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 mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197


internal energy
<chemistry> A property of a system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat or both, it is represented by the symbol E (E represents the change in internal energy of a system) and is given in units of energy (Joules). ... (09 Jan 1998) ...

internal female genital organs
The internal feminine genital organs, the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina. ... Synonym: organa genitalia feminina interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal fistula
A fistula between hollow viscera. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal fixation
The use of internal metal plates, screws or rods to stabilise bone fragments. A procedure used to correct serious orthopaedic bone fractures that cannot be stabilised by casting or splinting. ... See: external fixation. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

internal fixators
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

internal haemorrhage
Bleeding into organs or cavities of the body. ... Synonym: concealed haemorrhage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal haemorrhoids
Dilated veins beneath the mucous membrane within the sphincter. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal hernia
Protrusion of an intraperitoneal viscus into a compartment within the abdominal cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus in which the accumulation of fluid is confined to the ventricles; also occurs as an autosomal recessive condition in the Hereford and Holstein breeds of cattle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal iliac artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, common iliac; branches, iliolumbar, lateral sacral, obturator, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, umbilical, superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal, and internal pudendal. ... Synonym: arteria iliaca interna, arteria hypogastrica, hypogastric artery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal iliac lymph nodes
Nodes that lie along the internal iliac artery and its branches; they receive lymph from the pelvic viscera, the gluteal region, and the deep parts of the perineum, and send efferent vessels to the common iliac nodes. ... Synonym: nodi lymphatici iliaci interni. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal iliac vein
<anatomy, vein> Runs from the upper border of the greater sciatic notch to the brim of the pelvis where it joins the external iliac vein to form the common iliac vein; it drains most of the territory supplied by the internal iliac artery. ... Synonym: vena iliaca interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal inguinal ring
Synonym for deep inguinal ring ... The opening in the transversalis fascia through which the ductus deferens (or round ligament in the female) and gonadal vessels enter the inguinal canal. Located midway between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle, it is bounded medially by the lateral umbilical ligament (inferior epigastric vessels) an …

internal intercostal membrane
The membrane that replaces the internal intercostal muscle posteriorly, medial to the angles of the ribs. ... Synonym: membrana intercostalis interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal intercostal muscle
<anatomy> Each arises from lower border of rib and passes obliquely downward and backward to be inserted into upper border of rib below; action, contract during expiration, also maintain tension in the intercostal spaces to resist mediolateral movement; nerve supply, intercostal. ... Synonym: musculus intercostalis internus. ... (05 Mar 2000)
internal jugular vein
<anatomy, vein> Main venouus structure of the neck, formed as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus of the dura mater, contained within the carotid sheath as it descends the neck uniting, behind the sternoclavicular joint, with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein. ... Synonym: vena jugularis interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal lacrimal fistula
Synonym for ethmoidal-lacrimal fistula ... A fistulous communication between the lacrimal sac and the ethmoidal sinus. ... Synonym: internal lacrimal fistula. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal limiting membrane
Formed by the expanded inner ends of Muller's fibres, outer limiting membrane, not a membrane but a row of junctional complexes. ... Synonym: membrana limitans. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal lip of iliac crest
The roughened inner margin of the crest that gives attachment to parts of the transversus abdominis, quadratus lumborum, and erector spinae muscles. ... Synonym: labium internum cristae iliacae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal male genital organs
The internal masculine genital organs, the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. ... Synonym: organa genitalia masculina interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal malleolus
Synonym for medial malleolus ... The process at the medial side of the lower end of the tibia, forming the projection of the medial side of the ankle. ... Synonym: malleolus medialis, inner malleolus, internal malleolus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal mammary artery
Synonym for internal thoracic artery ... <anatomy, artery> Origin, subclavian; branches, pericardiacophrenic, anterior intercostal, sternal, mediastinal, thymic, bronchial, muscular, and perforating branches, and bifurcates into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric. ... Synonym: arteria thoracica interna, arteria mammaria interna, interna …

internal mammary plexus
Synonym for internal thoracic plexus ... An autonomic plexus on the internal thoracic artery derived from the subclavian plexus. ... Synonym: internal mammary plexus, plexus mammarius internus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal maxillary artery
Synonym for maxillary artery ... <anatomy, artery> A branch of the external carotid artery which distributes to the deep structures of the face (internal maxillary) and to the side of the face and nose (external maxillary). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

internal maxillary plexus
Synonym for periarterial plexus of maxillary artery ... <anatomy, artery> An autonomic plexus on the maxillary artery derived from the external carotid plexus. ... Synonym: internal maxillary plexus, maxillary plexus, plexus maxillaris internus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal medicine
The speciality of the general medicine of the internal organs. In the Commonwealth, the specialist in internal medicine is called a Physician (in the us, an Internist). ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

internal medullary lamina
See: medullary laminae of thalamus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal membrane
General term for intracellular membrane systems such as endoplasmic reticulum. Not particularly helpful, but has the advantage of being noncommittal. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

internal meningitis
Synonym for pachymeningitis interna ... Inflammation of the inner surface of the dura mater. ... Synonym: internal meningitis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal naris
An obsolete term for choana. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal nasal branches
Branches to nasal cavity. Internal nasal branches of 1) infraorbital nerve (rami nasales interni nervi infraorbitalis ); 2) nasociliary nerve (rami nasales interni nervi ethmoidalis anterioris ). ... Synonym: rami nasales interni. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal nostril
Synonym for secondary choana ... The definitive choana opening into the nasopharynx, after the nasal chambers have been lengthened by the formation of the secondary palate. ... Synonym: internal nostril. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal nuclear layer of retina
Synonym for ganglionic layer of retina ... The intermediate layer of neurons in the retina composed largely of bipolar cells. ... Synonym: internal nuclear layer of retina, stratum ganglionare retinae, stratum nucleare internum retinae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal oblique
<anatomy, muscle> Origin, iliac fascia deep to lateral part of inguinal ligament, anterior half of crest of ilium, and lumbar fascia; insertion, tenth to twelfth ribs and sheath of rectus; some of the fibres from inguinal ligament terminate in the conjoint tendon; action, diminishes capacity of abdomen, flexes lumbar vertebral column (bends t …

internal oblique line
Synonym for mylohyoid line ... A ridge on the inner surface of the mandible running from a point inferior to the mental spine upward and backward to the ramus behind the last molar tooth; it gives attachment to the mylohyoid muscle and the lowermost part of the superior constrictor of the pharynx. ... Synonym: linea mylohyoidea, internal oblique line …

internal obturator muscle
Synonym for obturator internus ... <anatomy, muscle> Origin, pelvic surface of obturator membrane and margin of obturator foramen; insertion, passes out of pelvis through lesser sciatic foramen, in so doing, making a 90° turn to insert into the medial surface of greater trochanter; action, rotates thigh laterally; nerve supply, nerve to obtura …

internal occipital crest
A ridge running from the internal occipital protuberance to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum, giving attachment to the falx cerebelli. ... Synonym: crista occipitalis interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal occipital protuberance
A projection from about the centre of the cruciform eminence on the inner surface of the occipital bone. ... Synonym: protuberantia occipitalis interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal ophthalmopathy
Any disease of the internal structures of the eyeball. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal ophthalmoplegia
Synonym for ophthalmoplegia interna ... Paralysis affecting only the sphincter muscle of the pupil and the ciliary muscle. ... Synonym: internal ophthalmoplegia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal ovular transmigration
Indirect ovular transmigration when the ovum crosses the uterine cavity and so enters the tube of the opposite side. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal phase
The particles contained in a colloid solution. ... Synonym: discontinuous phase, dispersed phase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal pterygoid muscle
Synonym for medial pterygoid ... <anatomy, muscle> Origin, pterygoid fossa of sphenoid and tuberosity of maxilla; insertion, medial surface of mandible between angle and mylohyoid groove; action, elevates mandible closing jaw; nerve supply, nerve to medial pterygoid from mandibular division of trigeminal. ... Synonym: musculus pterygoideus medi …

internal pudendal artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, internal iliac; branches, inferior rectal, perineal, posterior scrotal (or labial), urethral, artery of bulb of penis (or of vestibule), deep artery of penis (or clitoris), dorsal artery of penis (or clitoris). ... Synonym: arteria pudenda interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal pudendal vein
<anatomy, vein> A tributary of the internal iliac vein that accompanies the internal pudendal artery as a single or double vessel. It drains the perineum. ... Synonym: vena pudenda interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal pyocephalus
Intraventricular suppuration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal radiation therapy
Radiation therapy in which radioactive material is placed in or near a tumour. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

internal ramus of accessory nerve
Synonym for internal branch of accessory nerve ... <anatomy, nerve> Branch of the accessory nerve trunk which carries fibres from the cranial root and which unites with the vagus nerve in the jugular foramen. ... See: accessory nerve. ... Synonym: ramus internus nervi accessorii, internal ramus of accessory nerve. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal reduction
The relocation of a joint or realignment of a fracture through a surgical incision. most internal reductions utilise general anaesthesia. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

internal resorption
A loss of tooth structure originating within the pulp cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal respiration
Synonym for tissue respiration ... The interchange of gases between the blood and the tissues. ... Synonym: internal respiration. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal saphenous nerve
Synonym for saphenous nerve ... <anatomy, nerve> A branch of the femoral, extending from the femoral triangle to the foot, becoming subcutaneous on the medial side of the knee; it supplies cutaneous branches to the skin of the leg and foot, by way of infrapatellar and medial crural branches. ... Synonym: nervus saphenus, internal saphenous nerv …

internal sheath of optic nerve
<anatomy, nerve> The innermost sheath around the optic nerve, continuous with the leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid) and including a cerebrospinal fluid-filled intervaginal space, continuous with the subarachnoid space. ... Synonym: vagina interna nervi optici. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal spermatic artery
Synonym for testicular artery ... <anatomy, artery> Origin, aorta; branches, ureteral, cremasteric, epididymal; distribution, testicle and parts designated by names of branches; anastomoses, branches of renal, inferior epigastric, deferential. ... Synonym: arteria testicularis, arteria spermatica interna, internal spermatic artery. ... (05 Mar 2 …

internal spermatic fascia
The inner covering of the spermatic cord, continuous above the deep inguinal ring with fascia transversalis. ... Synonym: fascia spermatica interna, infundibuliform fascia, tunica vaginalis communis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal sphincter muscle of anus
Synonym for internal anal sphincter ... <anatomy> A smooth muscle ring, formed by an increase of the circular fibres of the rectum, situated at the upper end of the anal canal, internal to the outer voluntary external anal sphincter. ... This sphincter is maximally-contracted when the rectal ampulla is at rest -empty or relaxed to accommodate a …

internal spiral sulcus
A concavity in the floor of the cochlear duct formed by the overhanging labium vestibulare. ... Synonym: sulcus spiralis internus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal squint
Synonym for esotropia ... Cross-eyed. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

internal strabismus
An obsolete term for esotropia ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal surface
The internal concave surface of either the frontal or the parietal bone. ... Synonym: facies interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal surface of frontal bone
The surface of the frontal bone that contributes to the wall of the cranial cavity. ... Synonym: facies interna ossis frontalis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal surface of parietal bone
The concave surface of the parietal bone forming part of the wall of the cranial cavity. ... Synonym: facies interna ossis parietalis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal thoracic artery
<anatomy, artery> Origin, subclavian; branches, pericardiacophrenic, anterior intercostal, sternal, mediastinal, thymic, bronchial, muscular, and perforating branches, and bifurcates into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric. ... Synonym: arteria thoracica interna, arteria mammaria interna, internal mammary artery. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal thoracic lymphatic plexus
A lymphatic plexus, including the parasternal; (internal thoracic) lymph nodes, with their vessels, situated along the course of the internal thoracic veins. ... Synonym: mammary plexus, plexus mammarius. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal thoracic plexus
An autonomic plexus on the internal thoracic artery derived from the subclavian plexus. ... Synonym: internal mammary plexus, plexus mammarius internus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal thoracic vein
<anatomy, vein> Venae comitantes of each artery of the same name, fusing into one at the upper part of the thorax and emptying into the brachiocephalic vein of the same side; receive drainage of anterior chest wall. ... Synonym: vena thoracica interna. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal traction
A pulling force created by using one of the cranial bones, above the point of fracture, for anchorage. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal urethral opening
Synonym for internal urethral orifice ... The internal opening or orifice of the urethra, at the anterior and inferior angle of the trigone. ... Synonym: ostium urethrae internum, internal urethral opening. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal urethral orifice
The internal opening or orifice of the urethra, at the anterior and inferior angle of the trigone. ... Synonym: ostium urethrae internum, internal urethral opening. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internal urethral sphincter
Synonym for sphincter vesicae ... The complete collar of smooth muscle cells of the neck of the urinary bladder which extend distally to surround the preprostatic sportion of the male urethra. There is not a comparable structure in the neck of the femoral bladder; the internal urethral sphincter may exist to prevent reflux of semen into bladder. ... …

internal-external control
A general principle that man's attempts to control his personal environment are influenced by internal or external factors. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

internalization
Adopting as one's own the standards and values of another person or society. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internarial
Between the nares or nostrils. ... Synonym: internasal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internasal suture
Line of union between the two nasal bones. ... Synonym: sutura internasalis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

international
1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of nations; participated in by two or more nations; common to, or affecting, two or more nations. ... 2. Of or concerning the association called the International. International code, a common system of signaling adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby communication may be had betwee …

international agencies
International organizations which provide health-related or other cooperative services. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

international cooperation
The interaction of persons or groups of persons representing various nations in the pursuit of a common goal or interest. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

international council of nurses
An international professional organization composed of one association per country for the purpose of improving and developing nursing's contribution to the promotion of health and care of the sick. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

international educational exchange
The exchange of students or professional personnel between countries done under the auspices of an organization for the purpose of further education. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

international normalised ratio
System established by the world health organization and the international committee on thrombosis and haemostasis for monitoring and reporting blood coagulation tests. Under this system, results are standardised using the international sensitivity index for the particular test reagent/instrument combination used. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

international system of units
A system of physical units in which the fundamental quantities are length, time, mass, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, and amount of substance, and the corresponding units are the meter, second, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. The system has been given official status and recommended for universal use by the general …

international unit
The amount of a substance, such as a drug, hormone, vitamin, enzyme, etc., that produces a specific effect as defined by an international body and accepted internationally; e.g., for an enzyme it is umole of product formed (or substrate consumed) per minute. ... Synonym: unit. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interne
Intern. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interneuromeric
Between the neuromeres. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interneuromeric clefts
Cleft's between the neuromeric or segmental elevations in the primitive rhombencephalon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interneurons
Neurons that connect only with other neurons and not with either sensory cells or muscles. They are thus involved in the intermediate processing of signals. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

internist
<specialist> A physician who is expert on the medical management of a wide variety of medical problems. ... [American term] ... (27 Sep 1997) ...

internodal
Between two nodes; relating to an internode. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internodal segment
The portion of a myelinated nerve fibre between two successive nodes. ... Synonym: interannular segment, internode, Ranvier's segment, segmentum internodale. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internode
<plant biology> The portion of a stem between the level of insertion of two successive leaves or leaf pairs (or branches of an inflorescence). ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

internship and residency
Programs of training in medicine and medical specialties offered by hospitals for graduates of medicine to meet the requirements established by accrediting authorities. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

internship, nonmedical
Advanced programs of training to meet certain professional requirements in fields other than medicine or dentistry, e.g., pharmacology, nutrition, nursing, etc. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

internuclear
Between nerve cell groups in the brain or retina. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internuncial neuron
A neuron interposed between and connecting two other neuron's. ... Synonym: intercalary neuron. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

internus
Synonym: internal. ... Origin: L. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interobserver error
The differences in interpretation by two or more individuals making observations of the same phenomenon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interocclusal
Between the occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interocclusal clearance
Synonym for freeway space ... The space between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mandible is in physiologic resting position. ... Synonym: interocclusal clearance, interocclusal distance, interocclusal gap, interocclusal rest space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interocclusal distance
The vertical distance between the opposing occlusal surfaces, assuming rest relation unless otherwise designated. ... Synonym: interocclusal rest space. ... Synonym: freeway space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

interocclusal gap
Synonym for freeway space ... The space between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the mandible is in physiologic resting position. ... Synonym: interocclusal clearance, interocclusal distance, interocclusal gap, interocclusal rest space. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...