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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

trivium
In medieval European education, the three lower liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) studied before the quadrivium. ...

Trochu, Louis Jules
(1815-1896) French general who was in command of the city garrison during the troglodyte
Ancient Greek term for a cave dweller, designating certain pastoral peoples of the Caucasus, Ethiopia, and the southern Red Sea coast of Egypt. ...

Troilus
In Greek mythology, the youngest son of Hecuba and Priam, King of Troy, who was killed in battle or taken captive by Achilles. In medieval romance he is the lover of Briseis, or Cressida. Chaucer's...

Trojan horse
Seemingly innocuous but treacherous gift from an enemy. In Greek mythology, during the siege of Troy, an enormous wooden horse was left by the Greek army outside the gates of the city. The Greeks...

troll
In Scandinavian folklore, a giant supernatural being (sometimes the size of a dwarf) with evil powers in the dark. Trolls live in caves or castles in the mountains and cannot survive in sunlight....

Trollope, Anthony
(1815-1882) English novelist. He described provincial English middle-class society in a series of novels set in or around the imaginary cathedral city of Barchester. The Warden (1855) began the series, which...

Trollope, Frances
(1780-1863) English novelist. Her critical and witty Domestic Manners of the Americans (1832), the product of a three year stay in the USA, was much resented there. Author of 115 novels, her most successful...

Trollope, Joanna
(1943) English novelist. Her books, which explore the fortunes and misfortunes of the upper-middle classes, include The Choir (1988; televised in 1995), The Rector's Wife (1991; televised in 1994), The...

Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon
(1597-1653) Dutch admiral. He twice defeated the occupying Spaniards 1639. He was defeated by English admiral Blake May 1652, but in November triumphed over Blake in t ...

trompe l'oeil
Painting that gives a convincing illusion of three-dimensional reality. As an artistic technique, it has been in common use in most stylistic periods...

Troost, Cornelius
(1697-1750) Dutch painter. Painting portraits, conversation pieces, and scenes of the theatre, he was sometimes known as the `Dutch Hogarth`. He achieved success through his group portrait Inspectors of the...

trophy
In classical times, a victory memorial erected at the spot where an enemy turned. ...

Trotsky, Leon
(1879-1940) Russian revolutionary. He joined the Bolshevik party and took a leading part in the seizure of power in 1917 and in raising the Red Army that fought the Civil War 1918-20. In the struggle for...

Trotskyism
Form of Marxism advocated by Leon Trotsky. Its central concept is that of permanent revolution. In his view a proletarian revolution, leading to a socialist society, could not be achieved in...

Trott, Benjamin
(c. 1770-c. 1841) US painter. An artist in New York (c. 1791), he moved to Philadelphia (c. 1794-97), then travelled continuously, painting miniatures, until he settled in Baltimore, Maryland (c. 1839). Trott was...

Trotter, Mildred
(1899-1991) US physical anthropologist who specialized in skeletal biology. She quantified anatomical variations in the bodies of black and white people, particularly regarding hair distribution and skeletal...

Trotter, William Monroe
(1872-1934) US civil rights leader. He founded the Guardian (1901) as `propaganda against discrimination`. He opposed Booker T Washington, and he helped W E B DuBois in founding the Niagra Movement in 1905....

Trova, Ernest (Tino)
(1927) US sculptor and painter. Based in St Louis, he began as a painter influenced by Willem de Kooning (1940s and 1950s), then started his Falling Man sculpture series, using chrome plated bronze, silver...

Troy
Ancient city in Asia Minor (modern Hissarlik in Turkey), just south of the Dardanelles. It has a long and complex history dating from about 3000 BC to AD 1200. In 1820 the city was identified as...

Troyat, Henri
(1911-2007) Russian-born French writer. His works, numbering more than 100, include novels and political and literary biographies. His novels L'Araignée/The Web (1938) won the Prix Goncourt and La neige en...

Troyon, Constant
(1810-1865) French painter. Influenced both by the Barbizon School and by Dutch art, he excelled as a painter of landscapes and cattle. Troyon was the son of a painter at the Sèvres porcelain factory. Largely...

Truck Acts
UK acts of Parliament introduced 1831, 1887, 1896, and 1940 to prevent employers misusing wage-payment systems to the detriment of their workers. The legislation made it illegal to pay wages with...

Trudeau, Edward Livingston
(1848-1915) US physician. In 1873, ill with tuberculosis, he went to the Adirondack Mountains (New York), where he recuperated for seven years. Remaining there to practise medicine and study tuberculosis, he...

Trudeau, Garry B
(1948) US cartoonist. While an undergraduate at Yale University, he created a comic strip, `Bull Tales`, which later became Doonesbury, a comic strip characterized by its wry humour and satirical...

Trudeau, Pierre Elliott
(1919-2000) Canadian Liberal politician. He was prime minister 1968-79 and 1980-84. In 1980, he was re-elected by a landslide on a platform opposing Québec separatism, and the Québec independence...

True Cross
The instrument of Jesus' crucifixion, supposedly found by St Helena, the mother of the Roman emperor Constantine, on the hill of Calvary 326. She is reputed to have placed most of it in a church...

True Leveller
Member of a radical Puritan sect that flourished 1649-50; see Digger. ...

Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leónidas
(1891-1961) Dominican Republic right-wing politician, dictator 1930-61, and president 1930-38 and 1942-52. As commander of the Dominican Guard, he seized power from President Horacio Vasquez and was...

Truman Doctrine
US president Harry Truman's 1947 dictum that the USA would `support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures`. It was used to justify...

Truman, David B(icknell)
(1913-2003) US political scientist. He authored several important books, including Administrative Decentralization (1940), The Governmental Process (1951), and The Congressional Party (1959). Truman was born in...

Truman, Harry S
(1884-1972) 33rd president of the USA 1945-53, a Democrat. In January 1945 he became vice-president to Franklin D Roosevelt, and president when Roosevelt died in April that year. He used the atomic bomb...

Trumbo, (James) Dalton
(1905-1976) US screenwriter and writer. During the period when he was blacklisted as a communist, he wrote 18 screenplays under pseudonyms, one of which, The Brave One (1956), won an Academy Award. In 1960 his...

Trumbull, John
(1756-1843) US artist. He worked in England and the USA, and is now remembered for his series of historical paintings of war scenes from the American Revolution. The most famous is his depiction...

Trumbull, John
(1750-1831) US poet and lawyer. Although he published a number of satirical essays and poems, he is known today solely for one work, M'Fingle (1775-82), a burlesque epic poem satirizing the pro-British...

Trumbull, Jonathan
(1710-1785) American revolutionary, governor of Connecticut 1769-84. During the American Revolution he had considerable influence on George Washington, who referred to him...

Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr
(1740-1809) US merchant and governor. He served as a congressman 1789-94, Speaker of the House 1791-94 and senator 1795-96 before becoming governor of Connecticut 1797-1809. In 1809 he refused to deploy...

Trumbull, Lyman
(1813-1896) US senator and jurist. Originally a Democrat, he opposed his party on the slavery issue and was appointed to the US Senate as a free-soil Democrat (Illinois; 1855-61). He was re-elected...

Trump, Donald John
(1946) US billionaire property financier. Trump made his name in the 1980s with a series of property purchases, with tax concessions, from the New York City government. He also built the Trump Tower (1983)...

trust
Arrangement whereby a person or group of people (the trustee or trustees) hold property for others (the beneficiaries) entitled to the beneficial interest. A trust can be a legal arrangement under...

trust territory
Country or area placed within the United Nations trusteeship system and, as such, administered by a UN member state on the UN's behalf. A trust territory could be one of three types: one...

Trustee, Public
In England, an official empowered to act as executor and trustee, either alone or with others, of the estate of anyone who appoints him or her. In 1986 powers were extended to cover, among other...

Truth, Sojourner
(c. 1797-1883) US antislavery and women's-suffrage campaigner. A former slave, she ran away and became involved with religious groups. As a religious mystic, she travelled throughout New England and the Midwest...

Truxtun, Thomas
(1753-1822) US naval officer and merchant captain. He became a naval captain (1794) and supervised the construction of the USS Constellation at Baltimore. During the undeclared war with France he captured the...

Tryon, Thomas
(1926-1999) US actor and writer. Under the name Tom Tryon, he was an actor 1952-71 on Broadway and television, as well as in Hollywood films. He gave up on acting to become a successful novelist. He wrote...

Tryon, William
(1729-1788) American colonial governor and Loyalist, of English origin. He served as governor of North Carolina (1765-71) and of New York (1771-75). Later, he led Loyalist attacks on Connecticut (1780)....

Ts'ai-shen
In Taoist religion and Chinese folk mythology, the god of prosperity. He is capable of riding a black tiger, warding off thunder and lightning, fighting illnesses, and ensuring...

Ts'ao Chan
Alternative transcription of Chinese novelist Cao Chan. ...

Ts'ao Ts'ao
Chinese general AD 155-220; see Cao Cao. ...

Tsao-chün
In traditional Chinese belief, god of the hearth, whose picture hangs in kitchens. He ascends to heaven on the 24th night of the 12th moon to give an annual report to the Jade Emperor on the...

tsar
Russian imperial title in use from 1547 to 1721, derived from the Latin caesar, the title of the Roman emperors. Ivan (IV) the Terrible, the grand duke of Muscovy, was crowned the first tsar of...

tsarist rule
System of political government in Russia. It was adopted by Ivan IV in 1547 and meant to express the highest form of domination, similar to that of the Holy Roman Emperor in Western Europe. Tsarist...

Tschiffley, Aimé Felix
(1895-1954) Swiss writer and traveller whose 16,000-km/10,000-mi journey on horseback from Buenos Aires to New York was known as `Tschiffley's Ride`, recounted in Southern Cross to Pole Star 1933. ...

Tschudi, Gilg
(1505-1572) Swiss chronicler. His Chronicon helveticum, which covers the years 1000-1470, contains one of the principal accounts of the legendary Swiss national hero William Tell. ...

Tsimshian
Branch of the American Indian Penutian language family. ...

Tsimshian
Member of an American Indian people who live in Canada, along the shores of the Pacific, facing the Queen Charlotte Islands. They live mainly by hunting...

Tsushima, Battle of
During the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese naval victory over the Russians 27-28 May 1905, in the Strait of Tsushima between Japan and Korea. This battle, the only engagement between...

Tsvetayeva, Marina Ivanovna
(1892-1941) Russian poet. Most of her work was written after she left the USSR 1923. She wrote mythic, romantic, frenetic verse, including The Demesne of the Swans, written in the 1920s but not published until...

Tswana
Member of the majority ethnic group living in Botswana. The Tswana are divided into four subgroups: the Bakwena, Bamangwato, Bangwaketse, and Batawana. The Tswana language belongs to the Bantu...

Tuareg
Member of one of a group of eight nomadic peoples, mainly stock breeders, from west and central Sahara and Sahel (Algeria, Libya, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso). Their language, Tamashek, belongs to...

Tuatha Dé Danann
In Irish mythology, warriors and magicians. Aided and led by the Dagda and Lugh,...

tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It takes several forms, of which pulmonary tuberculosis is by far the most common. A vaccine, BCG, was developed around 1920 and...

Tubman, Harriet Ross
(1821-1913) US abolitionist. Born a slave in Maryland, she escaped to Philadelphia (where slavery was outlawed) in 1849. She helped set up the Underground Railroad, a secret network of sympathizers to help...

Tubman, William Vacanarat Shadrach
(1895-1971) Liberian politician. The descendant of US slaves, he was a lawyer in the USA. After his election to the presidency of Liberia in 1944 he concentrated on uniting the various ethnic groups....

TUC
Abbreviation for Trades Union Congress. ...

Tuchman, Maurice
(1936) US museum curator. He became curator of 20th-century art at the Los Angeles County Museum in 1964. An expert on contemporary art, he wrote extensively for professional journals. Tuchman was born...

Tucker, Benjamin (Ricketson)
(1854-1939) US anarchist and reformer. He founded the Radical Review (1877), but his most famous publication was the broadsheet, Liberty, which was issued regularly (1881-1908) and became a widely read...

Tucker, Henry St George
(1780-1848) US jurist. A member of the Virginia house and senate and the US House of Representatives (Democrat-Republican, 1815-19), and a superior court judge (1824-31), he was elected president of the...

Tucker, John Randolph
(1823-1897) US lawyer, professor, and Democrat congressman. Attorney general of Virginia (1857-65), professor and dean at Washington & Lee University (1870-74, 1889-97), and US Representative (1875-87),...

Tucker, Robert C
(1918) US Slavonic specialist and educator. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1975), he was the author of a number of books on the former Soviet Union and Stalinism. These included...

Tucker, Sophie
(1884-1966) US singer and entertainer, of Russian origin. She won popular acclaim both in New York and in London as a music-hall artist and cabaret singer, and in her later years was billed as ` ...

Tucker, St George
(1752-1827) American jurist. He sat on the Virginia Supreme Court (1803-11) and was federal judge for Virginia (1813-27). His important works include his Dissertation on Slavery: with a Proposal for its...

Tuckerman, Edward
(1817-1886) US botanist. He was the first botanist to explore the New England mountains for lichens; his Genera Lichenum: An Arrangement of North American Lichens (1872) is considered his greatest book on this...

Tuckerman, Henry Theodore
(1813-1871) US art/literary critic. Independently wealthy, he is regarded today as a pedantic and sentimental critic of the arts, but during his lifetime he was highly praised. Of his many books, only one or...

Tudjman, Franjo
(1922-1999) Croatian nationalist leader and historian, president from 1990. As leader of the centre-right Croatian Democratic Union (CDU), he led the fight for Croatian independence. During the 1991-92...

Tudor
English dynasty 1485-1603, founded by Henry VII, who became king by overthrowing Richard III (the last of the York dynasty) at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry VII reigned from 1485 to 1509, and was...

Tudor and Restoration London
In the 16th and 17th centuries London was transformed from a medieval city, with economic and political power focused heavily on the guild organizations and the church, to a worldwide trading and...

Tudor architecture
See English architecture. ...

Tudor rose
Heraldic emblem adopted by Henry VII and his successors. It comprises a rose with the central petals white and the outer petals red; in other words, it combines a badge...

Tudor, Frederic
(1783-1864) American businessman. He developed and pursued the practice of sending cargoes of ice from Boston to the tropical ports of Havana, Charleston, New Orleans, and eventually Calcutta (now Kolkata),...

Tudor, Tasha
(1915) US writer and illustrator. Her illustrations are reminiscent of Kate Greenaway, and her immensely popular books for children, such as Tasha Tudor's Favorite Stories (1965), and her illustrations for...

Tufte, Edward R(olf)
(1942) US political scientist, statistician, and information designer. He became widely known as a pioneer proponent of using graphs, charts, diagrams, and other visual elements - on both the printed...

Tufts, John
(1689-1750) US minister and hymnologist. A Harvard-educated minister, he published the pioneering instruction book, A Very Plain and Easy Introduction to the Art of Singing Psalm Tunes (1721). It went through...

Tugwell, Rexford (Guy)
(1891-1979) US economist and public official. An economics professor at Columbia University when recruited to join Franklin Roosevelt's `Brain Trust` in 1932, he became head of the Resettlement...

Tukano
An indigenous Native South American people of the Vaupés region on the Colombian-Brazilian border, numbering approximately 2,000. An estimated 12,000 speak languages related to Tukano. The other...

Tukulor empire
Muslim theocracy founded by al-Hajj 'Umar (c. 1797-1864). Stretching from western Sudan to Senegal, it flourished for most of the 19th century, but its power was sapped...

Tula
Ancient city of the Toltec civilization in central Mexico, 65 km/40 mi northwest of Mexico City, which flourished from about 750 to 1168. At its height, it is thought to have housed a population of...

Tull, Jethro
(1674-1741) English agriculturist who in about 1701 developed a drill that enabled seeds to be sown mechanically and spaced so that cultivation between rows was possible in the growth period. His chief work,...

Tully Castle
Scottish-style plantation castle at Tully, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. Built in 1618 by Sir John Hume, ancestor of the Humes of Castle Hume, it comprised a square fortified house and bawn...

Tullynally Castle
Country house to the north of Mullingar, County Westmeath, Republic of Ireland. Originally a 17th-century garrison house owned by the Pakenham family (now the Earls of Longford), the property was...

Tuls? Das
(1532-1623) Brahmin Hindi poet and religious reformer. Tuls? Das lived most of his life as an ascetic at the sacred site of Varanasi (Benares). It was here, according to legend, that the the Hindu divine...

tumulus
Prehistoric round barrow or burial mound. ...

Tune, Tommy
(1939) US actor, director, and choreographer. Choreographer and codirector of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1978), he won Tony Awards for his acting and choreography. Tune was born...

Tung Chee-hwa
(1937) Hong Kong business executive and politician, chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) from 1997. As the SAR chief executive he launched a populist initiative to make...

Tunis, Battle of
A Christian victory over the Ottoman Turks in Tunis, North Africa, July 1535. In 1534, the Turkish admiral Barbarossa (Khair ed-Din) had taken Tunis from the Moors. Seeing this as a threat to...

Tunisia
Country in North Africa, on the Mediterranean Sea, bounded southeast by Libya and west by Algeria. Government Tunisia has a presidential political system, dominated by a ruling political party. The...

tunnage and poundage
Alternative spelling of tonnage and poundage. ...

Tunnicliffe, C(harles) F(rederick)
(1901-1979) English painter of birds. He worked in Anglesey. His many books include Bird Portraiture (1945) and Shorelands Summer Diary (1952). He also illustrated Henry Williamson's Tarka the Otter (1927) and...

Tunstall, Cuthbert
(1474-1559) English churchman and scholar. Well-educated and widely travelled, he was employed by Thomas Wolsey and Henry VIII on diplomatic missions. His conservative outlook in religious matters did not...

Tunxis
Member of an American Indian people who lived in what was formerly known as the Farmington area of Connecticut by the 1600s. Their language came from the Algonquian family. A group of Quinnipiac,...