added, to contain 400 USP units of vitamin D per quart. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin D unit
The antirachitic activity contained in 0.025 ug of a preparation of crystalline vitamin D3 (activated 7-dehydrocholesterol). ... See: Steenbock unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin d-binding protein
An alpha-globulin found in the plasma of man and other vertebrates. It is apparently synthesised in the liver and carries vitamin d and its metabolites through the circulation and mediates the response of tissue. It is also known as group-specific component (gc). Gc subtypes are used to determine specific phenotypes and gene frequencies. These data …

vitamin d-resistant rickets
<radiology> X-linked recessive, defect in renal tubular resorption of phosphate, presents at 1 yr, progressive limb deformities X-ray: less severe changes than other rickets, presents later Differential diagnosis features: family hx, normal serum calcium, marked hypophosphataemia (decreased PO4), no secondary hyperparathyroidism ... (12 Dec 19 …

vitamin D2
Synonym for ergocalciferol ... <hormone> The vitamin produced by the body when exposed to UV light. Plays important role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Deficiency is known as rickets. ... Symptoms include soft (weak) and bendable bones, stunted growth, bow legs, chest deformities and knock-knees. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin D3
Synonym for cholecalciferol ... <biochemistry> The vitamin produced by the body when exposed to ultraviolet light. It has an important role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. ... Deficiency is known as rickets which presents with soft (weak) and bendable bones, stunted growth, bow legs, chest deformities and knock-knees. ... (15 Jan 1998) ...

vitamin E
<biochemistry> Functions as an antioxidant, binds oxygen free radicals that can cause tissue damage, may also play a protective role in the coronary arteries from the damaging effects of cholesterol. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin e deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin e in the diet, characterised by posterior column and spinocerebellar tract abnormalities, areflexia, ophthalmoplegia, and disturbances of gait, proprioception, and vibration. In premature infants vitamin e deficiency is associated with haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytosis, oedema, intraventr …

vitamin E unit
Potency usually expressed in terms of weight of pure alpha-tocopherol. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin F
Term sometimes applied to the essential unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin G
An obsolete term for riboflavin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin H
Synonym for biotin ... <biochemistry> A prosthetic group for carboxylase enzymes. Important in fatty acid biosynthesis and catabolism and has found widespread use as a covalent label for macromolecules which may then be detected by high affinity binding of labelled avidin or streptavidin. Essential growth factor for many cells. ... (18 Nov 1997 …

vitamin K
<biochemistry> A fat soluble vitamin that plays an important role in blood clotting. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin k deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of vitamin k in the diet, characterised by an increased tendency to haemorrhage (haemorrhagic diathesis). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

vitamin K epoxidase
<enzyme> Reductase is the reverse reaction of the epoxidase ... Registry number: EC 1.14.99.- ... Synonym: vitamin k epoxide reductase, menadione epoxide reductase, vitamin k 2,3-epoxide reductase, phylloquinone epoxide reductase, vitamin ko reductase ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

vitamin K unit
See: Dam unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin K1
Synonym for phylloquinone ... Vitamin K1 or K1(20); 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; 3-phytylmenaquinone; isolated from alfalfa;also prepared synthetically; major form of vitamin K found in plants. ... Synonym: phytomenadione, phytonadione, vitamin K1, vitamin K1(20). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin K2
Synonym for menaquinone-6 ... Hexaprenylmenaquinone; prenylmenaquinone-6; 2-methyl-3-hexaprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinone;isolated from putrified fish meal; potency is about 60% of that of phylloquinone (vitamin K1). ... Synonym: farnoquinone, vitamin K2, vitamin K2(30). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin K2(35)
Synonym for menaquinone-7 ... Menaquinone-6 with a 3-heptaprenyl side chain. ... Synonym: vitamin K2(35). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin K3
Synonym for menadione ... A fat soluble vitamin that plays an important role in blood clotting. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

vitamin K4
Synonym for menadiol diacetate ... 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthohydroquinone diacetate;menadiol acetylated at both OH groups; a prothrombogenic vitamin. ... Synonym: acetomenaphthone, vitamin K4. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin K5
4-amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol;an antihemorrhagic vitamin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitamin P
A mixture of bioflavonoids extracted from plants (especially citrus fruits). It reduces the permeability and fragility of capillaries and is useful in the treatment of certain cases of purpura that are resistant to vitamin C therapy. ... See: hesperidin, quercetin, rutin. ... Synonym: capillary permeability factor, citrin, permeability vitamin. ... (0 …

vitamin PP
Synonym for nicotinic acid ... A precursor of NAD, that is a product of the oxidation of nicotine. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vitamin u
<chemical> A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract. ... Pharmacological action: anti-ulcer agents, gastrointestinal agents. ... Chemical name: Sulfonium, (3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)dimethy …

vitamins
For the various vitamins see Vitamins. The word vitamin was coined in 1911 by the warsaw-born biochemist casimir funk (1884-1967). at the lister institute in london, funk isolated a substance that prevented nerve inflammation (neuritis) in chickens raised on a diet deficient in that substance. He named the substance vitamine because he believed it …

vitellarium
In cestodes and trematodes, a common chamber receiving vitelline (yolk) material from the two vitelline ducts; the yolk material then passes into the ootype to surround the ovum with nutritive vitelline granules that are enclosed by a characteristically formed eggshell. ... Synonym: vitelline reservoir. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelliform
Relating to or resembling the yolk of an egg. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelliform degeneration
Degeneration in Best's disease, with the macular region of each eye occupied by a bright orange-yellow circular deposit resembling an egg yolk, followed by scarring; autosomal dominant inheritance. ... Synonym: vitelliruptive degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitellin
<protein> most abundant protein in egg yolk. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vitellin-degrading protease
<enzyme> Has high homology to trypsin-like proteases ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.- ... Synonym: vtn protease 30k, vtn protease 24k ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

vitelline artery
<anatomy, artery> An artery carrying blood to the yolk sac from the embryo. ... Synonym: arteria vitellina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelline cord
A persistent yolk stalk in the form of a solid cord of tissue connecting ileum to umbilicus. ... Synonym: omphalomesenteric cord. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelline duct
The narrow tube connecting the yolk sac with the midgut of the embryo; persistence of all or part of it in post-foetal life produces abnormalities, of which the commonest is meckel's diverticulum. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

vitelline fistula
A fistula between the umbilicus and the terminal ileum along the course of a persistent vitelline cord. ... See: Meckel's diverticulum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelline layer of egg
<zoology> The membrane, usually of protein fibres, immediately outside the plasmalemma of the ovum and the earlier stages of the developing embryo. Its structure and composition vary in differing animal groups. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vitelline membrane
<cell biology> The plasma membrane of the egg. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

Vitelline pole
<embryology> The vegetative pole of an ovum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelline reservoir
Synonym for vitellarium ... In cestodes and trematodes, a common chamber receiving vitelline (yolk) material from the two vitelline ducts; the yolk material then passes into the ootype to surround the ovum with nutritive vitelline granules that are enclosed by a characteristically formed eggshell. ... Synonym: vitelline reservoir. ... (05 Mar 2000) …

vitelline sac
Synonym for yolk sac ... <embryology, ornithology> One of the set of extra embryonic membranes, growing out from the gut over the yolk surface, in birds formed from the splanchnopleure, an outer layer of splanchnic mesoderm and an inner layer of endoderm. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vitelline vein
<anatomy, vein> A vein returning blood from the yolk sac to the embryo. ... Synonym: vena vitellina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelline vessels
See: vitelline artery, vitelline vein. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitelliruptive degeneration
Synonym for vitelliform degeneration ... Degeneration in Best's disease, with the macular region of each eye occupied by a bright orange-yellow circular deposit resembling an egg yolk, followed by scarring; autosomal dominant inheritance. ... Synonym: vitelliruptive degeneration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitellogenesis
The production and storage of yolk in the oocyte which is usually initiated after the first meiotic division. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

vitellogenic carboxypeptidase
<enzyme> Serine carboxypeptidase synthesised in mosquito fat bodies and taken up into oocytes ... Registry number: EC 3.4.16.- ... (26 Jun 1999) ...

vitellogenin
<protein> A protein, precursor of several yolk proteins, especially phosvitin and lipovitellin in the eggs of various vertebrates, synthesised in the liver cells after oestrogen stimulation. ... Also found in large amounts in the haemolymph of female insects, synthesised and released from the fat body during egg formation. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

vitellointestinal cyst
A small red sessile or pedunculated tumour at the umbilicus in an infant; it is due to the persistence of a segment of the vitellointestinal duct. ... Synonym: umbilical cyst. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitellolutein
Lutein from the yolk of egg. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitellorubin
A reddish pigment from the yolk of egg. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitellose
A protein fragment from vitellin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

vitellus
1. <biology> The contents or substance of the ovum; egg yolk. ... 2. <botany> Perisperm in an early condition. ... Origin: L, the yolk of an egg. ... (01 Mar 1998) ...

vitellus ovi
Yolk of egg; used in pharmacy for emulsifying oils and camphors. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...