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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Habitat
UK furnishing company, specializing in modern design, founded in 1964 by Terence Conran. Habitat has had a large influence on British interior decoration, with its emphasis on modern style,...

Habré, Hissène
(c. 1930) Chadian nationalist and politician, prime minister in 1978 and president 1982-90. Formerly a leader of the Chadian National Liberation Front (Frolinat), he joined the Armed Forces of the North...

Habsburg (or Hapsburg)
European royal family, former imperial house of Austria-Hungary. A Habsburg, Rudolf I, became king of Germany in 1273 and began the family's control...

Habte-wold, Tshafe Tezaz Aklilu
(1912-1974) Ethiopian prime minister 1961-74. He accompanied Emperor Haile Selassie into exile following the Italian invasion. In 1941 he returned to Ethiopia and was appointed vice foreign minister and, two...

Habyarimana, Juvenal
(1937-1994) Rwandan politician and soldier, president 1973-94. In 1973, as fighting between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes recommenced, he led a bloodless coup against the government of President Grégoire...

Hacha, Emil
(1872-1945) Czech politician, president, and lawyer. He succeeded Benes as President after the 1938 Munich Pact. As German forces entered the country on 14 March 1939, he was forced to sign a declaration in...

Hachad, Farhat
(c. 1904-1952) Tunisian trade-union leader. He founded the Union Générale des Travailleurs Tunisiens (UGTT) in 1946. He skilfully backed the nationalist movement's struggle for independence, and at the same...

Hachette, Jeanne
(born c. 1454) French national heroine. During the siege of Beauvais by Charles the Bold of Burgundy (1472), the women of the town, commanded by Jeanne, defended and saved it after the garrison was...

hacienda
Large estate typical of most of Spanish colonial and post-colonial Latin America. Typically inherited, haciendas were often built up by the purchase of crown or private lands, or lands...

Hackert, Philipp
(1737-1807) German landscape painter. He worked in Italy from 1786. His paintings include views of Rome and many Italian seaports. Born at Prenzlau in Prussia, he first settled in Rome, and in 1786 he was...

Hadas, Moses
(1900-1966) US classicist and translator. His best known publications include History of Greek Literature (1950) and History of Latin Literature (1952). Through his translations he introduced works in German...

Haddingtonshire
Name until 1921 of the Scottish county of East Lothian, since 1975 part of the region of Lothian. ...

Haddon Hall
Castellated house, standing on the River Wye, England, 3 km/2 mi southeast of Bakewell, Derbyshire. The first house was fortified around 1195, but little of the Norman structure remains. The main...

Haddon, Alfred Court
(1855-1940) British zoologist and anthropologist. Haddon led the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Straits in 1898 to study the physical characteristics, culture, and psychology...

Hades
In Greek mythology, the underworld where spirits (shades) went after death, usually depicted as a cavern or pit underneath the Earth, the entrance of which was guarded by the three-headed dog...

Hadid, Zaha
(1950) Iraqi-born British architect. A radical modernist and exponent of Deconstructionism, she became the first woman to win the Pritzker Prize for architecture, in 2004. She has had more success in...

Hadith
Collection of the teachings of Muh ...

Hadley, Arthur Twining
(1856-1930) US economist and university president. A brilliant teacher of political economy at Yale University (1879-99), he became a nationally recognized expert on operating and financing railroads with the...

Hadrian, Publius Aelius Hadrianus
(AD 76-138) Roman emperor 117-138. He was adopted by the emperor Trajan, whom he succeeded. He pursued a policy of non-expansion and consolidation after the vast conquests of Trajan's reign. His defensive...

Hadrian's Villa
Country residence of the Roman emperor Hadrian, near Tivoli (ancient Tibur), Italy, and about 25 km/15.6 mi ENE of Rome. This magnificent complex featured buildings modelled on various examples of...

Hadrian's Wall
Line of fortifications built by the Roman emperor Hadrian across northern Britain from the Cumbrian coast on the west to the North Sea on the east. The wall itself ran from Bowness- ...

Hadza
Member of a hunting and gathering people of Tanzania who live in the dry savannah. Their language is similar to that of the Kung in that it uses click consonants. There is no ownership of resources;...

Haemon
In Greek mythology, the son of Creon, King of Thebes. In Sophocles' drama Antigone, he was the lover of Antigone. ...

Haener, Dorothy
US rights activist. As a member of the UAW (United Auto Workers), Haener's union activity always involved the equal participation of women in the union, as well as in the workplace. In 1966, she...

hafiz
In Islam, a title for those who have memorized the whole of the Koran (or Qur'an). There are thousands of Muslims worldwide who have achieved this spiritual quest. The significance of such an...

Haganah
Zionist military organization in Palestine. It originated under the Turkish rule of the Ottoman Empire before World War I to protect Jewish settlements, and many of its members served in the British...

Hagedorn, Friedrich von
(1708-1754) German poet. He contributed satirical works to the Hamburg Patriot. An imitator of classical, French, and English forms, he wrote mainly verse tales, fables in the manner of La Fontaine, and...

Hagen, Christopher
Assumed name of Ted Bundy, US serial killer. ...

Haggadah
Narrative tradition of Judaism, including history, science, folk-history, and legend; also, a prayerbook containing the story of the Exodus from Egypt, used during the Pesach Seder (ceremonial...

Haggai
Minor Old Testament prophet (lived c. 520 BC) who promoted the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem. ...

Haggard, H(enry) Rider
(1856-1925) English novelist. He used his experience in the South African colonial service in his romantic adventure tales, including King Solomon's Mines (1885) and She (1887), the best of which also...

Hagia Sophia
Byzantine building in Istanbul, Turkey, built 532-37 as a Christian cathedral, replacing earlier churches. From 1453 to 1934 it was an Islamic mosque; in 1922 it became a museum. Byzantine mosaics...

hagiography
The writing of the lives of saints. These are usually expressed in glowing terms and as such hagiography tends to mean somewhat biased and overornate writings, frequently leaving much to be desired...

Hague Convention, 1899
Agreement relating to the rights and duties of belligerents in wartime. It was reached by delegates of the peace conference that took place in the Hague, Netherlands, between May and July 1899. Its...

Hague Convention, 1907
Agreement relating to the rights and duties of belligerents in wartime. It was reached by delegates of the peace conference that took place in the Hague, Netherlands, between June and October 1907....

Hague, Frank
(1876-1956) US politician. Initially running as a reformer, he was a Democratic Jersey City commissioner (1913-17) who created a political machine that allowed him to serve as mayor from 1917-1947. Despite...

Hague, William Jefferson
(1961) English Conservative politician, leader of the Conservative Party 1997-2001 and shadow foreign secretary from 2005. He entered the House of Commons in 1989, representing the constituency of...

Haida
Member of an American Indian people who live on the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada, and islands of southern Alaska. Their language belongs to the Na-Dene family. The abundance of natural...

Haidar Ali
Ruler of Mysore, India, from 1761; see Hyder Ali. ...

Haider, Jörg
(1950) Austrian politician and former leader of the Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Ãâ€`sterreichs) 1986-2000. As leader of Austria's far-right, anti-immigrant Freedom Party, Jörg Haider...

Haig, Alexander Meigs
(1924) US general and Republican politician. He became President Nixon's White House chief of staff at the height of the Watergate scandal, was NATO commander 1974-79, and secretary of state to President...

haiku
17-syllable Japanese verse genre, usually divided into three lines of five, seven, and five syllables. Japanese poet Basho popularized the form in the 17th century. It evolved from the...

Hail Mary
Christian prayer to the Virgin Mary, most frequently used by Roman Catholics. It takes its name from the archangel Gabriel's salutation to Mary when announcing that she would be the mother of the...

Haile Selassie, Ras (Prince) Tafari
(1892-1975) Emperor of Ethiopia 1930-74. He pleaded unsuccessfully to the League of Nations against the Italian conquest of his country 1935-36, and was then deposed and fled to the UK. He went to Egypt in...

Hailes
Title of David Dalrymple, Scottish judge and historian. ...

Hain, Peter Gerald
(1950) British Labour politician, Welsh secretary from 2002, and work and pensions secretary from 2007. A noted anti-apartheid campaigner and former Liber ...

Haines, Helen Elizabeth
(1872-1961) US editor, bibliographer, and library educator. She was appointed managing editor of the Literary Journal in 1896, and she also served on the executive board of the American Library Association....

Haiti
Country in the Caribbean, occupying the western part of the island of Hispaniola; to the east is the Dominican Republic. Government The 1950 constitution was revised in 1957, 1964, 1971, 1983, 1985,...

hajdule
Member of a group of Serbian outlaw guerrillas who fought for Christianity against the Turks during the period of Ottoman rule (1459-1878). ...

hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Arabic Makkah), in Saudi Arabia, that should be undertaken by every...

Hakim, Tawfiq al-
(1898-1987) Egyptian pioneer of drama in Arabic. Before the modern period, it had not existed as a literary form. Much of his work has been widely translated. Many of his plays, which include People of the Cave...

Hakka
Member of a people of China dispersed throughout Taiwan, Malaysia, and Thailand. The Hakka originated in northern China but were driven out by the Mongols in the 12th...

Hakluyt, Richard
(c. 1552-1616) English geographer whose chief work is The Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1598-1600). He was assisted by Sir Walter Raleigh. He lectured on cartography at...

Halachah
In Judaism, the oral legal tradition embodied in the Talmud (a compilation of Jewish law and tradition). Based on the Torah, it comprises rules, discussion, and commentary passed down by word of...

halal
Conforming to the rules laid down by Islam. The term can be applied to all aspects of life, but usually refers to food permissible under Muslim dietary laws, including meat from animals that have...

halcyon days
Period of two weeks of calm seas around the winter solstice, when the mythical halcyon (a bird identified with the kingfisher) was brooding over a nest at sea. In Greek mythology Alcyone, a daughter...

Halcyone
In Greek mythology, an alternative form of Alycone. ...

Haldeman-Julius, Emanuel
(1889-1951) US publisher and author. A lifelong freethinker, socialist and iconoclast, in 1919, after his youthful years as an activist reformer, he started a Socialist newspaper in Girard, Kansas. That same...

Haldeman, H(arry) R(obbins)
(1926-1993) US presidential aide. He was chief of staff to Richard Nixon 1969-1973. Immensely protective and loyal towards his president, Haldeman was crucially involved in the Watergate cover-up and, after...

Halder, Franz
(1884-1971) German general. As chief of staff from September 1938, he was responsible for much of the planning for the invasion of the USSR in 1941, though it seems he did not dare draw attention to possible...

Hale, Edward Everett
(1822-1909) US Unitarian minister and writer. His literary reputation rests chiefly on his short story `The Man without a Country` 1865, contained in If, Yes, and Perhaps 1868. His other writings include...

Hale, Eugene
(1836-1918) US politician. A Republican representing Maine, he was elected to the US House of Representatives (1869-79) and the US Senate (1881-1911). He was a reliable supporter of business interests and...

Hale, Nancy
(1908-1988) US writer. She worked as an editor for Vogue (1928-32) and Vanity Fair (1932-33), and was the first woman reporter for the New York Times (1935). A lecturer at Bread Loaf Writers' Conference,...

Hale, Nathan
(1755-1776) US hero of the American Revolution, hanged by the British as a spy. He crossed British lines disguised as a teacher and told George Washington that he wished `to be useful`. He was sent behind...

Hale, Philip Leslie
(1865-1931) US painter and critic. He went to Paris in 1887 and joined Claude Monet's Impressionist circle at Giverny. He returned to the USA in 1890 as `the boldest of the American Impressionists`. Despite...

Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell
(1788-1879) US poet. She was the author of `Mary had a Little Lamb` 1830. ...

Hale, William Gardner
(1849-1928) US classicist. He was influential in founding the American School of Classical Studies at Rome (now the American Academy at Rome) and was its first director (1895). His Art of Reading Latin (1887)...

Hales, John
(died 1571) English political thinker. He led the 16th-century Commonwealth movement which campaigned against enclosures. Its inspiration came from Protestant clerics of whom Hugh Latimer...

Hales, John
(1584-1656) English scholar and theologian. He attended the Synod of Dort in 1618. His reports appear in his Golden Remains (1659). His tract, `Schism...

Halévy, Elie
(1870-1937) French historian. In 1898 he became professor at the Ecole Libre des Science Politiques. Histoire du Socialisme européen (1948), based on notes on his lectures, was published posthumously. He was...

Halévy, Ludovic
(1834-1908) French novelist and librettist. He collaborated with Hector Crémieux in the libretto for Jacques Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld, and with Henri Meilhac on librettos for Offenbach's La Belle...

Haley, Alex(ander Murray Palmer)
(1921-1992) US journalist and writer. He first gained some national attention as the collaborator-editor of The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965). His highly acclaimed work, Roots: The Saga of an American...

Halfaya Pass
Pass south of Bardia, on the Libya-Cyrenaica border; it was of great strategic importance in the North African Campaign of World War II as it gave access from the coastal plains through the...

halfpenny
Originally round silver coins, first minted in the reign of Alfred the Great, and from 1672 the first English copper coin. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, the half ...

Haliartus
Ancient town in Boeotia, central Greece, situated on a hill overlooking Lake Copais. The town was burned by the Persians 480 BC, but was later rebuilt. The Spartan general Lysander was killed at...

Halicarnassus
Ancient city in Asia Minor (now Bodrum in Turkey), where the tomb of Mausolus, built about 350 BC by widowed Queen Artemisia, was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Greek historian Herodotus...

Halidon Hill, Battle of
Battle fought on 19 July 1333, 3 km/2 mi northwest of Berwick-upon-Tweed in Northumberland, England. Edward Baliol (d. 1364), who had been deposed...

Hall-Stevenson, John
(1718-1785) English writer. His principal work is Crazy Tales 1762, a collection of clever verses, disfigured, as all his writings are, by coarse expression and thought. He was a friend of Laurence Sterne and...

Hall, (William) Reginald
(1870-1943) British admiral. In October 1914 as director of Naval Intelligence he founded `Room 40`, the naval cryptanalysis office which successfully broke German naval codes and was responsible for...

Hall, Anna Maria
(1800-1881) Irish novelist. Born in Dublin, Hall spent her childhood in County Wexford, before moving to London in 1815. Her works include Sketches of Irish Character (1829), The Buccaneer (1832), and The White...

Hall, David
(1930) US politician. An air force veteran and lawyer, he served as Tulsa County attorney (1962-66), becoming a University of Tulsa law professor in 1968. As Democratic governor of Oklahoma (1971-75),...

Hall, Donald Andrew, Jr
(1928) US poet. An editor of numerous poetry anthologies, he is best known as a tough, witty lyric poet who employs simple, straightforward language, as seen in The Museum of Clear Ideas (1993). He became...

Hall, Edward
(c. 1498-1547) English lawyer and chronicler who wrote The Union of the Noble and Illustre Families of Lancaster and York. It chronicles the success of the Tudor dynasty supposedly bringing the War of the Roses to...

Hall, Edward Twitchell, Jr
(1914) US cultural anthropologist. He developed theories of nonverbal communication which he popularized in Silent Language (1959). Other important works incude Beyond Culture (1966) and The Dance of Life...

Hall, Gus
(1910-2000) US political leader. He was national secretary (1950-59) and general secretary (1959) of the US Communist Party. Hall was the Communist Party candidate for president of the USA in 1972 and 1976....

Hall, James
(1793-1868) US lawyer and author. He saw combat in the War of 1812, then quit the army in 1818 after a dispute with his commanding officer. Settling in Shawneetown, Illinois, he practised law, was elected state...

Hall, Joseph
(1574-1656) English bishop and satirist. He became chaplain to Prince Henry (1608), dean of Worcester (1616), and bishop of Exeter (1627). He later wrote in defence of the Anglican Church. In 1641 he became...

Hall, Ken
(1901-1994) Australian film and TV director and producer. He was a pioneer of feature film production in Australia, with 19 credits to his name between 1932 and 1946. Although the films he made for Cinesound...

Hall, Peter (Reginald Frederick)
(1930) English theatre, opera, and film director. He was director of the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon 1960-68 and developed the Royal Shakespeare Company 1968-73 until appointed...

Hall, Radclyffe
(1880-1943) English novelist. The Well of Loneliness (1928) brought her notoriety because of its lesbian theme. It was successfully prosecuted for obscenity and banned in the UK, but republished in 1949. Her...

Hall, Rosetta S(herwood)
(1865-1951) US physician and missionary. In addition to conducting groundbreaking medical and educational work in Korea, she also championed the education of sight- and hearing-impaired persons in the same...

Hall, Willis
(1929-2005) English dramatist. He wrote numerous plays for stage, radio, television, and cinema, as well as more than a dozen children's novels. His best-known work is the play The Long and the Short and the...

Hallam, Arthur Henry
(1811-1833) English poet. He wrote some fine Italian sonnets. His health broke down while travelling on the Continent with his father, Henry Hallam, and he died in Vienna. He was a close friend of Alfred...

Hallam, Henry
(1777-1859) British historian. He was called to the Bar, but a private fortune enabled him to devote himself to historical study from 1812 and his Constitutional History of England...

Halleck, Charles
(1900-1986) US politician. A Republican member of the US House of Representatives (1935-69), he served as majority leader for six years and minority leader for four years, appearing in weekly television press...

Halleck, Fitz-Greene
(1790-1867) US poet. His work includes Fanny 1820, a satire on contemporary literature, fashions, and politics, and `Marco Bozzaris` 1825. In 1832 he became secretary to John Jacob Astor, who left him an...

Halleck, Henry Wager
(1815-1872) US general who served with the Union forces in the Civil War. In 1862 he was made commander-in-chief of the Union forces, but was superseded by Ulysses S Grant 1864. Halleck then...

Hallgrímur Pétursson
(1614-1674) Icelandic poet and hymn-writer. His 50 Passíusálmar/Passion Hymns are his greatest achievement and his funeral hymn `Alt eins og blómstrid eina`/`Just as one true flower` is sung at...

Halliburton, Richard
(1900-1939) US travel writer. He followed the trails of such heroes as Ulysses and Alexander the Great, and his books include The Royal Road to Romance 1925, The Flying Carpet 1932, and...

Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard
(1820-1889) English scholar. His biography of Shakespeare appeared 1848, followed by his New Book about Shakespeare and Stratford-upon-Avon 1850 and Illustrations of the Life of Shakespeare 1874. He also...