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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Huerta, Victoriano
(1854-1916) Mexican soldier and political leader, president 1913-14. As provisional president, he established a military dictatorship in 1913. Military pressure from insurgents, notably Venustiano Carranza,...

Huet, Paul
(1805-1869) French landscape painter. He was one of the leaders in the direct approach to nature. Huet was a pupil of Antoine Huet, Pierre Daniel
(1630-1721) French scholar and churchman. In 1652 he visited the Swedish Court, and discovered in Stockholm the famous Origen manuscript, which he edited in 1668. In 1670 he and Jacques Bossuet were appointed...

Hufstedtler, Shirley (Ann)
(1925) US lawyer who was a champion of civil liberties as a federal appellate judge in California. She served as the first Cabinet-level US Secretary of Education 1979-81 before returning to private...

Hugh of Lincoln
(c. 1246-1255) English Christian child. Traditionally he is alleged to have been crucified by a group of Jews in Lincoln, England. Having been accused of the child's death, the group's leader, Copin, was brought...

Hugh of Lincoln, St
(c. 1135-1200) French-born English saint. He entered the Carthusian order at the Grande Chartreuse c. 1160. He became procurator there and was invited to England by Henry II to establish at Witham, Somerset, the...

Hughes, (James) Langston
(1902-1967) US poet, novelist, and playwright. A leading black writer of his time, he published several collections of poetry, including The Weary Blues (1926); the novel Not Without Laughter (1930); and plays,...

Hughes, Arthur
(1832-1915) English Pre-Raphaelite painter and illustrator. His depictions of contemporary life are closely observed, their mood often wistful or melancholy. They include April Love (1856; Tate Gallery,...

Hughes, Billy (William Morris)
(1862-1952) Australian politician, prime minister 1915-23; originally Labor, he headed a national cabinet. After resigning as prime minister in 1923, he helped Joseph Lyons form the United Australia Party in...

Hughes, Harold E
(1922) US state governor. As Democratic governor of Iowa 1963-69, he increased school funding, established a Civil Rights Commission, and strengthened consumer protection programmes. He served in the US...

Hughes, Howard (Robard)
(1905-1976) US industrialist, aviator, and film producer. Inheriting wealth from his father, the industrialist Howard Robert Hughes, who had patented a revolutionary oil-drilling bit, he took control of the...

Hughes, John (Joseph)
(1797-1864) Irish-born US prelate who founded St John's (now Fordham) College in 1841, set up an ambitious parochial school system, helped found the American College in Rome, and began construction of St...

Hughes, Richard (Arthur Warren)
(1900-1976) English writer. His study of childhood, A High Wind in Jamaica, was published in 1929; his story of a ship's adventures in a hurricane, In Hazard in 1938; and the historical novel The Fox in the...

Hughes, Richard (Joseph)
(1909-1992) US state governor and judge. As Democratic governor of New Jersey 1962-70, he fought unsuccessfully for a state income tax to improve the education system. As New Jersey Supreme Court chief...

Hughes, Shirley
(1927) English author and illustrator of books for children. Following her first picture book, Lucy and Tom's Day (1960), she has written and illustrated many books, including Dogger (1977; Kate Greenaway...

Hughes, Simon
(1951) British Liberal Democrat politician, deputy leader from 2003. He was party spokesperson on home affairs 1997-2003, health 1995-97, the environment 1983-88 and 1992-94, and education...

Hughes, Ted (Edward James)
(1930-1998) English poet. His work is characterized by its harsh portrayal of the crueller aspects of nature, by its reflection of the agonies of personal experience,...

Hughes, Thomas
(1822-1896) English writer. He is best known as the author of Tom Brown's School Days (1857), a story of Rugby School under Thomas Arnold, with an underlying religious sense, which was the forerunner of the...

Huguenot
French Protestant in the 16th century; the term referred mainly to Calvinists. Persecuted under Francis I and Henry II, the Huguenots survived both an attempt to exterminate them (the Massacre of Huguet, Jaume
(1420-1490) Catalan painter. He was a leading artist of the Catalan Gothic School and a painter of altarpieces. Among his works are the retables of St Abdon...

Hui
One of the largest minority ethnic groups in China, numbering about eight and a half million. Members of the Hui live all over China, but are concentrated in the northern central region. They have...

Huitzilopochtli
In Aztec religion, a central deity. The Aztecs sacrificed thousands of human lives to him each year, especially at the great festival of Panquetzalitzili (`the raising of the banners`), which...

Huizinga, Johan
(1872-1945) Dutch historian and, in his time, a leading intellectual and popular writer. He is probably best known for The Waning of the Middle Ages 1919, an account of cultural decline in 14th- and...

Hukbalahap movement
Left-wing Filipino peasant resistance campaign 1942-54. Formed to challenge the Japanese wartime occupation of the Philippines 1942-45, it carried out guerrilla attacks against the Japanese...

Hulett, Alta M
(1854-1877) US lawyer who drew up a bill rejecting sex-based discrimination in employment (except in the military and on juries); the Illinois legislature passed it in 1872. She moved to Chicago, spent...

Hull, Cordell
(1871-1955) US Democratic politician. As F D Roosevelt's secretary of state 1933-44, he was a vigorous champion of free trade, and opposed German and Japanese aggression. He was identified with the Good...

Hull, Isaac
(1773-1843) US naval officer who served in the undeclared naval war with France and the Tripolitan War. As commander of the USS Constitution 1810-12 he won an outstand ...

Hull, Richard Amyatt
(1907-1989) British soldier. He joined the army in 1928 and held several commands during World War II. From 1946-48 he was commandant of Camberley Staff College. He was General Officer Commanding in Egypt...

Hull, William
(1753-1825) US soldier who in 1805 became governor of the Michigan Territory. In 1812 Hull led a small army into Ontario, but retreated on the appearance of a combined British and Indian force; he withdrew into...

Hulme, Keri
(1947) New Zealand poet and novelist. She won the Commonwealth Booker Prize with her first novel The Bone People (1985), which centres on an autistic child and those close to him. Acutely responsive to...

Hulme, T(homas) E(rnest)
(1883-1917) English poet, philosopher, and critic. He was killed on active service in World War I. As a poet he condemned the vagueness of the romantic Georgian school, demanding instead hardness and precision....

Human Comedy, The
Series of novels by Honoré de Balzac, collectively published 1842-46, which aimed to depict every aspect of 19th-century French life. Of the 143 planned, 80 were completed. These include...

human rights
Civil and political rights of the individual in relation to the state; see also civil rights. Under the terms of the United Nations Charter human rights violations by countries have become its...

Human Rights Act
UK act of Parliament of 1998 that gave further provision to rights and freedoms guaranteed under the European Convention on Human Rights. It came into force in November 2000. The enactment of a UK...

Human Rights Watch
US non-partisan pressure group that watches over and publicizes human-rights abuses by governments, especially attacks on those who defend human rights in their own countries. It comprises...

human sacrifice
Ritual slaughter of human beings in the belief that through the offering of such sacrifices to a deity, powers and forces will be given to those making the sacrifice, or that the anger of the deity...

human species, origins of
Evolution of humans from ancestral primates. The African apes (gorilla and chimpanzee) are shown by anatomical and molecular comparisons to be the closest living relatives of humans. The oldest...

human torpedo
Torpedo fitted with seats for two men and steering controls and with a detachable warhead which can be attached to a target ship. They were first used by the Italian Navy December 1941 in Alexandria...

Humbert
Anglicized form of Umberto, two kings of Italy. ...

Humble Petition and Advice
Constitutional proposal put to Oliver Cromwell by the English parliament 25 May 1657 to moderate army rule under the major-generals. Although Cromwell refused the crown which the petition urged...

Hume, (Andrew) Hamilton
(1797-1873) Australian explorer. In 1824, with William Hovell, he led an expedition from Sydney to the Murray River and Port Phillip. The Melbourne-Sydney Hume Highway is named after him. ...

Hume, (George) Basil
(1923-1999) English Roman Catholic cardinal from 1976. A Benedictine monk, he was abbot of Ampleforth in Yorkshire 1963-76, and in 1976 became archbishop of Westminster, the first monk to hold the office. He...

Hume, Allan Octavian
(1829-1912) British administrator. Hume was educated at the East India College (now Haileybury College) and London University, passing from there to the Bengal Civil Service in 1849. In Simla he formed an...

Hume, David
(1711-1776) Scottish philosopher whose Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40) is a central text of British empiricism (the theory that experience is the only source...

Hume, Fergus
(1859-1932) British writer. Educated in New Zealand, he returned to England in 1888; his Mystery of a Hansom Cab 1887 was one of the first detective stories. ...

Hume, John
(1937) Northern Ireland politician, leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) from 1979. Hume was a founder member of the Credit Union Party, which later became the SDLP. An MP since 1969,...

Hume, Joseph
(1777-1855) British Radical politician. Born in Montrose, Scotland, he went to India as an army surgeon 1797, made a fortune, and on his return bought a seat in Parliament. In 1818 he secured election as a...

Humewood Castle
Large, imposing Victorian house in the style of a castle, in County Wicklow, Republic of Ireland. It was built in 1867 for the member of Parliament W W F Hume Dick, and designed by William White....

Humilis
Pseudonym of the French poet Germain Nouveau. ...

humility
In Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, an attitude that recognizes human imperfection and dependence on God. It is also enjoined in relation to other people: to consider others before self and to be...

Hump, The
In World War II, name given by Allied pilots to the eastern end of the Himalayan Mountains over which the Allied air supply route from Assam to China passed. The route was about 850 km/530 mi long...

Humphrey, George (Magoffin)
(1890-1970) US industrialist and cabinet member. A lawyer, he became president of the Hanna iron ore company, and in 1929 he created National Steel which flourished despite...

Humphrey, William
(1924) US writer. His first novel, Home from the Hills 1958, was well received; it is set in the Red River country of northeast Texas, the locale of most of his fiction. The Ordways 1965 was his second...

Hun
Member of any of a number of nomad Mongol peoples who were first recorded historically in the 2nd century BC, raiding across the Great Wall into China. They entered Europe about AD 372, settled in...

Hun Sen
(1950) Cambodian political leader, prime minister 1985-93, deputy prime minister from 1993, and single effective leader from July 1997. His leadership was characterized by the promotion of economic...

Hunab-ku
In the religion of the Mayas, the supreme god, abstract and invisible, identified with the Sun. ...

Hunchback of Notre Dame, The
Historical novel by Victor Hugo published in France 1831. Set in 15th-century Paris, it describes the corrupt and obsessive love of the archdeacon of the cathedral of Notre Dame for a Romany...

hundred
Subdivision of a shire in England, Ireland, and parts of the USA. The term was originally used by Germanic peoples to denote a group of 100 warriors, also the area occupied by 100 families or...

hundred days
In European history, the period 20 March-28 June 1815, marking the French emperor Napoleon's escape from imprisonment on Elba to his departure from Paris after losing the battle of...

Hundred Days' Reform
Ambitious Westernizing reform programme in China 1898. It sought the modernization of the civil service, the establishment of a national assembly or parliament, and the adoption of a constitutional...

Hundred Flowers campaign
In Chinese history, a movement from 1956 to 1957 of open political and intellectual debate, encouraged by ...

Hundred Years' War
Series of conflicts between England and France in 1337-1453. Its causes were the French claim (as their fief) to Gascony in southwest France, held by the English kings, and medieval trade...

Huneker, James Gibbons
(1860-1921) US critic and musician. In 1887 he began to write for the Musical Courier and continued to write for a series of newspapers and periodicals until his death, broadening his subjects to include drama,...

Hungarian
The majority population of Hungary or a people of Hungarian descent; also, their culture and language. Hungarian minorities are found in the Slovak Republic, Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania, where...

Hungarian literature
Written literature has been traced back to 1200 but it was a rich surviving oral literature that influenced Bálint Balassi (1554-1594) and the development of a secular poetic tradition in the...

Hungarian uprising
National uprising against Soviet dominance of Hungary in 1956; see also Hungary, Hungarian national uprising. ...

Hungary
Country in central Europe, bounded north by the Slovak Republic, northeast by Ukraine, east by Romania, south by Serbia and Croatia, and west by Austria and Slovenia. Government Under...

hunger march
Procession of the unemployed, a feature of social protest in interwar Britain. The first took place in 1922 from Glasgow to London and another in 1929. In 1932 the National Unemployed Workers'...

Hunne's case
Scandal when a London merchant, Richard Hunne was found hanging in his cell in the Bishop of London's prison 4 December 1514 while awaiting trial for heresy. The church claimed he had committed...

Hunt, (James Henry) Leigh
(1784-1859) English essayist and poet. He influenced and encouraged the Romantics. His verse, though easy and agreeable, is little appreciated today, and he is best remembered as an essayist. He recycled parts...

Hunt, (William) Holman
(1827-1910) English painter, one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848. His paintings, characterized both by a meticulous attention to detail and a clear moral and religious symbolism,...

Hunt, George (Wylie Paul)
(1859-1934) US state governor. He served on the territorial legislature and presided over the constitutional convention that led to statehood for Arizona. He was Arizona's first governor 1912-19 and returned...

Hunt, Henry
(`Orator`) (1773-1835) British Radical politician who agitated for a wider franchise and the repeal of the Corn Laws. Born into an affluent farming family, he emerged as one of the best-known radical leaders in the...

Hunt, Richard Morris
(1827-1895) US architect, born at Brattleborough, Vermont. He was the first American to study at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. In 1854 he was put in charge of...

Hunt, Violet
(1866-1942) English novelist. She was a daughter of A W Hunt, a Pre-Raphaelite painter, and grew up in the Rossetti circle. Her first novel was The Maiden's Progress 1894; several others followed. The Wife of...

Hunt, Ward
(1810-1886) US Supreme Court justice. He served on the New York state legislature in 1838 and as mayor of Utica in 1844. An early Republican Party organizer, he served in...

Hunt, William Henry
(1823-1884) US jurist who served as secretary of the navy 1881-82 when he appointed the first naval advisory board. He was US ambassador to Russia 1882-84. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he practiced...

Hunt, William Henry
(1790-1864) English watercolour painter. He painted some landscapes and humorous rustic subjects, but is mainly noted for the minutely detailed watercolours of fruit and flowers produced...

Hunt, William Morris
(1824-1879) US painter whose work was influenced by French artists of the time, and his genre paintings are romantic and somewhat sentimental, as seen in The Ba ...

hunting and gathering
Living by hunting animals and gathering seeds, nuts, roots, and berries for consumption rather than trade. Hunting and gathering was the primary means of subsistence for 99% of human history. With...

Huntington, Anna Vaughn
(1876-1973) US sculptor. After visits to France and Italy, she and her philanthropist husband, Archer M Huntington, founded Brookgreen Gardens near Charleston, South Carolina, in 1931, a nature retreat and...

Huntington, Frederic Dan
(1819-1904) US clergyman who in 1859 joined the Episcopal church and served as rector of Emmanuel Church, Boston. In 1869 he became the first bishop of the newly created diocese of Central New York. A reformer...

Huntziger, Charles
(1880-1941) French general. After a distinguished career in World War I, Huntziger was in command of the French 2nd Army 1940 when the Germans invaded. He deployed his troops to prevent an outflanking attack on...

Hunyadi, János Corvinus
(c. 1387-1456) Hungarian politician and general. Born in Transylvania, reputedly the son of the emperor Sigismund, he won battles against the Turks from the 1440s. In 1456 he defeated them at Belgrade, but died...

Hupa
Member of an American Indian people living in the Hoopa Valley, northwest California. They speak an Athabaskan dialect,...

Hurd, Douglas (Richard)
(1930) British Conservative politician, home secretary 1985-89 and foreign secretary 1989-95. A moderate `Heathite` Conservative, he was passed over for the cabinet during Margaret Thatcher's first...

Hurd, Nathaniel
(1729/30-1777) American engraver and silversmith. He worked in Boston as a silversmith and as a copperplate etcher of armorial bookplates and college seals. An early and skilful engraver, he had his portrait...

Hurley, Patrick J(ay)
(1883-1963) US lawyer and diplomat. He became a millionaire through his law practice and real estate investments. As secretary of war 1929-33 he dealt severely with rioting US war veterans and with the...

Hurok, Sol(omon)
(1888-1974) Russian-born US theatrical producer. From 1914 he produced musical and theatrical events and over the years arranged US appearances for the most prominent figures in European music and dance,...

Huron
Member of an American Indian people living in Ontario, Canada, northeast of Lake Huron in the 14th-17th centuries. Their language belongs to the Iroquoian family. Primarily a farming people, they...

Hurrians
Ancient inhabitants of Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, east of the Tigris (possibly the biblical Horites), in the 18th to 14th centuries BC. Their culture and customs are known from thousands of cuneiform...

Hurst Castle
Coastal fortification in Hampshire, England, about 6 km/4 mi southwest of the port of Lymington, at the mouth of the western arm of the Solent. The castle lies at the end of a long shingle spit, and...

Hurston, Zora Neale
(1901-1960) US writer. She was associated with the Harlem Renaissance. She collected traditional Afro-American folk tales in Mules and Men (1935) and Tell My Horse (1938). Among her many other works are the...

Husák, Gustáv
(1913-1991) Czechoslovak politician, leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (CCP) 1969-87 and president 1975-89. After the 1968 Prague Spring of liberalization, his task was to restore control,...

Husayn
(627-680) Second grandson of the prophet Muhammad. He was the son of Ali bin Abu Talib and Muhammad's daughter Fatima. He was murdered at Karbala (modern Iraq), and his death is commemorated every year by...

husbandmen
Independent farmer below the rank of yeoman. Unlike yeomen, they did not usually own the land they farmed, but held tenancies of about 10-30 acres. ...

huscarl
Anglo-Danish warrior in 10th-century Denmark and early 11th-century England. Huscarls formed the bulk of English royal armies until the Norman Conquest. ...

Huskisson, William
(1770-1830) British Conservative politician, financier, and advocate of free trade. He was active in the Corn Law debates, supporting their relaxation in 1821 and replacing the absolute level with a sliding...

Huss, John
(c. 1373-1415) Bohemian Christian church reformer, rector of Prague University from 1402, who was excommunicated for attacks on ecclesiastical abuses. He was summoned before the Council of Constance in 1414,...

Hussein ibn Talal
(1935-1999) King of Jordan 1952-99. By 1967 he had lost all his kingdom west of the River Jordan in the Arab-Israeli Wars, and in 1970 suppressed the Palestine Liberation Organization acting as a guerrilla...