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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Harris, William Wadé
(c. 1865-1929) Liberian Christian evangelist. Using healing and dramatic symbolism, he converted over 120,000 people in Côte d'Ivoire to Christianity in the space of a few years. Born in Liberia, Harris was...

Harrison, Benjamin
(c. 1726-c. 1791) US politician. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses (1749-75), later leading resistance to the British. In the Continental Congress (1774-77), he presided over debates that led to the...

Harrison, Benjamin
(1833-1901) 23rd president of the USA 1889-93, a Republican. He called the first Pan-American Conference, which led to the establishment of the Pan-American Union, to improve inter-American cooperation...

Harrison, Byron (Patton)
(1881-1941) US politician. A Democrat, he represented Mississippi in the US House of Representatives (1911-19) and the Senate (1919-41), where he supported President Woodrow Wilson's internationalism....

Harrison, Carter Henry
(1825-1893) US businessman and mayor. Having made a fortune in Chicago real estate, he turned to public service, becoming a Democrat US representative for Illinois (1875-79). A gifted speaker, the author of...

Harrison, John, Jr
US alleged assassination conspirator; see Mary Eugenia Surratt. ...

Harrison, Mary St Leger
Real name of English novelist Lucas Malet. ...

Harrison, Rex (Reginald Carey)
(1908-1990) English film and theatre actor. He appeared in over 40 films and numerous plays, often portraying sophisticated and somewhat eccentric characters, such as the waspish Professor Higgins in My Fair...

Harrison, Thomas
(1606-1660) English Civil War soldier, politician, and Puritan. In 1642 he enlisted in the Earl of Essex's bodyguard, and was a major at the battle of Marston Moor. He entered the New Model Army with Fleetwood,...

Harrison, Tony
(1937) English poet, translator, and dramatist. He caused controversy with his poem `V` (1987), dealing with the desecration of his parents' grave by Liverpool football supporters, and the play The...

Harrison, Wallace Kirkman
(1895-1981) US architect, formerly professor of design at Columbia University. He began practice in 1927 and was one of the team of architects who designed the Rockefeller Centre 1931-40. An effective...

Harrison, William Henry
(1773-1841) 9th president of the USA in 1841. Elected in 1840 as a Whig, he died one month after taking office. His political career was based largely on his reputation as an Indian fighter, and his campaign...

Harrisson, Tom (Thomas Harnett)
(1911-1976) British anthropologist who set up Mass Observation with Charles Madge 1937, the earliest of the organizations for the analysis of public opinions and attitudes. After working among the people of...

Harrod, Roy
(1900-1978) English economist. He held academic positions at Oxford University, in addition to government advisory posts. He was joint editor of the Economic Journal (1945-61) and was president of the Royal...

Harry
(1984) Prince of the UK; second child of Charles, Prince of Wales,...

Harry the Minstrel
Scottish poet of the later 15th century. He collected popular traditions about the Scottish national hero William Wallace in Wallace, a poem of about 12,000 lines in heroic couplets. Written as...

harrying of the north
Ruthless Norman repression of the Anglo-Saxon rebellion in the north of England (1069-70). After his victory at the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror faced a series of revolts against...

Harsanyi, John C(harles)
(1920-2000) Hungarian-born US economist. Harsanyi and Indian economist Amartya Sen are probably the leading figures in a small movement among economists to abandon the old taboo against making interpersonal...

Harsha-Vardhana
(c. 590-c. 647) Supreme ruler (sakala-Uttarapathanatha) of northern India from 606. Through a succession of military victories, he established a large pan-regional empire in northern and central India,...

Hart, Frederick E
(1943) US sculptor. In 1974 his design for the main entrance to the National Cathedral in Washington, DC, won an international competition. The finished work, carved from Indiana limestone in a traditional...

Hart, Gary
(1936) US Democrat politician, senator for Colorado from 1974. In 1980 he contested the Democratic nomination for the presidency, and stepped down from his Senate seat 1986 to run, again unsuccessfully, in...

Hart, H(erbert) L(ionel) A(dolphus)
(1907-1993) English jurist and philosopher. In The Concept of Law 1961, he argued that rules of obligation are felt to be necessary for society to function and that they are maintained through social pressure....

Hart, Judith Constance Mary
(1924-1991) British Labour politician and sociologist. She was minister of overseas development 1969-70 and 1977-79, and minister of state 1974-75. She born in Burnley, Lancashire and was educated at...

Hart, Moss
(1904-1961) US dramatist. He collaborated with such major figures as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, Kurt Weill, and Ira Gershwin. Among Hart's most famous works are The Man Who Came to Dinner 1939 and the films...

Hart, Philip A(loysius)
(1912-1976) US politician. He was the district attorney for Michigan and then lieutenant governor of that state (1955-59). A Democrat, he represented Michigan as a US senator (1959-76), and was considered...

Hart, Robert
(1835-1911) British administrator. In 1859 he joined the new Chinese imperial maritime customs service, and became inspector-general in 1863, a post he held nominally until his death, having handed over his...

Hart, Thomas (Charles)
(1877-1971) US naval officer and politician. He commanded the Asiatic fleet (1939-42) and was supreme commander of the ABDACOM (American-British-Dutch-Australian Command) (1941-42). He served on the...

Hart, William S(urrey)
(1870-1946) US stage and screen actor and director. He went on the New York stage at age 19 and achieved considerable fame as a Shakespearean actor. He made his first movie at age 44 and was soon directing (and...

Harte, Bret
(1836-1902) US writer. He became a goldminer at 18 before founding the Overland Monthly (1868) in which he wrote short stories of the pioneer West, for example `The Outcasts...

Hartford Convention
In US history, a meeting of Federalist Party delegates from the New England states from December 1814 to January 1815 (at the end of the War of 1812) in Hartford, Connecticut. The meeting considered...

Hartlepools, bombardment of
In World War I, German attack on the North Yorkshire coast, specifically the seaports of Hartlepool, West Hartlepool, Whitby, and Scarborough 16 December 1914. ...

Hartley, David
(1705-1757) English philosopher. His reputation was established by his Observations on Man (1749), in which he upheld the theory that the phenomena of the mind, memory, emotions, and reasoning were the direct...

Hartley, Fred (Allen), Jr
(1903-1969) US politician. After serving in local offices, he became the youngest member of the US House of Representatives (1929-49) as a Republican representative for New Jersey. After the Republican...

Hartley, L(eslie) P(oles)
(1895-1972) English novelist and short-story writer. His early works explored the sinister. His chief works are the trilogy The Shrimp and the Anemone (1944), The Sixth Heaven (1946), and Eustace and Hilda...

Hartley, Marsden
(1877-1943) US avant-garde painter. His works range from abstract, brightly coloured representations of German soldiers and German military symbols, such as Portrait of a German Officer 1914 (Metropolitan...

Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von
(1842-1906) German philosopher. His teaching combines the metaphysics of Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Schelling, with the Unconscious playing the role of creator and of providence in his theory. His first book, The...

Hartung, Hans
(1904-1989) German-born French abstract painter. First influenced by German Impressionism and expressionism, he turned to nonfigurative painting by 1922. Typical of his work are...

Harty, Russell
(1934-1988) English presenter whose relaxed and deadpan style made him one of Britain's leading chat show hosts of the 1970s and 1980s. His chat shows for London Weekend Television (LWT) include Russell Harty...

Hartzenbusch, Juan Eugenio
(1806-1880) Spanish dramatic poet. He wrote the romantic play Los amantes de Teruel/The Lovers of Teruel 1837 (based on the work by Giovanni Boccaccio), lyrical poetry, and literary criticism, and prepared...

Harun al-Rashid
(763-809) Fifth caliph of the Abbasside Dynasty. Under both his own reign and that of and his son, al-Mamun, the Abbasside empire reached its apogee. In 806 Harun succeeded in imposing the payment of...

Harunobu, Suzuki
Japanese artist; see Harunobu Suzuki. ...

haruspex
In ancient Rome, Etruscan priest who practised divination. They were especially popular in the early days of the republic. The haruspices made their predictions from the appearance...

harvest customs
Rituals celebrating the gathering-in of crops. Harvests are celebrated in most agricultural societies throughout the world. A portion of the harvest is often kept aside for ritual consumption,...

Harvey, Gabriel
(c. 1545-1630) English poet and critic. His views on literature led him to attack the dramatist Robert Greene in Four Letters and Certain Sonnets (1592),...

Harvey, George Brinton McClellan
(1864-1928) US publisher and diplomat. In 1899 he bought the North American Review, which he edited until 1926. He also became president of the book-publishing firm of Harper & Bros, and from 1902-13 edited...

Harvey, John Martin
English actor; see John Martin-Harvey. ...

Harvey, Paul
(1918) US radio journalist. Hired as a radio announcer while still in high school, he worked in various Midwestern stations until he began his daily newscasts in Chicago in 1944. His syndicated...

Harvey, William
(1578-1657) English physician who discovered the circulation of blood. In 1628 he published his book De motu cordis/On the Motion of the Heart and the Blood in Animals. He also explored the development of chick...

Harwell, Ernie (William Ernest)
(1918) US baseball broadcaster. He was an announcer for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1948-49), the New York Giants (1950-53), the Baltimore Orioles (1954-59), and the Detroit Tigers (1960-91). Harwell was...

Harwood, Gwen
(1920-1995) Australian poet and librettist. The first volume in her own name -Poems- appeared in 1963, though her works had been published previously under various pseudonyms. Harwood's verse is...

Hasan
(625-670) Eldest grandson of the prophet Muhammad. He was the son of Ali bin Abu Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima. He was caliph for six months in 611 AD before resigning. It is through Hasan and his...

Hasan, Muhammad
(`Bob`) Indonesian entrepreneur of Chinese descent and long-time friend and financial advisor of President Suharto. During the Indonesian revolution for independence Hasan supplied the rebel army with...

Hasdrubal
(died 222 BC) Carthaginian general. He succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain on the death of his father-in-law Hamilcar Barca 229 BC. Hasdrubal founded Carthago Nova (New Carthage,...

Hasdrubal Barca
Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar Barca and younger brother of Hannibal. He remained in command in Spain when Hannibal invaded Italy during the Second Punic War and, after fighting there against...

Hašek, Jaroslav
(1883-1923) Czech writer. His masterpiece is an anti-authoritarian comic satire on military life under Austro-Hungarian rule, The Good Soldier Svejk (1921-23). During World War I he deserted to Russia,...

Hashemite dynasty
Arabian dynasty descended from the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was himself a member of the house of Hashem, part of the Quraysh tribe. The line passed through the son of his daughter, Fatima, and her...

Hashimoto, Ryutaro
(1937-2006) Japanese conservative politician, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and prime minister 1996-98. A former finance and trade minister, he succeeded the Social Democrat Tomiichi
Hasidism
Sect of Orthodox Judaism, originating in 18th-century Poland under the leadership of Israel Ba'al Shem Tov (c. 1700-1760), also known as Besht. Hasidic teachings encourage prayer, piety, and...

Hasina Wazed, Sheik
(1947) Bangladeshi political leader, prime minister and defence minister from 1996. She led the centrist Awami League (AL) back to power in 1996 after an interval of 21 years. The daughter of the country's...

Haskins, Charles Homer
(1870-1937) US medievalist and historian. One of the leading medievalists of his generation, he shed light on Norman contributions to medieval English government and on the impact of Greek and Arabic scientific...

Haslach, Battle of
In the Napoleonic Wars, French victory over the Austrians 11 October 1805 at Haslach, about 45 km/28 mi southwest of Strasbourg. A 6,000-strong French force under General Pierre de L'Etang Dupont...

Hassal, Joan
(1906-1988) English artist and illustrator. Her subject matter was wide ranging, from natural history to illustrations for English literary classics. Greatly admired for...

Hassan II
(1929-1999) King of Morocco 1961-99. He succeeded the throne upon the death of his father Mohamed V. Following riots in Casablanca in 1965, he established a royal dictatorship and survived two coup attempts....

Hastert, Denny
(1942) US Republican politician, speaker of the House of Representatives from 1999. Hastert served in the Illinois General Assembly from 1980 until 1986, when he was first elected a representative to...

Hastie, William Henry
(1904-1976) US judge and public official. A 1925 Amherst graduate, he taught for two years before going on to Harvard Law School. He taught briefly at Howard University, worked for a private firm and, from...

Hastings, Alcee (Lamar)
(1936) US lawyer, judge, and politician. He then became a federal judge for the Southern District of Florida (1979-89). By the early 1980s, charges surfaced that he had accepted bribes to influence...

Hastings, Battle of
Battle on 14 October 1066 at which William, Duke of Normandy (William (I) the Conqueror) defeated King Harold II of England. Harold was killed leaving the throne open for William to complete the...

Hastings, Thomas
(1860-1929) US architect. At the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris, in the early 1880s he met the Brazilian-born John Merven Carrère (1858-1911), with whom he later formed a highly successful New York...

Hastings, Warren
(1732-1818) English colonial administrator. A protégé of Lord Clive, who established British rule in India, Hastings carried out major reforms, and became governor general of Bengal in 1774. Impeached for...

Hatch, Carl A
(1889-1963) US politician. A Democrat, he represented New Mexico in the US Senate (1933-49). He was best known as the author of the Hatch Acts of 1939 and 1940, which curtailed the political activities of...

Hatcher, Richard (Gordon)
(1933) US lawyer and mayor. As deputy prosecuter and city councilor (1963-66), he was incvolved in the politics of Gary, Indiana. He became the city's mayor (1968-88), one of the first...

hatching
In drawing, the creation of areas of tone or shadow with a series of parallel lines. In cross-hatching the lines are then crossed by other parallel lines. It is often used to block in an area...

Hatfield House
Jacobean house in Hertfordshire, England, standing in a park 16 km/10 mi in circumference. It is the residence of the Marquess of Salisbury and is one of the best examples of Jacobean architecture...

hatha yoga
System of exercises for the body and mind originally based on the teachings of Patanjali. True hatha yoga includes his eight steps:yama, self-restraint;niyama,...

Hathor
In ancient Egyptian mythology, a sky goddess; wife or mother of the sky god Horus; goddess of dance, music, and love, (equivalent to Greek Aphrodite); also, goddess of desert cemeteries. She may...

Hatoyama, Ichiro
(1883-1959) Japanese conservative politician, prime minister 1954-56. In 1945 he organized the conservative Japan Liberal Party (Nihon Jiyuto), which gained a victory in...

hats and caps
Two political factions in Sweden, which existed from the 1730s until their abolition in 1772. Their constant feuds were partly symptomatic of, and partly responsible for, the anarchical state of the...

Hatshepsut
(c. 1473-c. 1458 BC) Queen (pharaoh) of ancient Egypt during the 18th dynasty. She was the daughter of Thutmose I, and the wife and half-sister of Thutmose II. Throughout his reign real power lay with Hat ...

Hatta, Muhammad
(1902-1980) Indonesian politician and economist, prime minister 1948-50, vice president 1950-56. Hatta was arrested by the Dutch in 1934 for political activities and exiled to Bandanaira Island until 1942...

Hattersley, Roy Sydney George
(1932) British Labour politician and author. On the right wing of the Labour Party, he was prices secretary 1976-79, and deputy leader of the party 1983-1992. In 1994 he announced his retirement from...

Hattin, Battle of
Crushing defeat of the crusaders by Saladin on 4 July 1187 at a village in Palestine 8 km/5 mi northwest of Tiberias. A force of Frankish crusaders was completely wiped out, destroying the military...

Hatto I
(died 913) German archbishop. He became archbishop of Mainz, Germany, during the reign of King Arnulf in 891. On the death of Arnulf, in 899, he was appointed regent of Germany and guardian of...

Hatto II
(died 970) German archbishop. He was archbishop of Mainz 968-70. He is said to have unjustly oppressed the poor and his name is associated with the legend of the Mauseturm (Mouse Tower) at Bingen, Germany,...

Hatton, Derek
(1948) British left-wing politician, former deputy leader of Liverpool city council. A leading member of the Militant Tendency, Hatton was removed from office and expelled from the...

Hatton, Sir Christopher
(1540-1591) Lord Chancellor (1587-91) and favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England. He first came to the queen's attention with his dancing and became an influential and conservative courtier. As a Privy...

Hattusas
Capital of the Hittite empire, near the modern village of Bo&gcaron;azköy, in Turkey. ...

Haugen, Gilbert (Nelson)
(1859-1933) US politician. Active in Iowa Republican politics, he served in the state senate before going to the US House of Representatives (1899-1923). Chairman of the Agriculture Committee (1919-31), he...

Haughey, Charles James
(1925-2006) Irish politician; Taoiseach (prime minister) 1979-81, 1982, and 1987-92; leader of Fianna Fáil 1979-92. He succeeded Jack Lynch as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach in 1979, to be confronted...

Haughton, William
(c. 1575-1605) English dramatist. He collaborated with Henry Chettle and Thomas Dekker on many plays, but was sole author...

Hauptmann, Gerhart Johann Robert
(1862-1946) German dramatist. A strong proponent of an uncompromising naturalism in the theatre, Hauptmann's work has been widely produced. Die Weber/The Weavers (1892), his finest play, is an account of a...

Hausa
Member of a people living along the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, especially in northwestern Nigeria, southern Niger, and Dahomey, and numbering 9 million. The Hausa are Muslim farmers and...

Haussmann, Georges Eugène
(1809-1891) French administrator, financier, and civil servant. In 1853 he was made prefect of the Seine by Louis Napoleon who had vast schemes for the embellishment of Paris. Haussmann replanned medieval Paris...

havan
Hindu sacred-fire ceremony conducted by a priest in a person's house or in a temple. Havans are held at weddings and many other ceremonial occasions. After lighting a fire, ghee (clarified butter)...

Havdallah
In Jewish worship, a service of separation held both in the synagogue and at home to mark the end of Sabbath and holy festivals, such as Pesach. Havdallah is held after sunset, when the celebrations...

Havel, Václav
(1936) Czech dramatist, civil rights activist, and politician, president of Czechoslovakia 1989-92 and of the Czech Republic 1993-2003. A noted playwright, he participated in the `Prague spring`...

Havelock, Henry
(1795-1857) British soldier. He joined the army in 1815 and went to India eight years later. He served in the Burmese war (1824-26) and was aide-de-camp to Willoughby Cotton in...

Havemeyer, William Frederick
(1804-1874) US businessman and mayor. A successful sugar refiner, he retired in 1842 and became the Democratic mayor of New York City (1845-46, 1849-50), the place of his birth. He then turned to business...

Haviland, John
(1792-1852) English architect. He emigrated to Philadelphia (1816) and published The Builder's Assistant (1818-21). His innovative radial-plan Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia (1821-37)...

Havlícek, Karel
(1821-1856) Czech journalist, politician, and satirical poet. He published two selections of incisive political essays and articles in the 1840s, and founded the first Czech daily paper, Národní noviny, in...

Hawes, Harriet (Ann) Boyd
(1871-1945) US archaeologist, educator, and social activist. From 1901-05 Hawes led a large team that excavated the Minoan town of Gournia, thereby becoming the first woman to head a major archaeological dig....