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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Hoste, William
(1780-1828) British naval captain. He entered the navy at the age of 13, and was on board the Agamemnon under the express care of Capt Horatio Nelson. He saw service in all parts of the Mediterranean, and...

Hotchkiss gun
French machine gun, adopted by the French army 1897. Several models existed but the most common was a light air-cooled, gas-operated weapon fed with...

Hotelling, Harold
(1895-1973) US economist. He was a pioneering economic and statistical theorist whose reputation was based on relatively few published articles, but they launched many ideas regarding the economics of location...

Hoth, Hermann
(1895-1971) German general. A cavalry officer in World War I, he remained in the army after the war, specializing in tank warfare. In World War II, he commanded the 3rd Panzer Army in the invasion of the USSR...

Hottentot
South African term for a variety of different African peoples; it is non-scientific and considered derogatory by many. The name Khoikhoi is preferred. ...

Houdini, Harry
(1874-1926) US escapologist and conjuror. He was renowned for his escapes from ropes and handcuffs, from trunks under water, from straitjackets, and from prison cells. Born in Budapest, he was the son of a...

Houdon, Jean-Antoine
(1741-1828) French sculptor. A portraitist, he made characterful studies of Voltaire and a neoclassical statue of George Washington, commissioned in 1785. His other subjects included the philosophers Diderot...

Hough, Jerry F
(1935) US political scientist whose research focused mainly on Eastern European governments and their transition in the latter part of the 20th century. His books on this theme include Soviet Leadership in...

Houghton, Henry Oscar
(1823-1895) US publisher. In 1848 he launched Riverside Press printers and in 1864 started the distinguished publishing firm that evolved into Houghton, Mifflin. The company, a descendant of Ticknor & Fields,...

Houghton, William Stanley
(1881-1913) English dramatist. His play Hindle Wakes 1912 is representative of the naturalism of the Manchester School to which he belonged. ...

Houma
Member of an American Indian people living in the lower Mississippi Valley. Descendants of the Mississippian Moundbuilders, they were once part of the Chakchiuma of east-central Mississippi, but...

Houphouët-Boigny, Félix
(1905-1993) Côte d'Ivoire right-wing politician, president 1960-93. He held posts in French ministries, and became president of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire on independence in 1960, maintaining close...

Hours, Book of
In medieval Europe, a collection of liturgical prayers for the use of the faithful. Some Books of Hours were also used as calendars. Books of Hours appeared in England in the 13th century, and...

houscarl
11th-century military fraternity used by the Danish kings of England as a form of bodyguard and standing army. The system was introduced by King Canute 1016 and was initially paid for by the...

House of Commons
See Commons, House of. ...

House of Lords
See Lords, House of. ...

House of Representatives
Lower chamber of the US Congress, with 435 members elected at regular two-year intervals, every even year, in November. States are represented in proportion to their population. The Speaker of the...

House, Edward Mandell
(1858-1938) US politician and diplomat. He was instrumental in obtaining the presidential nomination for Woodrow Wilson in 1912 and later served as Wilson's closest adviser. During World War I, House served as...

House, John Henry
(1845-1936) US missionary and educator. In Bulgaria (1874-91) he directed the American College and Theological Institute; in Salonika, Greece (1894-1931) he was founding director of the American Farm School...

Household, Geoffrey Edward West
(1900-1988) English espionage and adventure novelist. His Rogue Male 1939 concerned an Englishman's attempt to kill Hitler, and the enemy hunt for him after his failure. Household served with British...

Household, Royal
See royal household. ...

Houseman, John
(1902-1988) US theatre, film, and television producer and character actor. He co-founded the Mercury Theater with Orson Welles, and collaborated with such directors as Max Ophüls, Vincente Minnelli, and...

Houser, Allen C
(1915-1994) Chiricahua Apache sculptor. The great-great-grandson of Geronimo, he garnered numerous honours and awards and exhibited widely around the world. In 1962 he was appointed head...

houses of correction
In England, early workhouses set up under the poor laws of 1576 and 1597 as a response to rising population and unemployment. A house of correction was set up in each county and major town,...

Housman, A(lfred) E(dward)
(1859-1936) English poet and classical scholar. His A Shropshire Lad (1896), a series of deceptively simple, nostalgic, ballad-like poems, has been popular since World War I. This was followed by Last Poems...

Houston, Charles H(amilton)
(1895-1950) US lawyer. He initiated the strategy for many celebrated civil-rights cases brought before the US Supreme Court by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and through his...

Houston, Sam (Samuel)
(1793-1863) US general who won independence for Texas from Mexico in 1836 and was president of the Republic of Texas 1836-45. The city of Houston, Texas, is named after him. In his early life he lived among...

Hovey, Richard
(1864-1900) US poet. A committed `bohemian`, he wrote much original verse, collaborated with William Carman in Songs from Vagabondia 1894, 1896, and 1901, and published a volume of lyrics,...

Hoving, Thomas (Pearsall Field)
(1931) US museum director and editor. He is credited by some with revitalizing the acquisition programme of the Metropolitan Museum, New York, and putting together extravagant and popular exhibitions, but...

How-Martyn, Edith
(1875-1954) English suffragette. She co-founded the Women's Freedom League with Charlotte Despard and Teresa Billington-Greig in 1907 and became the first woman member of Middlesex Council in 1919. As...

Howard, Alan Mackenzie
(1937) English actor. His appearances with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) include the title roles in Henry V, Henry VI, Coriolanus, and Richard III. Howard's Broadway debut came as Theseus and Oberon...

Howard, Catherine
(c. 1520-1542) Queen consort of Henry VIII of England from 1540. In 1541 the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas...

Howard, Charles
(1536-1624) English admiral, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth I. He commanded the fleet against the Spanish Armada while Lord High Admiral (1585-1618). He cooperated with the Earl of Essex in the attack on Cádiz...

Howard, Constance
(1919-2000) English embroiderer, artist, and teacher. She helped to revive creative craftwork after World War II. Her work includes framed pictures with fabrics outlined in bold black threads, wall hangings,...

Howard, Ebenezer
(1850-1928) English town planner. Aiming to halt the unregulated growth of industrial cities, he pioneered the ideal of the garden city through his book Tomorrow (1898; republished as Garden Cities of Tomorrow...

Howard, Elizabeth Jane
(1923) English novelist and short-story writer. Her novels are carefully written, closely observed stories of contemporary society, about individuals who seek moral and emotional security. Her novels...

Howard, Jacob Merritt
(1805-1871) US representative and senator. He was a Whig congressman 1841-43 who later helped organize the new Republican Party. As a senator 1862-71 he favoured harsh reconstruction measures. Born in...

Howard, John
(1726-1790) English philanthropist whose work to improve prison conditions is continued today by the Howard League for Penal Reform (a charity formed in 1921 by...

Howard, John Winston
(1939) Australian politician, prime minister from 1996. Firmly on the conservative wing of the Liberal party, after entering the federal parliament in 1974, Howard served in the governments of Malcolm...

Howard, Michael
(1941) British Conservative politician, party leader 2003-05. As party leader he halved the size of the shadow cabinet to 12, and, though he said he would lead from the centre of the party, in 2005 he...

Howard, Michael Eliot
(1922) British historian. He was professor of war studies at London University (1963-68) and fellow of All Souls, Oxford University (from 1968). His publications include The Theory and Practice of War...

Howard, Oliver Otis
(1830-1909) US soldier. Stonewall Jackson's famous flank attack routed Howard's XI Corps at Chancellorsville (May 1863), and his command gave way before Confederate assaults on the first day at Gettysburg two...

Howard, Sidney (Coe)
(1891-1939) US playwright whose first commercial success, They Knew What They Wanted 1924, a comedy about grape growers, won a Pulitzer Prize. He also wrote numerous screenplays, including that for Gone With...

Howe, (Richard Edward) Geoffrey
(1926) British Conservative politician, member of Parliament for Surrey East. As chancellor of the Exchequer 1979-83 under Margaret Thatcher, he put into practice the monetarist policy that reduced...

Howe, George
(1886-1955) US architect. At first designing fashionable arts and crafts-inspired houses with Mellor and Meigs, Philadelphia, in 1928 he reevaluated his work and in partnership with William Lescaze from 1929...

Howe, Irving
(1920-1993) US literary critic and biographer. Howe's career is notable for blending socialist activism and literary and cultural criticism. Founder and editor of Dissent from 1954, his numerous essays and...

Howe, John
(1630-1705) English dissenting minister. He was an early and sincere advocate of religious toleration. He was domestic chaplain to Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard. As a result of t ...

Howe, Joseph
(1804-1873) Canadian politician. He was elected to the local parliament of Nova Scotia, and was instrumental in winning for Nova Scotia a responsible government, the first of any province in Canada. Howe was...

Howe, Julia Ward
(1819-1910) US feminist and antislavery campaigner who wrote the poem `Battle Hymn of the Republic` (1862); sung to the tune of `John Brown's Body`, it became associated with the Union side during the...

Howe, Louis M(cHenry)
(1871-1936) US presidential adviser who ran Franklin D Roosevelt's state senate campaign in 1912, there ...

Howe, Oscar
(1915-1983) Yankton Sioux painter. He served as art director at the Pierre (South Dakota) Indian School 1953-57 and as professor and artist-in-residence at the University of South Dakota 1957-81. His...

Howe, Richard, 1st Earl Howe
(1726-1799) British admiral. He cooperated with his brother William against the colonists during the American Revolution, and in the French Revolutionary Wars commanded the Channel fleets 1792-96. ...

Howe, William
(1729-1814) British general. During the American Revolution he won the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775, and as commander-in-chief in America 1776-78 captured New York...

Howell, David, Howell of Guildford
(1936) British politician. In 1966 he was elected Conservative member of Parliament for Guildford and between 1970 and 1974 he was successively a government whip, parliamentary secretary in the Civil...

Howell, F(rancis) Clark
(1925) US physical anthropologist who wrote extensively on African ecology and palaeoanthropology. His expedition to Ethiopia in 1969 revealed teeth and jaw fragments demonstrating that human...

Howell, James
(c. 1594-1666) Welsh author. His works include Dodona's Grove 1640, a political allegory;Instructions for Foreign Travel 1642; and the work on which his reputation rests, Epistolae Ho-Elianae, or Familiar...

Howells, William Dean
(1837-1920) US novelist and editor. The `dean` of US letters in the post-Civil War era, and editor of The Atlantic Monthly, he championed the realist movement in fiction and encouraged many younger...

Howells, William W(hite)
(1908-2005) US physical anthropologist who made major contributions to mathematical anatomic analyses of the human head. His craniometric and historical studies in Oceania 1966-72 resulted in his popular book...

Howison, George Holmes
(1834-1916) US philosopher. While teaching political economy at Washington University in St Louis 1866-69 he was attracted to idealist philosophy and went to study in Europe 1880-82. From 1884 to 1911 he...

Howitt, William
(1792-1879) English author. A prolific miscellaneous writer, his most successful work was a Popular History of England 1856-64. He frequently collaborated with his wife, Mary, and their work covered poetry,...

howitzer
Cannon, in use since the 16th century, with a particularly steep angle of fire. It was much developed in World War I for demolishing the fortresses of the trench system. The multinational NATO FH70...

Howl
Poem 1956 by US poet Allen Ginsberg. Written in long, chanting cadences, the poem protests against modern American materialism and conformism. It caused an immediate sensation on its first public...

Howze, Hamilton Hawkins
(1908-1998) US aviator who directed the Army Tactical Mobility Board in 1962 that developed a new doctrine of air mobility that US forces tested in Vietnam during the 1960s. After retiring in 1965 he became an...

Hoxha, Enver
(1908-1985) Albanian communist politician, the country's leader from 1954. He founded the Albanian Communist Party in 1941, and headed the liberation movement 1939-44. He was prime minister 1944-54, also...

Hoxie, Vinnie
(1847-1914) US sculptor. The first woman sculptor to be commissioned by the US government, she created a marble statue of Abraham Lincoln for the rotunda in Washington, DC 1866-71. Born in Madison, Wisconsin,...

Hoyt, Charles Hale
(1860-1900) US playwright. A successful writer of farces, he later moved more toward social satire, lampooning the railways in A Hole in the Ground 1887, and prohibition...

Hoyte, (Hugh) Desmond
(1929) Guyanese politician and president 1985-92. He held a number of ministerial posts before becoming prime minister under Forbes Burnham. On Burnham's death in 1985 he succeeded him as president. He...

HP
Abbreviation for hire purchase. ...

Hrawi, Elias
(1930-2006) Lebanese Maronite Christian politician, president 1989-98. He implemented the 1989 Taif peace agreement, which he had helped to draw up, ending Lebanon's 14-year civil war, and which reduced the...

Hrdlicka, Ales
(1869-1943) Bohemian-born US physical anthropologist who went to the USA in 1882. His extensive anatomical research - specifically, comparative studies of bodily and skeletal measurements of living and dead...

Hrdy, Sarah (C) Blaffer
(1946) US primatologist who made major contributions to studies of the evolution of primate social behaviour, including feminist interpretations of female primate reproductive strategies in evolution and...

HRH
Abbreviation for His/Her Royal Highness. ...

Hrushevsky, Mikhail Sergeevich
(1866-1934) Ukrainian historian and politician. After the February Revolution of 1917, he joined the party of Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries and was president of the short-lived Ukrainian Central...

Hsia dynasty
Alternative spelling of Xia dynasty, China's first legendary ruling family c. 2200-c.1500 BC. ...

Hsuan Tung
Name adopted by Henry P'u-i on becoming emperor of China in 1908. ...

Hsun Tzu
(300-230 BC) Chinese philosopher, a sceptical rationalist. He argued that human nature is essentially evil and needs to be constrained into moral behaviour by laws and punishments. ...

Hu Yaobang
(1915-1989) Chinese politician, Communist Party (CCP) chair 1981-87. A protégé of the communist leader Deng Xiaoping, Hu presided over a radical overhaul of the party structure and personnel 1982-86. His...

Hua Guofeng (or Hua Kuofeng)
(1920) Chinese politician, leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1976-81, premier 1976-80. He dominated Chinese politics 1976-77, seeking economic modernization without major structural reform....

Huai-Hai, Battle of
Decisive campaign 1948-49 in the Chinese Civil War (1946-49). The name is derived from the two main defensive positions held by the nationalist Guomindang force: the Huang (Huai) River in...

Huáscar
(c. 1495-1532) King of the Incas. He shared the throne with his half-brother Atahualpa from 1525, but the latter overthrew him and had him murdered during the Spanish conquest of Peru. ...

Hubbard, Bernard Rosecrans
(1888-1962) US Jesuit priest, explorer, and photographer. Called the `Glacier Priest`, between 1927 and the mid-1950s he made many expeditions to Alaska. He led the first winter ascent of Mount Karmai in...

Hubbard, Elbert Green
(1856-1915) US writer and printer. His chief work is A Message to García 1899, through which the Cuban lawyer and revolutionary Calixto García (1836-1898) became widely known in the USA. His printing...

Hubbard, L(afayette) Ron(ald)
(1911-1986) US science fiction and fantasy writer, founder in 1954 of Scientology. His first story was published in the pulp magazine Astounding Science Fiction 1938. His novels include Return to Tomorrow 1954...

Huber, Wolf
(1490-1533) German painter and graphic artist. Mainly noted for his woodcuts, with their depictions of landscapes, he worked at Ratisbon and Passau where he was court painter to the prince bishops. ...

Hubert, St
(656-727) Patron saint of hunters. According to a late legend he was hunting on Good Friday when he saw a stag with a cross growing out of its forehead. Recognizing this as a sign from heaven, he became a...

hubris
In Greek thought, an act of transgression or overweening pride. In ancient Greek tragedy, hubris was believed to offend the gods, and to lead to retribution. ...

Huc, Evariste Régis, Abbé
(1813-1860) French missionary in China. In 1845 he travelled to the border of Tibet, where he stopped for eight months to study the Tibetan language and Buddhist literature before moving on to...

Huch, Ricarda
(1864-1947) German writer. A leader of the neo-Romantics, her finest novels include Aus der Triumphgasse 1902, dealing with Italian working-class life, and Der grosse Krieg in Deutschland 1912-14, on the...

Hudd, Roy
(1936) English actor and comedian. He gained wide recognition in the radio shows Workers' Playtime and The News Huddlines (1976), before making his television bre ...

Huddleston, Trevor
(1913-1998) British churchman. He became an Anglican priest in 1937 and became a member of the Community of the Resurrection at Mirfield in 1941. In 1943 he went to South Africa and from 1949-56 he was...

Hudson River School
Group of US landscape painters working between 1825 and 1870; it was the first US school of landscape painting. Depicting the dramatic, uncultivated regions of the Hudson River Valley and the...

Hudson, Fredric
(1819-1875) US journalist who was called the `father of modern journalism`. He skilfully supervised coverage of the US Civil War by the New York Herald, with which he...

Hudson, George
(1800-1871) British Conservative politician and industrialist. He started out as a draper in York until he inherited £30,000 in 1828 and invested heavily and successfully in the burgeoning railway system....

Hudson, Henry
(c. 1565-1611) English explorer. Under the auspices of the Muscovy Company (1607-08), he made two unsuccessful attempts to find the Northeast Passage to China. In September 1609, commissioned by the Dutch East...

Hudson, Manley Ottmer
(1886-1960) US lawyer, educator, and judge. In 1919 he joined the Harvard Law School faculty and took part in the Versailles Peace Conference as an adviser on international law to the US delegation. Active in...

Hudson, Thomas
(1701-1779) English portrait painter. Stiff and conventional in style, he was fashionable for a period. The composer Georg Friedrich Handel was among his many sitters. He was the master...

Hudson, W(illiam) H(enry)
(1841-1922) British author, born of US parents in Argentina. He was inspired by recollections of early days in Argentina to write the romances The Purple Land 1885 and Green Mansions 1904, and his...

Hudson's Bay Company
Chartered company founded by Prince Rupert in 1670 to trade in furs with North American...

hue
In art, strictly speaking, the colour obtained by mixing a primary with a secondary colour. The term is, however, often applied to any shade of colour. ...

hue and cry
Cry of alarm that inhabitants of a manor (or frankpledge) were duty-bound to raise and respond to, in order to assist in the apprehension of crim ...