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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Hawes, Stephen
(c. 1475-c. 1523) English poet. His principal works are two long moral allegories, The Example of Virtue (1504) and The Pastime of Pleasure (1509) written in the tradition of John Lydgate. Hawes was probably born in...

hawk
Person who believes in the use of military action rather than mediation as a means of solving a political dispute. The term first entered the political language of the USA during the 1960s, when it...

Hawke, Bob (Robert James Lee)
(1929) Australian Labor politician, prime minister 1983-91, on the right wing of the party. He was president of the Australian Council of Trade Unions 1970-80. He announced his retirement from politics...

Hawker
British aircraft manufacturers. The Hawker Hurricane was the first monoplane fighter to be adopted by the RAF and made up 60% of the RAF's fighter strength during the Battle of Britain. The Hawker...

Hawker, Robert Stephen
(1803-1875) English poet and antiquary. He was ordained 1831 and became vicar of Morwenstow on the Cornish coast 1834. Hawker's ballads were direct and simple, composed in a true spirit of antiquity. Best known...

Hawkes, Jacquetta
(1910-1996) English archaeologist and writer. Principally a British prehistorian, she also wrote on Egyptian topics, and produced novels and poetry. Her publications include Prehistoric Britain (1944, with...

Hawkes, John Clendennin Burne, Jr
(1925-1998) US novelist. His writing was characterized by a Gothic, macabre violence, nightmarish landscapes, and oblique plotting. His novels included The Cannibal 1949, dealing with the horror of...

Hawkesworth, John
(c. 1715-1773) English miscellaneous writer. In 1744 he succeeded Dr Johnson as compiler of the Gentleman's Magazine. In 1752 he started, with Johnson and others, The Adventurer. In 1755 he published The Works of...

Hawkins, Augustus (Freeman)
(1907) US politician. He served as a Democratic member of the California State Assembly (1935-62) before going to the US House of Representatives (1963-89). He chaired the Committee on House...

Hawkins, Benjamin
(1754-1816) US senator and Indian agent. He served as George Washington's aide and translator in his dealing with American Indians during the American Revolution. He was a member of the Confederation Congress...

Hawkins, Richard
(c. 1560-1622) English navigator, son of John Hawkins. He held a command against the Spanish Armada in 1588, was captured in an expedition against Spanish possessions (1593-94) and released in...

Hawksmoor, Nicholas
(1661-1736) English architect. He was assistant to Christopher Wren in designing various London churches and St Paul's Cathedral, and joint architect of Castle Howard and Blenheim Palace with John Vanbrugh. His...

Hawley, Christine
(1949) English architect. With her business partner, Peter Cook (1936-msp), she was a member of Archigram (1960-75), a London-based group of architects motivated by the possibilities of `high...

Haworth
Moorland village in West Yorkshire, England, 5 km/3 mi south of Keighley; population (2001 est) 5,000. The writers Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Brontë lived at the parsonage here from their earliest...

Haworth Parsonage
Home of the English novelists Charlotte, Emily, and Anne Brontë. Their father, Patrick Brontë, was vicar of Haworth, a hillside village on the edge of the Yorkshire moors, from 1820 until his...

Hawthorne, Nathaniel
(1804-1864) US writer. He was the author of American literature's first great classic novel, The Scarlet Letter (1850). Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the powerful allegorical story of a...

Hawtrey, Charles Henry
(1858-1923) British actor, theatre manager, and dramatist. He produced a number of light comedies, playing in them himself in what became known as `Hawtrey parts`. His greatest success was The Private...

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
Agreement between the UK and the USA concerning the construction and control of the planned Panama Canal. It provided for the construction of a canal under US control, to be open to all countries on...

Hay, Gilbert
(lived 1456) Scottish poet and translator. He made translations from French which are among the earliest examples of Scottish vernacular prose. They are the Buke of the Law of Armys, Buke of the Order of...

Hay, Ian
(1876-1952) English writer. He published light and humorous novels, including Pip 1907, A Safety Match 1911, and A Knight on Wheels 1914, and wrote the stirring war books The First Hundred Thousand 1915 and...

Hay, John
(1838-1905) US Republican politician. He was first assistant secretary of state 1878-81. In 1897, on the inauguration of President William McKinley, Hay was appointed ambassador to Britain, becoming...

Haya
Member of a Bantu people of northwestern Tanzania. Traditionally they formed several states under chiefs. Their staple crop is plantain, and coffee is the main cash crop. ...

Hayden, Bill
(1933) Australian Labor politician. He was leader of the Australian Labor Party and of the opposition 1977-83, minister of foreign affairs 1983-88, and governor general 1989-96. As minister for...

Hayden, Sophia
(c. 1868-1953) Chilean-born US architect. She was the first woman graduate (1890) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) architecture course. Hayden designed the Women's Building at the World's...

Hayek, Friedrich August von
(1899-1992) Austrian economist and author of Road to Serfdom (1944), an indictment of government intervention in modern economies representing `creep ...

Hayes, Carlton J(oseph) H(untley)
(1882-1964) US historian and diplomat. He was one of the leading authorities on modern nationalism, writing about it in such works as Essays on Nationalism (1926) and Nationalism: A Religion (1960). He served...

Hayes, Helen
(1900-1993) US film and theatre actor. Her long theatre career included the title role in Victoria Regina 1938-39. She won an Academy Award for her role as a stowaway passenger in...

Hayes, Ira
(1932-1955) US war hero. He was one of five marines photographed raising the US flag on Mt Suribachi, Iwo Jima, in 1945. Unable to deal with the adulation that followed the photograph's wide publication, he...

Hayes, Isaac Israel
(1832-1881) US Arctic explorer and physician. He served as surgeon with the Arctic expedition of Elisha K Hayes, Rutherford (Birchard)
(1822-1893) 19th president of the USA 1877-81, a Republican. He was a major general on the Union side in the Civil War. During his presidency federal troops were withdrawn from the...

Hayford, John F(illmore)
(1868-1925) US geodesist. He clarified the US-Mexican boundary (1892-93) and helped define the Alaskan boundary (1894). Hayford was was appointed by US Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward Douglass White to...

Hayk
In Armenian mythology, the gigantic archer who slew the invading Babylonian chieftain Bel (Nimrod), thus saving Armenia from Babylon. ...

Hayley, William
(1745-1820) English poet and biographer. He became known with his `Essay on History` 1780, `Essay on Painting` 1781, `Essay on Epic Poetry` 1782, and his poem in six cantos, The Triumph of Temper...

Hayman, Francis
(1708-1776) English painter. He made large decorative paintings for the boxes and pavilions at Vauxhall Gardens, London. He also designed book illustrations and painted portraits and small portrait groups that...

Haymarket Riot
Episode in US labour history in Chicago's Haymarket Square 4 May 1886. A bomb was thrown at police dispersing a workers' demonstration organized to protest at police brutality against strikers at...

Haymarket Theatre
Theatre in the Haymarket, London, designed by John Nash and opened in 1821. The theatre was refurbished in 1904 and 1994 and seats 905 people on three levels. Many major theatre figures were...

Hayne, Robert Young
(1791-1839) US politician and railroad promoter. A prosperous lawyer, he held various state offices in South Carolina before going on to serve as a Democrat-Republican in the US Senate (1823-32). A staunch...

Haynes, Richard
(1927) US lawyer. He excelled in jury selection and became a legendary criminal defense attorney in Houston, Texas. He wrote Blood and Money (1970), the true story of a plastic surgeon accused of murdering...

Hays, Arthur Garfield
(1881-1954) US lawyer and author. A controversial but much admired lawyer in his day, he was unusual in making several fortunes as a successful corporation lawyer while simultaneously fighting for many...

Hays, Jack (John Coffee)
(1817-1883) US soldier and public official. As a captain in the Texas Rangers, he reputedly introduced Samuel Colt's revolving pistol - the six-shooter - to the frontier. He moved to California in 1849...

Hayter, Stanley William
(1901-1988) English painter and graphic artist. He became influenced by the Surrealists after moving to Paris in 1926. In 1927 he set up Atelier 17, an experimental workshop for printmakers that had an enormous...

Haywain, The
Oil painting by John Constable 1821 (National Gallery, London), in which the artist broke with academic tradition to work directly from nature. It shows a landscape of Suffolk watermeadows with a...

Hayward, Abraham
(1801-1884) English author. His best-known work is The Art of Dining 1852. He wrote for several magazines on many subjects, and his Essays were collected 1858, 1873, and 1874. In More about Junius 1868 he...

Haywood, Eliza
(1693-1756) English novelist, dramatist, editor, and actor. She made her acting debut in Dublin 1715 and published a novel, Love in Excess (1719-20). She acted...

Haywood, William Dudley
(1869-1928) US labour leader. Elected treasurer-secretary of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) in 1900, a member of the Socialist Party from 1901, and one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the...

Hazara
Member of any of a group of Persian-speaking peoples living in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. They grow crops and raise livestock which they trade with the Pathans for tea and sugar. In the west...

Hazard, Geoffrey C, Jr
(1929) US legal scholar. An expert on civil procedure, legal ethics, and the sociology of law, his publications include Ethics in Practice of Law (1978) and, with S Koniak, Law and Ethics of Lawyering...

Hazard, Paul
(1878-1944) French literary critic. He wrote about European literature in such works as La Crise de la conscience européenne, 1680-1715/The European Mind 1935 and La Pensée européenne au XVIIIe siècle de...

Hazlitt, William
(1778-1830) English essayist and critic. His work is characterized by invective, scathing irony, an intuitive critical sense, and a gift for epigram. His essays include `Characters of Shakespeare's Plays`...

HD
US poet and writer; see Hilda Doolittle. ...

He Xiangning (or Ho Hsiang-ning)
(1880-1972) Chinese revolutionary and feminist. She was one of the first Chinese women publicly to advocate nationalism, revolution, and female emancipation, and one of the first to cut her hair short. An...

head-hunting
The practice of obtaining and treasuring the heads of enemies. Heads were hunted generally for religious purposes in order to preserve the enemy's life force or to prevent mystical vengeance. The...

Head, Bessie Emery
(1937-1986) South African writer who took Botswanan citizenship in 1979. Living in exile in Botswana from 1964, Head wrote fiction concerned with issues of personal and national identity, incorporating an...

Head, Edith
(1897-1981) US costume designer for Hollywood films. She won Academy Awards for her designs for such films as The Heiress (1949), All About Eve (1950), and The Sting (1973). She was nominated for 34 Academy...

Head, Francis Bond
(1793-1875) British soldier, traveller, and governor of upper Canada. He made several journeys over the Andes and across the Pampas, which he described in his Journeys across the Pampas (1826). Appointed...

Heade, Martin (Johnson)
(1819-1904) US painter. His dramatic seascape, Approaching Storm: Beach near Newport (c. 1860) is considered his masterpiece, and his later botanical paintings are also highly acclaimed. The son of wealthy...

Heads of Proposals
In England, constitutional demands drawn up by senior parliamentarian officers July 1647 as a basis for settlement with Charles I at the end of the Civil War. The proposals which were drafted by...

Heal, Ambrose
(1872-1959) English cabinetmaker. He took over the Heal's shop from his father and developed it into a large London store. He initially designed furniture in the Arts and Crafts style, often in oak, but in the...

Healey, Denis Winston
(1917) British Labour politician. While secretary of state for defence 1964-70 he was in charge of the reduction of British forces east of Suez. He was chancellor of the Exchequer 1974-79. In 1976 he...

Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
Law that lays down minimum standards for health and safety in the workplace. It protects workers from dangerous work practices, such as machines left unguarded or...

Health and Safety Commission
UK government organization responsible for securing the health, safety, and welfare of people at work, and for protecting the public against dangers to health and safety arising from work...

health service
Government provision of medical care on a national scale. Health service, UK In the UK, the National Health Service Act (1946) was largely the work of Aneurin Bevan, Labour minister of health. It...

Healy, George (Peter Alexander)
(1813-1894) US painter. He gained an international reputation as an academic painter of important figures of the time, such as Abraham Lincoln and King Louis-Philippe. Healy was...

Healy, James Augustine
(1830-1900) US Catholic prelate. The nation's first African-American Catholic bishop - though not widely known as such - he was an effective orator, builder of churches, and benefactor of the needy The...

Healy, Patrick F(rancis)
(1834-1910) US Catholic priest and educator. A onetime slave, he was a brother of Bishop James Healy and, like him, was sent north to be educated in freedom. After studying abroad, he was ordained a Jesuit in...

Healy, Timothy Michael
(1855-1931) Irish lawyer, politician, and first governor-general of the Irish Free State. Healy supported Irish nationalist Charles Parnell until the split in the Irish Nationalist party occasioned by the...

Heaney, Seamus Justin
(1939) Irish poet and critic. He has written powerful verse about the political situation in Northern Ireland and about Ireland's cultural heritage. The technical mastery and linguistic and thematic...

Heard, William Theodore
(1884-1973) Scottish cardinal. After studying at the English College in Rome, Italy, he was ordained priest in 1918 and served at Dockhead, Bermondsey, 1921-27. He served as auditor of the Sacred Roman Rota...

hearsay evidence
Evidence given by a witness based on information passed to that person by others rather than evidence experienced at first hand by the witness. It is usually not admissible as...

Hearst, Patty (Patricia Campbell)
(1955) US socialite. A granddaughter of the newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst, she was kidnapped 1974 by an urban guerrilla group, the Symbionese Liberation Army. She joined her captors in a bank...

Hearst, William Randolph
(1863-1951) US newspaper publisher, famous for his introduction of banner headlines, lavish illustration, and the sensationalist approach known as `yellow journalism`. A controversialist and a strong...

heart disease
Disorder affecting the heart; for example, ischaemic heart disease, in which the blood supply through the coronary arteries is reduced by atherosclerosis; valvular heart disease, in which a heart...

Heart of Darkness
Short novel by Joseph Conrad, published in 1902. Marlow, the narrator, tells of his journey by boat into the African interior to meet a company agent, Kurtz, who has adopted local customs and uses...

Heart of Midlothian, The
Novel (1818) by Walter Scott. It centres around Effie Deans, imprisoned for alleged infanticide, and her half-sister, Jeanie Deans, who travels to London and obtains for her a pardon from Queen...

hearth tax
Unpopular national tax introduced in England in 1662 at two shillings for every fire hearth, with exemptions for the poor. It was part of the government's attempt to replace feudal dues with a more...

Heath, Edward (Richard George)
(1916-2005) British Conservative politician, party leader 1965-75. As prime minister 1970-74 he took the UK into the European Community (EC) but was brought down by economic and industrial-relations...

Heaton, Maurice
(1900-1990) Swiss-born US glass designer. He worked with his father in architectural stained glass and later turned to designing glass tablewares, murals, screens and lighting in the art decomodernist style....

heaven
In Christianity and some other religions, the abode of God and the destination of the virtuous after death. In traditional Christian belief, and in Islam, heaven is seen as a paradise of material...

Heb-Sed
Royal festival in ancient Egypt, apparently commemorating Menes's union of Upper and Lower Egypt. ...

Hebbel, Christian Friedrich
(1813-1863) German poet and dramatist. His chief works are the plays Maria Magdalena 1844, Julia 1851, Agnes Bernauer 1855, Gyges und sein Ring 1856, and Die Nibelungen 1862. His lyric poems are included in...

Hebe
In Greek mythology, the goddess of youth; daughter of Zeus and his sister-consort Hera; and cupbearer to Zeus before the abduction of the mortal boy Ganymede. She married the deified hero...

Hebert, Felix
(1874-1969) Canadian-born US senator. A Republican, he served one term in the US Senate representing Rhode Island (1929-35) and was party whip from 1933-35. Hebert was born near...

Hébert, Jacques René
(1757-1794) French revolutionary. At the outbreak of the Revolution he soon became one of the extremist leaders, propagating his views in Le Père Duchesne, which he edited (1790-94) and in various pamphlets,...

Hebrew
Member of the Semitic people who lived in Palestine at the time of the Old Testament and who traced their ancestry to Abraham of Ur, a city of Sumer. ...

Hebrew Bible
The sacred writings of Judaism (some dating from as early as 1200 BC), called by Christians the ...

Hebrews
Epistle in the New Testament, probably written to the Hebrew converts to Christianity. It is no longer attributed to Paul, but its authorship is unknown. ...

Hebron
City southwest of Jerusalem in the southern part of the west bank of the Jordan, occupied by Israel in 1967; population (1996 est) 120,500. The population is mainly Arab Muslim, but just outside the...

Hecataeus
(lived 6th-5th century BC) Greek historian and geographer from Miletus. An intellectual successor to the early Ionian philosophers, Hecataeus wrote what was probably the first historical work of a genealogical kind. He was a...

Hecate
In Greek mythology, the goddess of the underworld and magic arts. Her association with night led to her identification with the goddesses Selene and Artemis. She is first mentioned by Hesiod as...

hecatomb
In ancient Greece, a large-scale public sacrifice, originally of 100 oxen. ...

Hecht, Ben
(1893-1964) US dramatist, screenwriter and film director. His play The Front Page (1928) was adapted several times for the cinema by other writers. His own screenplays included Twentieth Century (1934), Gunga...

Heck, Barbara
(1734-1804) Irish Methodist who organized the first Methodist churches in pre-revolutionary America and Canada. Born Barbara von Ruckle in County Limerick's German-speaking colony, she embraced Methodism in...

Heckel, Erich
(1883-1970) German painter, lithographer, and illustrator. Trained as an architect, he turned to painting 1905, founding the German expressionist group die Brücke 1905 with fellow students Ernst Ludwig...

Hecker, Isaac (Thomas)
(1819-1888) US religious leader. He conducted missions and won approval for his own congregation (1858), the Missionary Priests of St Paul the Apostle- widely known as the Paulists - devoted to...

Heckman, James J
(1944) US economist. Heckman developed methods for evaluating economic and social programmes involving taxes, subsidies, and affirmative action policies, for which he shared the Nobel Prize for Economics...

Hecko, František
(1905-1960) Slovak novelist. His greatest work, ÄÅ`ervené víno/Red Wine 1948, is a chronicle of a family in a Slovak village. His other major work, Drevená dedina/The Wooden Village 1951, is a work of...

Hector
In Greek mythology, a Trojan prince; son of King Priam and Hecuba, husband of Andromache, and fa ...

Hecuba
In Greek mythology, the wife of King Priam of Troy, and mother of 19 of his reputed 50 sons, including the Trojan warriors Hector and Paris. Her daughters included the seer Cassandra, fated never to...

Heda, Willem Claesz.
(1594-1680) Dutch painter. He concentrated on still lifes, depicting with great skill such objects as silver tankards, clay pipes, and wine glasses, usually set against a neutral background. He trained his son...

Hedda Gabler
Play by Henrik Ibsen, first produced 1891. Trapped in small-town society, Hedda Gabler takes out her spiritual and sexual frustrations on everyone from her ineffectual academic husband to the...