Copy of `The History Channel - Encyclopedia`

The wordlist doesn't exist anymore, or, the website doesn't exist anymore. On this page you can find a copy of the original information. The information may have been taken offline because it is outdated.

The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Túpac Amarú II
(c. 1742-1781) Peruvian Indian revolutionary leader, who claimed to be descended from the last Inca ruler, Túpac Amarú. He led a wave of Indian opposition to Spanish repression that...

Tupamaros
Urban guerrilla movement operating in Uruguay, aimed at creating a Marxist revolution, largely active in the 1960s and 1970s, named after 18th-century revolutionary Túpac Amarú. It was founded...

Túr Gloine, An
Irish stained-glass studio set up by Sarah Purser (1848-1943) in Dublin in 1903, that operated until 1944. Its stained glass can be found all over the world. Artists from the studio produced...

Tura, Cosimo
(1430-1495) Italian painter. A painter of religious and allegorical scenes, he developed a highly individual style of rich and fanciful ornamentation, his forms sharp, spiky, and metallic. His fondness for...

turban
Headwear commonly worn by Muslim and Sikh men. It is formed from a long piece of fine linen wound around the head. The turban has inspired many fashion headwear styles throughout the 20th century,...

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeievich
(1818-1883) Russian writer. He is notable for poetic realism, pessimism, and skill in characterization. His works include the play A Month in the Country (1849), and the novels A Nest of Gentlefolk (1858),...

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques
(1727-1781) French liberal political economist and minister of finance under Louis XVI 1774-76. He was a close associate of the physiocrat school of economists, but believed that the state should intervene to...

Turin shroud
Ancient piece of linen bearing the image of a body, claimed to be that of Jesus. Independent tests carried out in 1988 by scientists in Switzerland, the USA, and the UK showed that the cloth of the...

Turk
Member of any of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Asia and Europe, especially the principal ethnic group of Turkey. Turkic languages belong to the Altaic family and include Uzbek, Ottoman, Turkish,...

Turkana
Member of a people of northern Kenya. Living in near-desert conditions, they are nomadic cattle breeders. They have no centralized government but are organized through an age-grade system. ...

Turkey
Country between the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south, bounded to the east by Armenia, Georgia, and Iran, to the southeast by Iraq and Syria, to...

turkish bath
Bathing that involves exposure to warm air and steam, followed by massage and cold-water immersion. Originating from Roman and East Indian traditions, the concept was introduced to Western Europe...

Turkish literature
For centuries Turkish literature was based on Persian models, but under Suleiman the Great (1494-1566) the Golden Age began, of which the poet Fuzuli (died 1563) is the great exemplar, and...

Turkmenistan
Country in central Asia, bounded north by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, west by the Caspian Sea, and south by Iran and Afghanistan. Government Under the 1992 constitution, Turkmenistan has a...

Turkoman
Member of the majority ethnic group in Turkmenistan. They live to the east of the Caspian Sea, around the Kara Kum Desert, and along the borders of Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and Iran. Their...

Turnbull, Colin
(1924) US anthropologist, of English origin. He conducted fieldwork first in India (1949-51), then among the Mbuti pygmies of Zaire. He worked at the American Museum of Natural History in New York...

Turnbull, William
(1922) Scottish painter and sculptor. He became internationally known in his early career for his primitive, totemlike figures. From 1962, he explored minimalist form, employing identical, prefabricated...

Turner, Ben
(1863-1942) British trade union leader and politician. After working as the general secretary of the textile workers' union 1902-22, he was elected president of the Tr ...

Turner, Frederick Jackson
(1861-1932) US historian, professor at Harvard University 1910-24. He emphasized the significance of the frontier in US historical development, attributing the distinctive character of US society to the...

Turner, John Napier
(1929) Canadian Liberal politician, prime minister in 1984. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1962 and served in the cabinet of Pierre Trudeau until his resignation in 1975. He succeeded Trudeau as...

Turner, Joseph Mallord William
(1775-1851) English painter. He was one of the most original artists of his day. He travelled widely in Europe, and his landscapes became increasingly Romantic, with the subject often transformed in scale and...

Turner, Nat
(1800-1831) US slave, preacher, and leader of the most significant slave revolt in US history. Believing himself appointed by God, Turner led around 70 slaves in a rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia in...

Turner, Roscoe
(1895-1970) US aviator. He served in the Balloon Service during World War I and then worked as a circus lion tamer, parachute jumper, and stunt flyer. In the 1930s Turner, a colourful personality, broke...

Turner, Thomas Wyatt
(1877-1978) US social activist. An African-American Catholic who taught biology at Howard University (from 1913), he organized and chaired a Committee for the Advancement of...

Turner, Victor Witter
(1920-1983) Scottish-born US social anthropologist who studied the Ndembu people of Zambia. His book Schism and Continuity in an African Society 1957 describes how...

turnover
In finance, the value of sales of a business organization over a period of time. For example, if a shop sells 10,000 items in a week at an average price of £2 each, then its weekly turnover is...

turnpike road
Road with a gate or barrier preventing access until a toll had been paid, common from the mid-16th-19th centuries. In 1991 a plan for the first turnpike road to be built in the UK since the 18th...

Turnus
In Virgil's Aeneid, king of the Rutuli on the coast of Latium, and the most vigorous opponent of the Trojans. He waged war on the Trojan hero Aeneas because he had married Lavinia, formerly his...

turpentine
Solution of resins distilled from the sap of conifers, used in varnish and as a paint solvent but now largely replaced by white spirit. ...

Turpin, Dick (Richard)
(1705-1739) English highwayman. The son of an innkeeper, he turned to highway robbery, cattle-thieving, and smuggling, and was hanged at York, England. His legendary ride from London to York on his mare Black...

Tuscan
In classical architecture, one of the five orders (types of column). ...

Tuscarora
Member of an American Indian people who lived in North Carolina until the early 18th century. Their language belongs to the Iroquoian family. Hemp was gathered for rope and medicine, and later...

Tuskegee airmen
Name given to the young black US pilots who received flight training at Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama during and shortly after World War II, and served on bombing missions in North Africa and...

Tussaud, Madame
(1761-1850) French wax-modeller. In 1802 she established an exhibition of wax models of celebrities in London. It was destroyed by fire 1925, but reopened 1928. Born in Strasbourg, she went to Paris as a...

Tutankhamen
King (pharaoh) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, about 1333-1323 BC. A son of Akhenaton (also called Amenhotep IV), he was about 11 at his accession. In 1922 his tomb was discovered by the...

Tutin, Dorothy
(1931-2001) English actor. Her roles include most of Shakespeare's leading heroines (among them Portia, Viola, and Juliet) for the Royal Shakespeare Company, and Lady Macbeth for the National Theatre Company....

Tutsi
Member of a minority ethnic group living in Rwanda and Burundi. They have politically dominated the Hutu majority and the Twa (or Pygmies) since their arrival in the area in the 14th century. In...

Tutu, Desmond Mpilo
(1931) South African priest, Anglican archbishop of Cape Town 1986-96 and secretary general of the South African Council of Churches 1979-84. One of the leading figures in the struggle against...

Tuvalu
Country in the southwest Pacific Ocean; formerly (until 1978) the Ellice Islands; part of Polynesia. Government The constitution dates from 1978 when Tuvalu became an independent state within the...

Tuvintsi
Member of a Turkic-speaking people living in the Tuva Republic of Russia. Traditionally nomadic pastoralists, they are now sedentary agriculturalists and stockbreeders; they also hunt and fish....

Tuwhare, Hone
(1922) New Zealand poet. His first collection, No Ordinary Sun (1964), established him as the leading Maori poet in English. He became New Zealand's poet laureate in 1999 and published the collection...

Tuwim, Julian
(1894-1953) Polish poet and translator. His work is characterized by irony, satire, and humour. He published several volumes of poetry, including Czyhanie na Boga/Lying in Wait for God (1918) and Slowa we...

Twa
Ethnic group comprising 1% of the populations of Burundi and Rwanda. The Twa are the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. They are a pygmoid people, and live as nomadic...

Twachtman, John Henry
(1853-1902) US painter and etcher. His work was influenced by James Whistler and Impressionism, as seen in Araques-la-Bataille (1885). He taught at the Art Students League, New York (1889-1902), and was a...

Twain, Mark
(1835-1910) US writer. He established his reputation with the comic masterpiece The Innocents Abroad (1869) and two classic American novels, in dialect, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of...

Twardowski, Samuel
(1600-c. 1661) Polish baroque poet and diarist. His work includes a vivid account of a diplomatic mission in 1621 to the Ottoman Sultan Mustafa in Constantinople, Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksi&acedil;z&ecedil;cia...

tweed
Cloth made of woollen yarn, usually of several shades, but in its original form without a regular pattern and woven on a hand loom in the more remote parts of Ireland,...

Tweed, William Marcy
(`Boss`) (1823-1878) US politician. He held office in the US House of Representatives 1853-55. In various municipal offices, and from 1867 in New York state senate, he controlled government spending and accumulated a...

Twelfth Amendment
See Amendment, Twelfth. ...

Twelfth Day
The 12th and final day of the Christmas celebrations, 6 January; the feast of the Epiphany. ...

Twelfth Night
Comedy by William Shakespeare, first performed in 1601-02. The plot builds on misunderstandings and mistaken identities, leading to the successful romantic unions of Viola and her twin brother...

Twelve Tables
In ancient Rome, the earliest law code, drawn from religious and secular custom. It was published on tablets of bronze or wood at the Roman forumc. 450 BC, and though these were destroyed in the...

Twelver
Member of a Shiite Muslim sect who believes that the 12th imam (Islamic leader) did not die, but is waiting to return towards the end of the world as the Mahdi, the `rightly guided one`, to...

Twentieth Amendment
See Amendment, Twentieth. ...

Twenty-Fifth Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-Fifth. ...

Twenty-First Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-First. ...

Twenty-Fourth Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-Fourth. ...

Twenty-one demands
Japanese attempt 18 January 1915 to make China a virtual protectorate if 21 `outstanding questions` were not resolved. China's president Yuan Shikai submitted to the extension of Japanese power...

Twenty-Second Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-Second. ...

Twenty-Seventh Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-Seventh. ...

Twenty-Sixth Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-Sixth. ...

Twenty-Third Amendment
See Amendment, Twenty-Third. ...

Twightwee
Alternative name for a member of the American Indian Miami people. ...

twill
One of the basic cloth structures, characterized by a diagonal line on the face of the fabric. Variations in structure include herringbone weaves. Denim, gabardine, serge, and some flannels and...

Twining, Nathaniel (Farragut)
(1897-1982) US aviator. Promoted rapidly on the outbreak of World War II, he took command of the newly formed 13th Air Force in the southwest Pacific in 1942; in January 1944 he went to the Mediterranean as...

two greatest commandments
In Christianity, the greatest commandment is to love God totally, with heart, mind, and soul, and the second greatest is to love one's neighbour as one loves oneself (Matthew 22:37-40 and Mark...

Tworkov, Jack
(1900-1982) US painter, of Polish origin. Based in New York and Provincetown, Massachusetts, he taught at many schools and was part of the New York school of painting in the 1940s and 1950s, as seen in The...

Tyche
Personification of Chance in classical Greek thought, whose cult developed in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, when it was identified with that of the Roman Fortuna. ...

Tyler, `Ace`
(1922) US lawyer. In New York City private practice most of 1950-62, he was US district judge (1962-75) and deputy US attorney general (1975-77). In 1977 he joined Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler,...

Tyler, Anne
(1941) US novelist. One of America's most highly-acclaimed writers, she won the Pulitzer Prize with Breathing Lessons (1989; filmed 1994), and has written numerous short stories and novels including...

Tyler, John
(1790-1862) 10th president of the USA 1841-45, succeeding William H Harrison, who died after only a month in office. Tyler's government negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty, which settled the Maine-New...

Tyler, Julia
(1820-1889) US first lady. She married the widower John Tyler in 1844 and they had seven children. She was an energetic first lady - the first one to have her own press secretary. Tyler was born on Gardiner's...

Tyler, Wat
(died 1381) English leader of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. He was probably born in Kent or Essex, and may have served in the French wars. After taking Canterbury, he led the peasant army to Blackheath, outside...

Tylor, Edward Burnett
(1832-1917) English anthropologist. Often called `the father of anthropology`, he was the leading evolutionary anthropologist of the 19th century. His definition of culture in his book Primitive Culture...

Tynan, Katharine
(1861-1931) Irish poet and novelist. Born in Clondalkin, County Dublin, and educated at the Dominican Convent, Drogheda, Tynan established her reputation as a writer through journalism. A leading figure in the...

Tynan, Kenneth Peacock
(1927-1980) English theatre critic and author, a leading cultural figure of the radical 1960s. His eloquent and sometimes highly acerbic reviews made him a key influence in post-war British drama, and he was...

Tyndale, William
(c. 1492-1536) English translator of the Bible. The printing of his New Testament was begun in Cologne in 1525 and, after he had been forced to flee, completed in Worms. Tyndale introduced some of the most...

Tynwald
Parliament of the Isle of Man. ...

typeface
Style of printed lettering. Books, newspapers, and other printed matter display different styles of lettering; each style is named, common examples being Times and Baskerville. These different...

typesetting
Means by which text, or copy, is prepared for printing, now usually carried out by using specialized computer programs. Text is keyed on a typesetting machine in a similar way to typing. Laser or...

typhoid fever
Acute infectious disease of the digestive tract, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, and usually contracted through a contaminated water supply. It is characterized by bowel haemorrhage and...

Typhoid Mary
(c. 1870-1938) US typhoid carrier. Working as a private cook while carrying the bacteria that cause typhoid fever, she infected wealthy New York families with the disease (1904-07). Never ill herself, she was...

typhus
Any one of a group of infectious diseases caused by bacteria transmitted by lice, fleas, mites, and ticks. Symptoms include fever, headache, and rash. The most serious form is epidemic typhus, which...

typography
Design and layout of the printed word. Typography began with the invention of writing and developed as printing spread throughout Europe after the invention of metal moveable type by Johann...

typology
In religious studies, a term that has two meanings. First, it refers to a system of biblical interpretation in which correspondences are found between characters and events in the Old Testament and...

Tyr
In Norse and Teutonic mythology, the god of battles, whom the Anglo-Saxons called Týw, from where `Tuesday` is derived. He was a member of the tyrannicide
In ancient Greece and Rome, the killing or killer of a tyrant. Examples include the Greeks Harmodius and Aristogiton, whose assassination in 514 BC of Hipparchus, a member of the ruling Pisistr ...

tyrant
Name given to a number of men who seized power in their own ancient Greek cities, the first wave of tyrants occurring in the 7th and 6th centuries BC. They opposed the older hereditary aristocratic...

Tyrrell, George
(1861-1909) Irish cleric and writer. His calls for reform within the Roman Catholic Church brought him into conflict with the authorities, leading to his expulsion from the Jesuits...

Tyrtaeus
(lived 7th century BC) Spartan war poet, reputedly also a general. His poems are a resolute expression of early Spartan militarism. ...

Tyutchev, Fedor Ivanovich
(1803-1873) Russian lyric poet. He is regarded as Russia's greatest nature poet, and his poems include `Silentium` 1833 and `Son na more/A Dream at Sea` 1836. They use unconventional imagery in...

Tzu-Hsi
Alternative transliteration of Zi Xi, dowager empress of China. ...

Ubico Castañeda, Jorge
(1878-1946) Guatemalan soldier and politician, member of the Progressive Party, dictator-president 1931-44. His rule was characterized by a combination of economic efficiency and political authoritarianism....

Ubiquitarianism
Doctrine put forward by the Christian church reformer Martin Luther to explain his understanding of the Eucharist. Luther did not accept the Catholic idea of transubstantiation, nor was he happy...

Uccello, Paolo
(1397-1475) Florentine painter. He was one of the first to experiment with perspective, though his love of detail, decorative colour, and graceful line remains traditional. His works include St George and the...

Udall, Nicholas
(c. 1505-1556) English dramatist and scholar. Born in Hampshire and educated at Winchester and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he was headmaster of Eton College 1534-41 and Westminster School 1554-56. Udall...

UDC
Abbreviation for urban district council. ...

Uddin, Pola Manzila
(1959) Bangladeshi-born English Labour working peer, created 1998, one of three Muslim members of the House of Lords. Lady Uddin was elected to Tower Hamlets Borough Council in 1990, the first...

UDI
Acronym for Unilateral Declaration of Independence. ...

Uffizi
Art gallery in Florence, Italy. Built by Vasari...