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Talk Talk - Communication terms Category: General technical and industrial Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK Words: 18630

Ukrainian
The majority ethnic group living in Ukraine; there are minorities in Siberian Russia, Kazakhstan, Poland, Slovakia, and Romania. There are 40–45 million speakers of Ukrainian, a member of the East Slavonic branch of the Indo-European family, closely related to Russian. Ukrainian-speaking communities are also found in Canada and the...

Ukraine
Country in eastern central Europe, bounded to the east by Russia, north by Belarus, south by Moldova, Romania, and the Black Sea, and west by Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Hungary. Government Ukraine has a multiparty political system with a French-style semi-presidential, or dual, executive in which executive power is shared by the prime...

ukiyo-e
Japanese picture or print depicting the pleasures of everyday life; mainly produced by the technique of woodcut, or woodblock. Beginning in the 17th century, ukiyo-e became the dominant art form in 18th- and 19th-century Japan. Originally made in black and white, advances in woodcut printing in the late 18th century enabled the prod...

ultraviolet radiation
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths from about 400 to 10 nanometres (where the X-ray range begins). Physiologically, ultraviolet (UV) radiation is extremely powerful, producing sunburn and causing the formation of vitamin D in the skin. UV radiation is invisible to the human eye, but its effects can be demonstrated. The stratospheric ozone...

Ultra
Abbreviation of Ultra Secret, term used by the British in World War II from spring 1940 to denote intelligence gained by deciphering German signals from the Enigma code-making machine

Ulster
A former kingdom and province in the north of Ireland, annexed by England in 1461. From Jacobean times it was a centre of English, and later Scottish, settlement on land confiscated from its owners; divided in 1921 into Northern Ireland (counties Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry/Derry, and Tyrone) and the Republic of Ireland (co...

Ulan Bator
Alternative spelling of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia

ulcer
Any persistent breach in a body surface (skin or mucous membrane). It may be caused by infection, irritation, or tumour and is often inflamed. Common ulcers include aphthous (mouth), gastric (stomach), duodenal, decubitus ulcers (pressure sores), and those complicating varicose veins. Treatment of ulcers depends on the site. Drugs are the first lin...

Ulaanbaatar
Capital and largest city of Mongolia, lying to the north in the valley of the River Tuul in the Khenti Mountains; population (2000 est) 760,100. Industries include machine tools, cement, bricks, pharmaceuticals, carpets, textiles, footwear, meat packing, brewing, and distilling, especially of vodka. It is the centre of Mongolia's road and r...

ultrasonics
Branch of physics dealing with the theory and application of ultrasound: sound waves occurring at frequencies too high to be heard by the human ear (that is, above about 20 kHz). The earliest practical application of ultrasonics was the detection of submarines during World War I by reflecting pulses of sound from them (see sonar). Similar princ...

ultrasound
Pressure waves, known as ultrasonic waves, similar in nature to sound waves but occurring at frequencies above 20,000 Hz (cycles per second), the approximate upper limit of human hearing (15–16 Hz is the lower limit). Ultrasonics is concerned with the study and practical application of these phenomena. Some animals, such as dogs and bats, and ...

ultraviolet astronomy
Study of cosmic ultraviolet emissions using artificial satellites. The USA launched a series of satellites for this purpose, receiving the first useful data in 1968. Only a tiny percentage of solar ultraviolet radiation penetrates the atmosphere, this being the less dangerous longer-wavelength ultraviolet radiation. The dangerous shorter-wa...

ulna
One of the two bones found in the lower limb of the tetrapod (four-limbed) vertebrate. It articulates with the shorter radius and humerus (upper arm bone) at one end and with the radius and wrist bones at the other

ultrasound scanning
In medicine, the use of ultrasonic pressure waves to create a diagnostic image. It is a safe, noninvasive technique that often eliminates the need for exploratory surgery. The sound waves transmitted through the body are absorbed and reflected to different degrees by different body tissues

Ulysses
Space probe to study the Sun's poles, launched in 1990 by a US space shuttle. It is a joint project by NASA and the European Space Agency. In February 1992, the gravity of Jupiter swung Ulysses on to a path that looped it first under the Sun's south pole in 1994 and then over its north pole in 1995 to study the Sun and solar wind at latitud...

ultra-heat treatment
(UHT) preservation of milk by raising its temperature to 132°C/269°F or more. It uses higher temperatures than pasteurization, and kills all bacteria present, giving the milk a long shelf life but altering the flavour

Ulster Defence Association
Northern Ireland Protestant paramilitary organization responsible for a number of sectarian killings. Fanatically loyalist, it established a paramilitary wing (the Ulster Freedom Fighters) to combat the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on its own terms and by its own methods. No political party has acknowledged any links with the UDA. In 1994, following...

Ulster Freedom Fighters
Paramilitary wing of the Ulster Defence Association

Ulster Unionist Party
The largest political party in Northern Ireland. Right-of-centre in orientation, its aim is equality for Northern Ireland within the UK, and it opposes union with the Republic of Ireland. The party has the broadest support of any Ulster party, and has consistently won a large proportion of parliamentary and local seats. Its central organiza...

Ulster plantation
In Irish history, the confiscation and resettlement, in 1609, of the Ulster counties of Armagh, Cavan, Donegal, Derry, Fermanagh, and Tyrone by the English government after the Flight of the Earls. Provided with lots of 2,000, 1,500, and 1,000 acres as determined by government surveyors, the English and Scottish undertakers (those accepting grants ...

Ulster Volunteer Force
In Northern Ireland, most recently a loyalist (pro-Union) paramilitary group, especially active in the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. Originally a paramilitary wing of the Ulster Unionists, the first UVF was formed in 1912 to coordinate ad hoc paramilitary activity. A second UVF, active in the Anglo-Irish War, became part of the Ulster Spec...

Uluru
Aboriginal name for Ayers Rock

Umbria
Mountainous or hilly landlocked region of Italy in the central Apennines, including the provinces of Perugia and Terni; area 8,456 sq km/3,265 sq mi; population (2001 est) 815,600. Its capital is Perugia, and the River Tiber rises in the region; it is on the Nera, the region's other principal river, at Terni that several hydroel...

Umayyad dynasty
Arabian dynasty of the Islamic Empire who reigned as caliphs (civic and religious leaders of Islam) from 661 to 750, when they were overthrown by Abbasids. A member of the family, Abd al-Rahmam, escaped to Spain and in 756 assumed the title of Emir of Córdoba. His dynasty, which took the title of caliph in 929, ruled in Córdoba until ...

Umar
Muslim caliph (civic and religious leader of Islam) in 634–44, succeeding Abu Bakr. He laid the foundations of a regular, organized Muslim army, employing the brilliant Khalid ibn al-Walid to lead his armies in battle, and conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Persia. He was murdered by a Persian slave. The Mosque of Omar in Jerusalem is ...

umbilical cord
Connection between the embryo (or fetus) and the placenta inside the uterus of placental mammals. It has one vein and two arteries, transporting oxygen and nutrients to the developing young, and removing waste products. Blood is carried from the fetus along the umbilical cord and into the placenta. Here it is brought close to the mother's blood...

Umberto I
King of Italy from 1878, who joined the Triple Alliance 1882 with Germany and Austria-Hungary; his colonial ventures included the defeat at Adwa, Abyssinia, 1896. He was assassinated by an anarchist

umbra
Central region of a shadow that is totally dark because no light reaches it, and from which no part of the light source can be seen (compare penumbra). In astronomy, it is a region of the Earth from which a complete eclipse of the Sun can be seen

umbrella bird
Any of three species of bird of tropical South and Central America, family Cotingidae, order Passeriformes, about 45 cm/18 in long. The Amazonian species Cephalopterus ornatus, the ornate umbrella bird, has an inflatable wattle at the neck to amplify its humming call, and in display elevates a long crest (12 cm/4 in) lyin...

Umberto II
King of Italy May–June 1946. When his father Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in May 1946, he was proclaimed king, and ruled 9 May–13 June 1946. He was forced to abdicate as the monarchy's collusion in the rise of fascism made him highly unpopular, and a referendum decided in favour of a republic. He retired to Portugal, where he died

Umm Durman
Arabic name for Omdurman, a city in Khartoum State, Sudan

United States art
Painting and sculpture in the USA from colonial times to the present. Initially strongly influenced by European art, by the 19th century US artists were cultivating an American artistic heritage that would inspire future generations. The unspoiled landscapes romantically depicted in the 18th and 19th centuries gave way to realistic city scenes in t...

United States literature
Early US literature falls into two distinct periods: colonial writing of the 1600s–1770s, largely dominated by the Puritans, and post-Revolutionary literature from the 1780s, when the ideal of US literature developed, and poetry, fiction, and drama began to evolve on national principles. Early 19th-century Romanticism contrasted sh...

Union Movement
British political group. Founded as the New Party by Oswald Mosley and a number of Labour members of Parliament in 1931, it developed into the British Union of Fascists in 1932. In 1940 the organization was declared illegal and its leaders interned, but it was revived as the Union Movement in 1948, characterized by racist doctrines including anti&#...

union flag
British national flag. It is popularly called the Union Jack, although, strictly speaking, this applies only when it is flown on the jackstaff of a warship

unicorn
Mythical animal referred to by classical writers, said to live in India and resembling a horse, but with one spiralled horn growing from the forehead

Union, Acts of
Act of Parliament of 1707 that brought about the union of England and Scotland; that of 1801 united England and Ireland. The 1707 act, which abolished the Scottish parliament, decreed that 16 elected peers and 45 members of the House of Commons should represent Scotland at Westminster, but that the Scottish legal system and Presbyterian Church ...

Uniate Church
Any of the Orthodox Churches that accept the Catholic faith and the supremacy of the pope and are in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, but retain their own liturgy and separate organization. In Ukraine, despite being proscribed 1946–89, the Uniate Church claimed some 4.5 million adherents when it was once again officially recogniz...

Uncle Sam
Nickname for the US government. It was coined during the War of 1812 by opponents of US policy. It was probably derived from the initials `US` placed on government property

Unix
Multiuser operating system designed for mid-range computers but also used on workstations, mainframes, and supercomputers. Unix was developed by AT&T's Bell Laboratories in the USA during the late 1960s, using the programming language C. It could therefore run on any machine with a C compiler, so ensuring its wide portability. Its wide ...

ungulate
General name for any hoofed mammal. Included are the odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls) and the even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), along with subungulates such as elephants. In 1996 the fossil jaws and teeth of an early ungulate were discovered in Russia. The fossils are believed to be 85 million years old, indicating that ungulates were ...

uniformitarianism
In geology, the principle that processes that can be seen to occur on the Earth's surface today are the same as those that have occurred throughout geological time. For example, desert sandstones containing sand-dune structures must have been formed under conditions similar to those present in deserts today. The principle was formulated by ...

unconformity
Surface of erosion or nondeposition eventually overlain by younger sedimentary rock strata and preserved in the geologic record. A surface where the beds above and below lie at different angles is called an angular unconformity. The boundary between older igneous or metamorphic rocks that are truncated by erosion and later covered by younger sedime...

Unification Church
Church founded in Korea 1954 by the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. The number of members (often called `moonies`) is about 200,000 worldwide. The theology unites Christian and Taoist ideas and is based on Moon's book Divine Principle, which teaches that the original purpose of creation was to set up a perfect family, in a...

universal
In philosophy, a property that is instantiated by all the individual things of a specific class: for example, all red things instantiate `redness`. Many philosophical debates have centred on the status of universals, including the medieval debate between nominalism and realism

universal joint
Flexible coupling used to join rotating shafts; for example, the drive shaft in a car. In a typical universal joint the ends of the shafts to be joined end in U-shaped yokes. They dovetail into each other and pivot flexibly about an X-shaped spider. This construction allows side-to-side and up-and-down movement, while st...

unemployment
Lack of paid employment. The unemployed are usually defined as those out of work who are available for and actively seeking work. Unemployment is measured either as a total or as a percentage of those who are available for work, known as the working population, or labour force. Periods of widespread ...

uncertainty principle
In quantum mechanics, the principle that it is impossible to know with unlimited accuracy the position and momentum of a particle. The principle arises because in order to locate a particle exactly, an observer must bounce light (in the form of a photon) off the particle, which must alter its position in an unpredictable way. It was established by ...

universe
All of space and its contents, the study of which is called cosmology. The universe is thought to be between 10 billion and 20 billion years old, and is mostly empty space, dotted with galaxies for as far as telescopes can see. These galaxies are moving further apart as the universe expands. Current ...

unidentified flying object
Any light or object seen in the sky of which the immediate identity is not apparent. Despite unsubstantiated claims, there is no evidence that UFOs are alien spacecraft. On investigation, the vast majority of sightings turn out to have been of natural or identifiable objects, notably bright stars and planets, meteors, aircraft, and satellites, or t...

university
Institution of higher learning for those who have completed primary and secondary education

underground
Rail service that runs underground. The first underground line in the world was in London, opened in 1863; it was essentially a roofed-in trench. The London Underground is still the longest underground system, with over 400 km/250 mi of routes. Many large cities throughout the world have similar systems, and Moscow's underground, th...

unified field theory
In physics, the theory that attempts to explain the four fundamental forces (strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electromagnetic, and gravity) in terms of a single unified force (see particle physics). Research into the unification of electromagnetism and gravitation was begun by Albert Einstein, but he did not succeed. By 1971 a theory developed by US p...

Unitarianism
A Christian denomination that rejects the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity, asserts the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of humanity, and gives a pre-eminent position to Jesus as a religious teacher, while denying his divinity. Unitarians believe in individual conscience and reason as a guide to right action, rejecting the doctrines of ori...

United Arab Republic
Union formed in 1958, broken in 1961, between Egypt and Syria. Egypt continued to use the name after the break-up until 1971

untouchable
Member of the lowest Indian caste, formerly forbidden to be touched by members of the other castes

unconscious
In psychoanalysis, a part of the personality of which the individual is unaware, and which contains impulses or urges that are held back, or repressed, from conscious awareness

United Kingdom
Country in northwest Europe off the coast of France, consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Government The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. There is no written constitution. Cabinet government, which is at the heart of the system, is founded on rigid convention, and the relationship b...

United Arab Emirates
Federation in southwest Asia, on the Gulf, bounded northwest by Qatar, southwest by Saudi Arabia, and southeast by Oman. Government The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven absolute monarchies, the emirates of Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al&#...

United States of America
Click images to enlargeCountry in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, bounded north by Canada and south by Mexico, and including the outlying states of Alaska and Hawaii. Government The USA is a federal republic comprising 50 states and the District of Columbia. U...

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Click images to enlargeFormer country in northern Asia and Eastern Europe that reverted to independent states in 1991; see Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan

UN
Abbreviation for United Nations

UNHCR
Abbreviation for United Nations High Commission for Refugees

UNICEF
Acronym for United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, a specialized agency of the United Nations

UNITA
Acronym for Uniao Nacional para a Independencia Total de Angola (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), Angolan nationalist movement founded by Jonas Savimbi in 1966. Backed by South Africa, UNITA continued to wage guerrilla warfare against the ruling People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) after the latter gained c...

unit trust
Company that invests its clients' funds in other companies. The units it issues represent holdings of shares, which means unit shareholders have a wider spread of capital than if they bought shares on the stock market. Unit trusts appeal to the small investor, and in recent years, business generated by them has increased rapidly. Many unit trus...

unicellular organism
Any living being consisting of a single cell. Most are invisible without a microscope but a few, such as the giant amoeba, may be visible to the naked eye. The main groups of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi or yeasts. Some become disease-causing agents (pathogens)

United Irishmen
Society formed in 1791 by Wolfe Tone to campaign for parliamentary reform in Ireland. It later became a secret revolutionary group. Inspired by the republican ideals of the French Revolution, the United Irishmen was initially a debating society, calling for reforms such as the right of Catholics to vote in Irish elections, but after an attempt to s...

unit
(quantity) Standard quantity in relation to which other quantities are measured. There have been many systems of units. Some ancient units, such as the day, the foot, and the pound, are still in use. SI units, the latest version of the metric system, are widely used in science

universal indicator
In chemistry, a mixture of pH indicators, used to gauge the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Each component changes colour at a different pH value, and so the indicator is capable of displaying a range of colours, according to the pH of the test solution, from red (at pH 1, strong acid) through green (neutral) to purple (at pH 13, strong alkali...

unsaturated compound
Organic compound in which two atoms are linked by a double or triple covalent bond. Alkenes, such as ethene, are unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain a carbon to carbon double bond. Other examples are ketones, where the unsaturation exists between atoms of different elements (carbon and oxygen). The laboratory test for unsaturated compounds is the...

unilateralism
In politics, support for unilateral nuclear disarmament: scrapping a country's nuclear weapons without waiting for other countries to agree to do so at the same time

unfair dismissal
Sacking of an employee unfairly. Under the terms of the UK Employment Acts, this means the unreasonable dismissal of someone who has been in continuous employment for a period of two years; that is, dismissal on grounds not in accordance with the codes of disciplinary practice and procedures prepared by ACAS. Dismissed employees may take their ...

unleaded petrol
Petrol manufactured without the addition of antiknock. It has a slightly lower octane rating than leaded petrol, but has the advantage of not polluting the atmosphere with lead compounds. Many cars can be converted to run on unleaded petrol by altering the timing of the engine, and most new cars are designed to do so. Cars fitted with a catalytic c...

undernourishment
Condition that results from consuming too little food over a period of time. Like malnutrition – the result of a diet that is lacking in certain nutrients (such as protein or vitamins) – undernourishment is common in poor countries. Both lead to a reduction in mental and physical efficiency, a lowering of resistance to disease in general,...

Unzen
Active volcano on the Shimbara peninsula, Kyushu island, Japan, opposite the city of Kumamoto and 990 km/620 mi southwest of Tokyo. Its eruption in June 1991 led to the evacuation of 10,000 people. It is the main feature of Unzen-Amakusa National Park. The highest peak, Fugendake, is 1,359 m/4,459 ft high. There have been hot springs in...

United Provinces
Federation of states in the northern Netherlands 1579–1795, comprising Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Gelderland, Utrecht, Overijssel, and Groningen. Established by the Union of Utrecht, its aim was to assert independence from the Spanish crown. See Netherlands

United Reformed Church
Christian church with a strongly ecumenical outlook formed in Britain in 1972 by the union of the Congregational Church in England and Wales and the Presbyterian Church of England. The Reformed Association of Churches of Christ joined the URC 1981. The URC has about 1,800 local congregations across 72 district councils which come under 12 provincia...

underdevelopment
Term generally referring to countries which have not gone through the phase of industrialization (the development of mass production in factories) and have not reached post-industrialization (where the proportion of output and employment devoted to services rather than goods is expanding). Underdevelopment has been subject to changing definitio...

ununnilium
Temporary name for a synthesized radioactive element of the transactinide series, atomic number 110, relative atomic mass 269. It was discovered in October 1994, detected for a millisecond, at the GSI heavy-ion cyclotron, Darmstadt, Germany, while lead atoms were bombarded with nickel atoms

unununium
Temporary name for a synthesized radioactive element of the transactinide series, atomic number 111, relative atomic mass 272. It was detected at the GSI heavy-ion cyclotron, Darmstadt, Germany, in December 1994, when bismuth-209 was bombarded with nickel

underpainting
Layer of colour applied to the ground (painting surface) before the application of the overpainting, or final coat. Underpainting may be a simple tint to colour the ground, or a blocked-out image of the composition in diluted oil paints, often in monochrome (one colour). The artist uses the underpainting as a guide while developing the composit...

Universal Serial Bus
In computing, a royalty-free connector intended to replace the out-of-date COM and parallel printer ports that have been used in PCs since 1981. The USB allows up to 127 peripherals – including joysticks, scanners, printers, and keyboards – to be daisy-chained from a single socket, offering higher speeds and improved plug&...

UNISON
Britain's largest trade union with 1,343,000 members (2006): 944,356 female, and 398,644 male. It was formed on 1 July 1993 by the merging of the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE), the Confederation of Health Service Employees, and the National Local Government Officers Association (NALGO). Its general secretary from 2001 is Dave Pr...

unitary authority
Administrative unit of Great Britain. Since 1996 the two-tier structure of local government has ceased to exist in Scotland and Wales, and in some parts of England, and has been replaced by unitary authorities, responsible for all local government services. Following the review of local government structure by the Local Government Commission se...

universal suffrage
The right of all adult citizens to vote at public elections, especially for the members of a legislative body or parliament

unionism
Belief in the retention of the link between Britain and Ireland; the opposite of Irish nationalism, which supports separation from the British government and the unification of Ireland. Unionists, who may be from Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, or from mainland Britain, believe that the two areas are united in culture and history, an...

underpopulation
Too few people for the resources available in an area (such as food, land, and water). Underpopulated countries, like Canada and Australia, have a vast wealth of resources that could be exploited, such as food, energy, and minerals, and are able to export these commodities whilst maintaining a high standard of living. They have well-developed e...

Uppsala
(city) City in Sweden, northwest of Stockholm; population (2005 est) 128,400. Industries include engineering and pharmaceuticals. The university was founded 1477; there are Viking relics and a Gothic cathedral. The botanist Carolus Linnaeus lived here

Upper Volta
Former name (to 1984) of Burkina Faso, a country in west Africa

Updike, John Hoyer
US writer. Associated with the New Yorker magazine from 1955, he soon established a reputation for polished prose, poetry, and criticism. His novels include The Poorhouse Fair (1959), The Centaur (1963), Couples (1968), The Witches of Eastwick (1984), <...

Upanishad
One of a collection of Hindu sacred treatises, written in Sanskrit, connected with the Vedas but composed later, about 800–200 BC. Metaphysical and ethical, their doctrine equated the atman (self) with the Brahman (supreme spirit) – `Tat tvam asi` (`Thou art that`) – and developed the theory of ...

Upper Austria
Mountainous federal state of Austria, drained by the Danube, and bordered to the north by the Czech Republic and to the west by Bavaria; area 11,980 sq km/4,625 sq mi; population (2001 est) 1,382,000. Its capital is Linz and the main towns are Steyr and Wels

Upper Normandy
English name for Haute-Normandie, a coastal region of northwest France

Uposatha
Theravada Buddhist holy day that occurs on every full and dark moon. The Buddhist laity may adopt the Ten Moral Precepts for the day and people will visit their nearest monastery. Ordained Buddhists will confess privately to any breaking of the rules of the Vinaya-pitaka, which governs the running of a monastery

Upanayana
In Hinduism, the tenth samskara, or ceremony to mark stages in the life of a Hindu. It is a religious ceremony undertaken by Hindu boys of the three highest castes. The ceremony usually takes place between the ages 7 and 11, indicating the entry into adulthood and the ability to deepen the individual's awareness of the duties they now embrace a...

urine
Amber-coloured fluid filtered out by the kidneys from the blood. It contains excess water, salts, proteins, waste products in the form of urea, a pigment, and some acid. The kidneys pass it through two fine tubes (ureters) to the bladder, which may act as a reservoir for up to 0.7 l/1.5 pt at...

Urban II
Pope 1088–99. He launched the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont in France in 1095

Uranus
(astronomy) Click images to enlargeSeventh planet from the Sun, discovered by German-born British astronomer William Herschel in 1781. It is twice as far out as the sixth planet, Saturn. Uranus has a mass 14.5 times that of Earth. The spin axis o...

Ural Mountains
Mountain system extending for over 2,000 km/1,242 mi from the Arctic Ocean to the Caspian Sea, and traditionally regarded as separating Europe from Asia. The highest peak is Naradnaya, 1,894 m/6,214 ft. The mountains hold vast mineral wealth. The Middle Urals contain the richest mineral deposits; iron, copper, chromium, nickel, precious...