Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA Words: 39128

tympanocentesis
(tim″pә-no-sen-te´sis) myringotomy.

tympanogenic
(tim″pә-no-jen´ik) arising from the tympanic cavity.

tympanogram
(tim-pan´o-gram″) a graphic representation of the relative compliance and impedance of the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the middle ear as detected by tympanometry.

tympanomastoiditis
(tim″pә-no-mas″toi-di´tis) inflammation of the tympanic cavity and the mastoid cells.

tympanometry
(tim″pә-nom´ә-tre) indirect measurement of the compliance (mobility) and impedance of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles of the middle ear; it is done by subjecting the external acoustic meatus to positive, normal, and negative air pressure and monitoring the resultant sound energy flow. See also t...

tympanoplasty
(tim´pә-no-plas″te) plastic reconstruction of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear to create a continuity of their chain from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. This is done when chronic infection or a tumor has led to destruction of the ossicles, of the petrous part of the temporal bone, or both. ...

tympanosclerosis
(tim″pә-no-sklә-ro´sis) a condition characterized by the presence of masses of hard, dense connective tissue around the auditory ossicles in the middle ear.

tympanostomy
(tim″pә-nos´tә-me) myringotomy.

tympanostomy tube
ventilation tube.

tympanotomy
(tim″pә-not´ә-me) myringotomy. surgical opening of the middle ear.

tympanous
(tim´pә-nәs) distended with gas.

tympanum
(tim´pә-nәm) tympanic membrane. tympanic cavity.

tympany
(tim´pә-ne) a tympanic, or bell-like, percussion note, often elicited during percussion over a pneumothorax or tympanites (distended abdomen).

type
(tīp) the general or prevailing character of any particular case, such as of a disease, person, or substance.

type 1 diabetes mellitus
one of the two major types of diabetes mellitus, characterized by abrupt onset of symptoms, inadequate production of insulin, and dependence on exogenous insulin to sustain life. The peak age of onset is 12 years, although onset can be at any age. The lack of insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreas may result...

type 2 diabetes mellitus
one of the two major types of diabetes mellitus, characterized by peak age of onset between 50 and 60 years, gradual onset with few symptoms of metabolic disturbance, and no need for exogenous insulin; dietary control with or without oral hypoglycemic is usually effective. Obesity and genetic factors may also be present. Diagno...

type A
a personality type characterized by excessive competitiveness and aggressiveness and thought to be associated with higher levels of stress-related illnesses. See type A behavior.

type I cells
type I alveolar cells the flattened cells of the alveolar epithelium, distinguished by their greatly attenuated cytoplasm and paucity of organelles; called also membranous pneumonocytes and squamous alveolar or small alveolar cells.

Type I diabetes mellitus
type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Type I error
the rejection of a null hypothesis that is true.

type II cells
type II alveolar cells pleomorphic cells of the pulmonary alveolar epithelium that secrete surfactant and are distinguished by abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies; called also granular pneumonocytes and great or large alveolar cells.

Type II diabetes mellitus
type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type II error
acceptance of a null hypoothesis that is false.

typhoid
(ti´foid) resembling typhus. typhoid fever. typhoidal.

typhoid bacillus
Salmonella typhi.

typhoid fever
a serious, sometimes fatal bacterial infection transmitted by water, milk or other foods that is contaminated by Salmonella typhi, which is harbored in human feces. Entering the body through the intestinal tract, the bacilli multiply in the bloodstream and later localize in the intestinal tract or gallbladder. The usual incubation pe...

typhoid pneumonia
pneumonia with typhoid symptoms or accompanying typhoid fever; children may develop bronchopneumonia and adults may develop lobar pneumonia, with suppuration and empyema.

typhoid vaccine
any of several preparations of Salmonella typhi used for immunization against typhoid fever, including a parenteral heat- and phenol-inactivated bacteria vaccine, an oral live vaccine prepared from the attenuated strain Ty21a, and a parenteral vaccine prepared from typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide.

typhoid vaccine live oral
a preparation of the attenuated strain Salmonella typhi Ty21a; administered orally.

typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine
a preparation of a cell surface polysaccharide extracted from the strain Salmonella typhi Ty2, administered intramuscularly.

typhoidal
(ti-foid´әl) resembling typhoid fever.

typhoidal tularemia
the most serious form of tularemia, which may be caused by swallowing of bacilli or by inhaling them while chewing contaminated food; symptoms include abdominal pain, high fever, and other symptoms similar to those of typhoid fever. Oropharyngeal involvement and pneumonia with pleural effusion are also sometimes seen.

typhus
(ti´fәs) any of several acute, infectious diseases caused by species of Rickettsia, usually transmitted from the feces of infected rats and other rodents to humans by lice, fleas, ticks, or mites. Rickettsiae enter the human body through cuts or breaks in the skin made by the bites of the parasites.

typhus fever
typhus.

typhus nodules
minute nodules produced by perivascular infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells in rickettsial disease; they were originally described in typhus.

typhus vaccine
a formalin-inactivated vaccine used for immunization against epidemic (Rickettsia prowazeki) typhus. Efficacy of this vaccine has not been established and it is no longer available in the United States.

typing
(tīp´ing) in transplantation immunology, a method of measuring the degree of organ, solid tissue, or blood compatibility between two individuals, in which specific histocompatibility antigens (such as those on leukocytes or erythrocytes) are detected by means of suitable isoimmune antisera. blo...

typology
(ti-pol´ә-je) the study of types; the science of classifying members of a group, such as bacteria, according to type.

tyramine
(ti´rә-mēn) a decarboxylation product of tyrosine, which may be converted to cresol and phenol, found in decayed animal tissue, ripe cheese, and ergot. Closely related structurally to epinephrine and norepinephrine, it has a similar but weaker action.

Türk cell
a nongranular, mononuclear cell displaying morphologic characteristics of both an atypical lymphocyte and a plasma cell, observed in the peripheral blood during severe anemias, chronic infections, and leukemoid reactions; called also Türk irritation leukocyte.

tyrocidine
(ti″ro-si´din) a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic, containing one or more D-amino acids and produced by Bacillus brevis. It is effective against gram-positive organisms and acts by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane. It is one of two major components of tyrothricin, the other being gramicidin.

tyrogenous
(ti-roj´ә-nәs) originating in cheese.

tyroid
(ti´roid) caseous.

tyromatosis
(ti″ro-mә-to´sis) caseous degeneration.

tyropanoate
(ti″ro-pah-no´āt) a radiopaque contrast medium for use in oral cholecystography.

Tyrophagus
(ti-rof´ә-gәs) a genus of pale, soft-bodied mites; certain species live in flour or cheese and cause grocers' itch.

tyrosinase
(ti-ro´sin-ās) an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes a step in the hydroxylation of tyrosine; deficiency in it causes a type of oculocutaneous albinism.

tyrosine
(ti´ro-sēn) a naturally occurring, nonessential amino acid present in most proteins and synthesized metabolically from phenylalanine; it is a precursor of melanin, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones.

tyrosine test
see specific tests, including Hoffmann test, Mörner test (def. 1), Piria test, Udránszky test (def. 2), and Wurster test (def. 2).

tyrosinemia
(ti″ro-sĭ-ne´me-ә) any of a group of aminoacidopathies consisting of defective metabolism of tyrosine and its buildup in the body, as well as urinary excretion of related metabolites. type I tyrosinemia either of two autosomal recessive types of tyrosinemia characterized ...

tyrosinuria
(ti″ro-sĭ-nu´re-ә) an aminoaciduria consisting of excessive tyrosine in the urine, such as that accompanying tyrosinemia.

tyrosis
(ti-ro´sis) caseation (def. 2).

tyrosyluria
(ti″ro-sәl-u´re-ә) increased urinary secretion of compounds derived from tyrosine.

tyrothricin
(ti″ro-thri´sin) an antibiotic isolated from the soil bacillus Bacillus brevis, consisting principally of two polypeptides, of which the major one is tyrocidine and the other is gramicidin. It is effective against many gram-positive bacteria, and is applied topically in pyodermic, ocular, and other localized infec...

Tyson glands
preputial glands.

Tyson test
(for bile acids in urine) 180 to 240 mL of urine are evaporated to dryness on the water bath. The residue is extracted with absolute alcohol, and to the extract 12 to 14 volumes of ether are added. The bile acids are precipitated, then are filtered off, dissolved in water, and the aqueous solution decolorized with animal ...

tysonitis
(ti″sә-ni´tis) inflammation of the preputial glands (Tyson glands).

tyvelose
(ti´vәl-ōs) an unusual sugar that is a polysaccharide somatic antigen of Salmonella species.

Tzanck cell
a degenerated epithelial cell caused by acantholysis, found especially in pemphigus.

Tzanck test
(tsank) examination of the cells found in scrapings from the base of lesions of herpes in order to make a diagnosis of herpes simplex or genital herpes. Presence of multinucleated giant cells or certain types of eosinophilic inclusions indicates herpesvirus infection.

UA
urinalysis.

ubiquinol
(u″bĭ-kwĭ-nol´) the reduced form of ubiquinone.

ubiquinone
(u″bĭ-kwĭ-nōn´) coenzyme Q.

UDP
uridine diphosphate.

Udránszky test
(for bile acids) take 1 mL of a solution of the suspected substance, add a drop of 0.1 per cent solution of furfurol in water, underlay with strong sulfuric acid, and cool; if bile is present, a bluish-red color is formed. (for tyrosine) take 1 mL of the suspected substance in solution, add a drop of 0.5 per cent ...

Uganda S virus
an arbovirus of the genus Flavivirus, first isolated from species of Aedes in Bwamba county in Uganda. It causes mild febrile disease in certain areas in Africa, especially in Nigeria.

UICC system
a method of staging malignant tumors proposed by the Union Internationale Contre Cancer, based on TNM staging; it divides cancers into five stages.

ulcer
(ul´sәr) a local defect, or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue, produced by sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue. adj., ul´cerative, ul´cerous., adj.

ulcerate
(ul´sәr-āt) to undergo ulceration.

ulceration
(ul″sәr-a´shәn) formation or development of an ulcer. an ulcer.

ulcerative colitis
a recurrent acute and chronic disorder characterized by extensive inflammatory ulceration in the mucous membranes and submucosa of the colon; the cause is unknown. There are attacks of bloody, mucoid diarrhea, often brought on by physical or emotional stress; an episode can last from a few days to several months and may be foll...

ulcerative inflammation
that in which necrosis on or near the surface leads to loss of tissue and creation of a local defect (ulcer).

ulcerative keratitis
a type with ulceration of the corneal epithelium, such as in complication of microbial keratitis. Called also corneal ulcer.

ulcerative pharyngitis
pharyngitis with ulceration of the mucous membrane.

ulcerogangrenous
(ul″sәr-o-gang´rә-nәs) characterized by both ulceration and gangrene.

ulcerogenic
(ul″sәr-o-jen´ik) causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers.

ulceroglandular tularemia
the most common form of tularemia in humans, beginning as a painful, swollen, erythematous papule at the point of inoculation with Francisella tularensis; it later becomes pustular and then ruptures to form a shallow ulcer. Mild, generalized lymphadenopathy, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and pneumonia may be associ...

ulceromembranous
(ul″sәr-o-mem´brә-nәs) characterized by ulceration and a membranous exudation.

ulcus
(ul´kәs) Latin word meaning ulcer.

ulerythema
(u″lәr-ĭ-the´mә) an erythematous disease of the skin with scarring and atrophy. ulerythema ophryogenes a hereditary form in which keratosis pilaris involves the follicles of the eyebrow hairs; usually seen in young men.

Ullrich-Feichtiger syndrome
(ool´rik fīk´tĭ-gәr) a condition of micrognathia, hexadactyly, and genital abnormalities, with depressed nose, small eyes, hypertelorism, and protuberant ears, along with other defects.

Ullrich-Turner syndrome
(ool´rik tur´nәr) Noonan syndrome.

ulna
(ul´nә) the inner and larger bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb. It articulates with the humerus and with the head of the radius at its proximal end; with the radius and bones of the carpus at the distal end.

ulnad
(ul´nad) toward the ulna.

ulnar
(ul´nәr) pertaining to the ulna or to the ulnar (medial) aspect of the upper limb as compared to the radial (lateral) aspect.

ulnar artery
origin, brachial artery; branches, palmar carpal, dorsal carpal, and deep palmar branches, ulnar recurrent and common interosseous arteries, superficial palmar arch; distribution, forearm, wrist, hand.

ulnar deviation
a hand deformity, seen in chronic rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus, in which swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints causes the fingers to become displaced to the ulnar side. Called also ulnar drift.

ulnar dorsal digital nerves
dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve.

ulnar nerve
origin, medial and lateral cords of brachial plexus (C7–T1); branches, muscular, dorsal, palmar, superficial, and deep branches; distribution, ultimately to skin on front and back of medial part of hand, some flexor muscles on front of forearm, many short muscles of hand, elbow joint, many joints of hand; modality, genera...

ulnar recurrent artery
origin, ulnar artery; branches, anterior and posterior; distribution, elbow joint region.

ulnar reflex
tapping of the styloid process of the ulna results in pronation of the hand.

ulnar veins
the veins following the course of the ulnar artery, which unite with the radial veins at the elbow to form the brachial veins.

ulnaris
(әl-na´ris) Latin word meaning pertaining to the ulna, ulnar;. A term used in anatomy.

ulnocarpal
(ul″no-kahr´pәl) pertaining to the ulna and carpus.

ulnoradial
(ul″no-ra´de-әl) pertaining to the ulna and radius.

Ulrich test
(for albumin) the reagent consists of saturated solution of sodium chloride, 98 mL; glacial acetic acid, 2 mL. It must be perfectly clear. Boil a few mL of this fluid in a test tube, and immediately overlay with the urine. Albumin and globulin give a white ring at the zone of contact.

ultimobranchial bodies
embryonic derivatives of the fourth pharyngeal pouches (sometimes described as a rudimentary fifth pouch); they migrate along with the parathyroid glands and are incorporated in the thyroid gland. In submammalian vertebrates they remain as discrete masses in the neck or mediastinum throughout adult life. The parafollicula...

ultimobranchial cells
parafollicular cells.

ultrabrachycephalic
(ul″trә-brak″e-sә-fal´ik) having a cephalic index of more than 90.

ultracentrifugation
(ul″trә-sәn-trif″u-ga´shәn) subjection of material to an exceedingly high centrifugal force, which will separate and sediment the molecules of a substance.