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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Hipper, Admiral
German heavy cruiser of World War II. During the invasion of Norway 1940 it was rammed by a British destroyer, HMS Glowworm, which sank as a result. It remained in Norwegian waters as part of the...

Hipper, Franz von
(1863-1932) German vice-admiral. A rear-admiral at the start of World War I, he commanded the cruiser squadron which bombarded the Hartlepools 1914. He later commanded cruisers in the battles of the Dogger...

Hippias
Athenian tyrant (527-510 BC), son and successor of Pisistratus, and brother of Hipparchus. He ruled...

Hippo Regius
Ancient city and port in North Africa, close to the modern Algerian port of Annaba. A Phoenician colony is known to have existed on the site before the end of the 4th century BC, and under...

Hippodamus
(lived 5th century BC) Greek architect and town planner from Miletus. He was responsible for laying out the Athenian port of Peiraias. His reputation rests on the `Hippodamian` design of criss-crossed streets. He...

hippodrome
In ancient Greece, a building used for chariot and horse racing (corresponding to the Roman circus). It was usually 180-215 m/196-235 yd long and about 120 m/130 yd wide, semicircular at one end...

hippogriff
Fabulous animal in the shape of a winged horse with the head of a griffin. It was described by the Italian poet Ariosto in his Orlando furioso 1516. ...

Hippolyta
In Greek mythology, a queen of the Amazons. She wore a girdle given to her...

Hippolytus
In Greek mythology, the charioteer son of Theseus, loved by his stepmother Phaedra. Enraged by his rejection, she falsely accused him of dishonouring her and committed suicide, turning Theseus...

Hird, Thora
(1911-2003) English actor. She followed her screen debut in Spellbound (1940) with 60 films, including The Entertainer (1960) and A Kind of Loving (1962). On television she starred in Meet the Wife (1964-66)...

hire purchase
Form of credit under which...

Hirohito
(1901-1989) Emperor of Japan from 1926, when he succeeded his father Taisho (Yoshihito). After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, he was made a figurehead monarch by the US-backed constitution of...

Hiroshige, Ando
(1797-1858) Japanese artist. He was one of the leading exponents of ukiyo-e prints, an art form whose flat, decorative style and choice of everyday subjects influenced such artists as James Whistler and...

Hiroshima
Industrial city and port on the south coast of Honshu Island, Japan; population (1994) 1,077,000. On 6 August 1945 it was destroyed by the first wartime use of an atomic bomb. The city has been...

Hirsch, Emil Gustav
(1851-1923) US rabbi born in Luxembourg. He went to the USA in 1866 and was rabbi of the Sinai Congregation in Chicago 1880-1923. In 1892 he became professor of rabbinic literature and Jewish philosophy at...

Hirschfeld, Al(bert)
(1903-2003) US graphic artist and caricaturist. He worked in New York for David Selznick in 1921 and Warner Brothers 1921-24, and established a studio in Paris 1924-25. He was...

Hirschman, Albert O(tto)
(1915) US political economist born in Germany. He was an economist with the Federal Reserve Board 1946-52, advised the government of Columbia 1952-56, and taught at Yale, Harvard, and Columbia...

Hirshhorn, Joseph H(erman)
(1899-1981) Latvian-born US financier and art collector. He became a stockbroker in 1916, amassed a fortune, and liquidated his holdings just prior to the stock market crash of 1929. He made other fortunes in...

Hirst, Damien
(1965) English sculptor, painter, and designer. He won the Turner Prize in 1995 with Mother and Child Divided, a bisected cow and calf presented in a glass case. His installation works include Away from...

Hirtius, Aulus
(c. 90-43 BC) Roman soldier and historian. He was a friend of the orator Cicero and of Julius Caesar, under whom he served in Gaul. He completed Caesar's De Bello Gallico/The Gallic War by adding the eighth book....

Hispania
Roman provinces of Spain and Portugal. The republican provinces were Hispania Citerior (`Nearer`, the Ebro region), and Ulterior (`Farther`, the Guadalquivir region). Under the empire the...

Hispanic
Spanish-speaking person in the USA, especially of Latin American descent, either native-born or immigrant from Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, or any other Spanish-speaking country. The largest...

hispanidad
Set of values and attitudes emphasizing the common bonds (blood, language, and culture) between Spain and Spanish-speaking nations. It was championed by Mexican philosopher and educationalist...

Hiss, Alger
(1904-1996) US Democrat Department of State official and diplomat imprisoned in 1950 for perjury when he denied dealings with former Soviet agent Whittaker Chambers. The Hiss case contributed to the climate of...

historical archaeology
The archaeological study of historically documented cultures, especially in America and Australia, where it is directed at colonial and post-colonial settlements. The European equivalent is...

historical materialism
The application of the principles of dialectical materialism to history and sociology. This decrees that the social, political, and cultural superstructure of a society is determined by its economic...

historical novel
Genre of fictional prose narrative set in the past. Literature set in the historic rather than the immediate past has always abounded, but in the West, English writer Walter Scott began the modern...

historicism
Term referring to two contrasting views on the nature of historical and social research. The first claims that historians must interpret each age in terms of its values, assumptions,...

history
Record of the events of human societies. The earliest surviving historical records are inscriptions concerning the achievements of Egyptian and Babylonian kings. As a literary form in the Western...

history of ideas
Discipline that studies the history and development of ideas and theories in terms of their origins and influences. The historian of ideas seeks to understand their significance...

history painting
Painting genre depicting scenes taken from classical sources, mythology, the Bible, and literary classics, such as Dante's Divine Comedy. From...

Hitchcock, Ethan Allen
(1798-1870) US soldier and author. He was commandant of cadets at West Point 1829-33, where Robert E Lee, Jefferson Davis, and Edgar Allan Poe were among his pupils. He served in Florida and on Indian duty in...

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell
(1903-1987) US architectural historian. He brought European modernism to America;Modern Architecture 1929, the first English-language book on the subject, was followed by his seminal international style...

Hitchcock, Lambert H
(1795-1852) US furniture maker. He started making furniture by hand, and in 1818 he set up a factory in Barkhamsted, Connecticut, that would soon employ some 100 workers, turning out the parts for chairs that...

Hitchcock, Tommy (Thomas, Jr)
(1900-1944) US polo player and aviator. In World War I he volunteered to fly in the Lafayette Escadrille; shot down behind German lines in March 1918, he escaped and made his way back to his squadron, which...

Hitchens, Christopher
(1949) English journalist, writer, and critic. He is well known in both the USA and the UK for his controversial and acerbic commentaries, and for his changeable political views. He is a contributor to a...

Hitchens, Ivon
(1893-1979) English painter. His semi-abstract landscapes, influenced by cubism, were painted initially in natural tones, later in more vibrant colours. He also painted murals, for example Day's Rest, Day's...

Hitler-Stalin pact
Another name for the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact. ...

Hitti, Philip K(huri)
(1886-1978) US educator, historian, and author born in Lebanon (then part of Syria), a US citizen from 1920. He founded the Syrian Education Society in 1916 and taught Arabic literature at Princeton 1926-54....

Hittite
Member of any of a succession of peoples who inhabited Anatolia and northern Syria from the 3rd millennium to the 1st millennium BC. The city of Hattusas (now Bo&gcaron;azköy in central Turkey)...

Hizbollah
Alternative spelling of Hezbollah, extremist Muslim organization. ...

Hlavácek, Karel
(1874-1898) Czech poet and critic. He was a leading exponent of decadence. His In the Small Hours 1896 is a series of masochistic dreams of a man who can see no value in the prevailing utilitarian society;...

Hmong
Member of a Southeast Asian highland people. They are predominantly hill farmers, rearing pigs and cultivating rice and grain, and many are involved in growing the opium poppy. Estimates...

HMSO
Abbreviation for His/Her Majesty's Stationery Office. ...

Ho Chi Minh
(1890-1969) North Vietnamese communist politician, prime minister 1954-55, and president 1954-69. Having trained in Moscow shortly after the Russian Revolution, he headed the communist Vietminh from 1941...

Ho Chi Minh Trails
North Vietnamese troop and supply routes to South Vietnam via Laos during the Vietnam War 1954-75. In an unsuccessful attempt to disrupt the trail between 1964 and 1973, the USA dropped 2 million...

Hoadly, Benjamin
(1676-1761) English prelate. An eminent theological controversialist, he stoutly upheld the doctrines that the church is subject to the jurisdiction of the civil magistrate, and that its authority cannot in the...

Hoan, Daniel Webster
(1881-1961) US politician and lawyer. A convinced socialist, he was Milwaukee's city attorney 1911-17 and then mayor 1917-41. In the longest continuous socialist administration in US history, he enacted...

Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood
(1816-1895) US judge and public official. Active in the antislavery movement, he coined the term `Conscience Whig` for his wing of the party. He was a justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court 1859-69,...

Hoar, Samuel
(1778-1856) US lawyer, politician, and public official. He served eight years in the Massachusetts legislature and a single term in the House of Representatives 1835-37 (Whig) where he passionately opposed...

hoard
Valuables or prized possessions that have been deliberately buried, often in times of conflict or war, and never reclaimed. Coins, objects in precious metals, and scrap metal are the most common...

Hoard, William Dempster
(1836-1918) US editor, dairyman, and politician. From 1870 he edited the weekly Jefferson County Union in Wisconsin where he speculated that dairying might be the answer for Wisconsin farmers with depleted...

Hoare-Laval Pact
Plan for a peaceful settlement to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935. It was devised by Samuel Hoare (1880-1959), British foreign secretary, and Pierre Laval, French premier, at the...

Hoare, Richard
(1758-1838) British pioneer field archaeologist. He collaborated with William Cunnington (1754-1810) in the investigation and recording of 379 barrows (burial mounds) in Wiltshire, England, most of them on...

Hoban, James
(1762-1831) Irish-born architect. He emigrated to the USA where he designed the White House, Washington, DC; he also worked on the Capitol and other public buildings. ...

Hobart Pasha
(1822-1886) Admiral of the Turkish Fleet. Having attained the rank of captain in the British navy, he retired in 1863 and joined the Turkish navy in 1867. As a blockade-runner during the American Civil War he...

Hobart, Garret A(ugustus)
(1844-1899) US politician who served in several areas of New Jersey state government before becoming US vice-president in 1896 in William McKinley's first term. As vice-president, he presided over the...

Hobbema, Meindert Lubbertzsoon
(1638-1709) Dutch landscape painter. A pupil of Ruisdael, his early work is derivative, but later works are characteristically realistic and unsentimental. His best-known work is The Avenue, Middelharnis...

Hobbes, Thomas
(1588-1679) English political philosopher and the first thinker since Aristotle to attempt to develop a comprehensive theory of nature, including human behaviour. In Leviathan (1651), he advocates absolutist...

Hobbit, The
Fantasy for children by J R R Tolkien, published in the UK in 1937. It describes the adventures of Bilbo Baggins, a `hobbit` (small humanoid) in an ancient world, Middle-Earth, populated by...

Hobby, Oveta Culp
(1905-1995) US public official, lawyer, and journalist. She became director of the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps in October 1942 (the name was changed to Women's Army Corps in 1943), in which some 100,000 women...

Hobby, William Pettus
(1878-1964) US politician and publisher. Starting work as a clerk at the Houston Post, he was managing editor by 1905, becoming president in 1924 and owner in 1939. Democratic lieutenant governor of Texas...

hobgoblin
Another name for a goblin. ...

Hobhouse, John Cam, Baron Broughton
(1786-1869) British statesman. He began his political career in 1820 as Radical member of Parliament for Westminster, having been already imprisoned in Newgate for a satirical pamphlet published anonymously....

Hobson, John Atkinson
(1858-1940) British economist and publicist who was a staunch opponent of the Boer War 1899-1902. He condemned it as a conflict orchestrated by and fought for the preservation of finance capitalism at the...

Hobson, Richmond (Pearson)
(1870-1937) US naval officer who became a hero during the Spanish-American War. He served as a US representative 1907-15 (Democrat, Alabama), and wrote several books including America Must Be Mistress of...

Hoby, Sir Thomas
(1530-1566) English diplomat and translator. Born in Leominster, Hoby went to Cambridge before undertaking extensive travels on the Continent. An expert linguist, he was knighted and sent as ambassador to...

Hoccleve (or Occleve), Thomas
(c. 1370-c. 1450) English poet. His best-known work is De Regimine Principum or The Regimen of Princes 1412, written for the Prince of Wales, later Henry V; it is an English rendering in rhyme royal of a Latin...

Hoche, Louis Lazare
(1768-1797) French general. He enlisted in the French army in 1784, joining the National Guard in 1792. Having repulsed the Duke of York, he commanded the forces on the Moselle and drove the Austrians from...

Hochhuth, Rolf
(1931) Swiss dramatist. His controversial play Soldaten/Soldiers (1968) implied that the British politician Winston Churchill was involved in a plot to assassinate the Polish general Sikorski. Der...

Hocking, Joseph
(1860-1937) English Methodist minister and novelist. His publications include Jabez Easterbrook 1891, Fields of Fair Renown 1896, The Scarlet Women 1899 (which caused some stir in Free Church circles), The...

Hocking, Silas Kitto
(1850-1935) English novelist. He made his reputation as a writer 1878 with a religious and moral tale, Her Benny. Among his other stories are Alec Green 1878,...

Hocking, William Ernest
(1873-1966) US philosopher whose 1904 dissertation grew into his major work, The Meaning of God in Human Experience 1912, which expounded a religiously oriented idealistic metaphysics opening toward mysticism....

Hockney, David
(1937) English painter, printmaker, and designer, resident in California. One of the best-known figures in 20th-century British pop art, he developed a distinctive figurative style, as in his portrait...

Hodge, Charles
(1797-1878) US theologian who was a powerful advocate for conservative Presbyterian doctrine. He edited the Princeton Review for more than 40 years. His...

Hodges, Courtney
(1887-1966) US general; one of the most competent, if not so well-known, US commanders of World War II. He organized the US landings on Omaha and Utah beaches on D-Day and succeeded Bradley in command of...

Hodgkin, Howard
(1932) English painter. Influenced by Indian miniatures, his small pictures are full of movement and colour, the paint frequently spreading over the frame. Though they have a specific subject - often an...

Hodgson, Ralph
(1871-1962) English poet. His collections of poems include The Last Blackbird 1907;Poems 1917, containing `The Bull` and `The Song of Honour`;The Skylark and Other Poems 1958; and Collected Poems 1961....

Hodler, Ferdinand
(1853-1918) Swiss painter. Deriving their flowing lines from art nouveau, his paintings of allegorical, historical, and mythological subjects relate him to the Symbolist movement. In their intensity of mood...

Hodur, Francis
(1866-1953) Polish-born US religious founder. In 1897 he became pastor of a Scranton, Pennsylvania, church independently built by Polish Catholics under a largely German and Irish hierarchy; the next year he...

Hodza, Milan
(1878-1944) Czechoslovak politician, prime minister 1936-38. He and President Edvard Beneš were forced to agree to the secession of the Sudeten areas of Czechoslovakia to Germany before resigning on 22...

Hoefnagel, Georg
(1542-1600) Flemish draughtsman. The son of an Antwerp diamond dealer, Hoefnagel travelled extensively before entering into the service of the wealthy Fugger family in Germany and eventually of Rudolf II in...

Hoenir
In Norse mythology, a god given as hostage to the Vanir by the Aesir after the war between the two groups of gods. The Vanir complained that he was too silent to be an effective member of their...

Hoess, Rudolf Franz
(1900-1947) German commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp 1940-43. Under his control, more than 2.5 million people were exterminated. Arrested by Allied military police in 1946, he was handed over to the...

Hofer, Andreas
(1767-1810) Tirolese patriot. In 1809 he called the Tirolese to arms to expel the French and Bavarians, and they swept the latter out in seven weeks, overwhelming them at Sterzing. By this victory the Austrians...

Hofer, Karl
(1878-1955) German painter. He painted figure compositions, landscapes, and still lifes, combining a simplicity of form and charm of colour with a desire to add an emotional content that...

Hoffa, Jimmy (James Riddle)
(1913-1975) US labour leader, president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (lorry drivers' union) from 1957. He was jailed 1967-71 for attempted bribery of a federal court jury after he was charged...

Hoffer, Eric
(1902-1983) US writer whose works, starting with The True Believer 1951, a study of fanaticism and mass movements, won recognition for their pungent, aphoristic style and perceptivity. While writing, Hoffer...

Hoffman, Alice
(1952) US writer. Her novels, short stories, and screenplays often feature women in search of their identities and include supernatural elements. Her novels include Practical Magic (1995), Here on Earth...

Hoffman, Charles Fenno
(1806-1884) US writer and journalist who served as editor of several prominent magazines. For several years in the 1840s he also held various US government jobs in New York City. He wrote poetry, but is best...

Hoffman, Paul (Gray)
(1891-1974) US industrialist and government official who was an economic adviser to President Roosevelt, and later administered the Marshall Plan 1948-50 to speed economic recovery in Europe after World War...

Hoffmann, August Heinrich
(1798-1874) German poet and philologist. He published Unpolitische Lieder 1840-41, a work expressing democratic and liberal ideas and including `Deutschland, Deutschland über alles`, later used as a...

Hoffmann, Josef
(1870-1956) Austrian architect. Influenced by art nouveau, he was one of the founders of the Wiener Werkstätte/Vienna Workshops (a modern design cooperative of early 20th-century Vienna), and a pupil of Otto...

Hofmann, Hans
(1880-1966) German-born painter. He was active in Paris and Munich 1915-32, when he moved to the USA. In addition to bold brushwork (he experimented with dribbling and dripping painting techniques in the...

Hofmannsthal, Hugo von
(1874-1929) Austrian poet and dramatist. He published a few successful selections of verse under the pseudonym of Loris, and then turned to writing blank verse plays which heralded neo-Romanticism in German...

Hofmeyr, Jan Hendrik
(1894-1948) South African statesman and historian. In the coalition government of 1933 he was minister for the interior, education, and public health. But his sympathies for the Bantu people soon made him...

Hofmeyr, Jan Hendrik
(1845-1909) South African politician. In 1879 Hofmeyr entered parliament, where he remained for 16 years, becoming leader and spokesperson of the Dutch party in the colony. In 1887 he was one of the Cape...

Hofstadter, Richard
(1916-1970) US historian. He was professor of American history at Columbia University, New York, from 1859 until his death. His publications include The Age of Reform 1955, Anti-Intellectualism in American...

Hog Island
Island in the Delaware River, Pennsylvania, USA. Almost uninhabited, and mostly swamp, it was converted 1917 into a shipbuilding yard to construct 50 7,500-ton freighters for carrying supplies...

Hogarth, David George
(1862-1927) British archaeologist. He conducted excavations in Cyprus, Melos, Egypt, Crete, at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus, and at Carchemish in Syria. His many publications include Devia Cypria 1889, The...