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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Trotskyism
Form of Marxism advocated by Leon Trotsky. Its central concept is that of permanent revolution. In his view a proletarian revolution, leading to a socialist society, could not be achieved in isolation, so it would be necessary to spark off further revolutions throughout Europe and ultimately worldwid...

Triple Alliance
Pact from 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy to offset the power of Russia and France. It was last renewed in 1912, but during World War I Italy's initial neutrality gradually changed and it denounced the alliance in 1915. The term also refers to other alliances: in 1668 – England, Holland, and Sweden; in 1717 ...

Triple Entente
Alliance of Britain, France, and Russia 1907–17. In 1911 this became a military alliance and formed the basis of the Allied powers in World War I against the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary

Trinidad and Tobago
Country in the West Indies, off the coast of Venezuela. Government Trinidad and Tobago is an independent republic within the Commonwealth. It is a liberal democracy with a multiparty political system and prime ministerial political executive. The 1976 constitution provides for a president as head of state and a two-chamber parliament, consistin...

transformational grammar
Theory of language structure initiated by the US linguist Noam Chomsky, which proposes that below the actual phrases and sentences of a language (its surface structure) there lies a more basic layer (its deep structure), which is processed by various transformational rules when we speak and write. Below the surface structure `the girl opened t...

tricolour
Any flag or similar made up of three colours. The French national flag has three vertical bands of red, white, and blue. The red and blue were the colours of Paris and the white represented the royal house of Bourbon. The flag was first adopted on 17 July 1789, three days after the storming of the Bastille during the French Revolution. The Russian ...

triathlon
Test of stamina involving three sports: swimming, cycling, and running, each one immediately following the last. The Olympic distances are a 1,500 m/1 mi swim, a 40 km/24.9 mi cycle, and a 10 km/6.2 mi run. It was first established as a sport in the USA in 1974. The most celebrated event is the Hawaii Ironman, which involves a 3.8 k...

tracheotomy
Surgical opening in the windpipe (trachea), usually created for the insertion of a tube to enable the patient to breathe. It is done either to bypass an airway impaired by disease or injury, or to safeguard air supply during surgery or a prolonged period of mechanical ventilation

trial by ordeal
In the Middle Ages, a test of guilt or innocence; see ordeal, trial by

Trinitarianism
Belief in the Christian Trinity

trichloromethane
Technical name for chloroform

trade description
Description of the characteristics of goods, including their quality, quantity, and fitness for the purpose for which they are required. Under the Trade Descriptions Acts 1968 and 1972, making a false trade description is a criminal offence in English law. The offence may be committed by applying a false trade description directly, such as on a lab...

Tripitaka
The canonical texts of Theravada Buddhism, divided into three parts: the Vinaya-pitaka, containing the rules governing the monastic community; the Sutra-pitaka, a collection of scriptures recording the teachings of the Buddha; and Abhidharma-pitaka, a collection of Bud...

transit
In astronomy, passage of a smaller object across the visible disc of a larger one. Transits of the inferior planets occur when they pass directly between the Earth and the Sun, and are seen as tiny dark spots against the Sun's disc. Other forms of transit include the passage of a satellite or its...

troy system
System of units used for precious metals and gems. The pound troy (0.37 kg) consists of 12 ounces (each of 120 carats) or 5,760 grains (each equal to 65 mg)

trompe l'oeil
Painting that gives a convincing illusion of three-dimensional reality. As an artistic technique, it has been in common use in most stylistic periods in the West, originating in classical Greek art

Trojan horse
(mythology) Seemingly innocuous but treacherous gift from an enemy. In Greek mythology, during the siege of Troy, an enormous wooden horse was left by the Greek army outside the gates of the city. The Greeks had sailed away as if they had retreated. The Trojans, believing the horse to be a rel...

Trans-Amazonian Highway
Road in Brazil, ru nning parallel to the River Amazon and linking Recife in the east with the provinces of Rondônia, Amazonas, and Acre in the west. The road was begun as part of the Programa de Integração Nacional (PIN; National Integration Programme) in 1970, and was intended to reduce the isolation and promote the economic deve...

truth table
In electronics, a diagram showing the effect of a particular logic gate on every combination of inputs. Every possible combination of inputs and outputs for a particular gate or combination of gates is described, thereby defining their action in full. When logic value 1 is written in the table, it indicates a `high` (or `yes`) i...

transgenic organism
Plant, animal, bacterium, or other living organism that has had a foreign gene added to it by means of genetic engineering. In terms of laboratory research, transgenic manipulations of organisms have become well-established scientific procedures which are finding progressively more applications in the health and food industries

trade
Exchange of commodities between groups, individuals, or countries. Direct trade is usually known as barter, whereas indirect trade is carried out through a medium such as money. In the 17th and 18th centuries, for example, barter between Europeans and West Africans was based on units of value called sortings. A sorting might consist of a quantity o...

trypsin
Enzyme in the vertebrate gut responsible for the digestion of protein molecules. It is secreted by the pancreas but in an inactive form known as trypsinogen. Activation into working trypsin occurs only in the small intestine, owing to the action of another enzyme, enterokinase, secreted by the wall of the duodenum. Unlike the digestive enzyme pepsi...

transactinide element
Any of a series of eight radioactive, metallic elements with atomic numbers that extend beyond the actinide series, those from 104 (rutherfordium) upwards. They are grouped because of their expected physical and chemical similarities (they are all bivalent), the properties differing only slightly with atomic number. All have half-lives of less ...

transverse wave
Wave in which the displacement of the medium's particles, or in electromagnetic waves the direction of the electric and magnetic fields, is at right angles to the direction of travel of the wave motion. Various methods are used to reproduce waves, such as a ripple tank or a rope, in order to unde...

tropical disease
Any illness found mainly in hot climates. The most significant tropical diseases worldwide are malaria, leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness, lymphatic filiarasis, and schistosomiasis. Other major scourges are Chagas's disease, leprosy, and river blindness. Malaria kills about 1.5 million people each year, and produces chronic anaemia and tiredness...

transparency
In photography, a picture on slide film. This captures the original in a positive image (direct reversal) and can be used for projection or printing on positive-to-positive print material, for example by the Cibachrome or Kodak R-type process. Slide film is usually colour but can be obtained in black and white

triglyceride
Chemical name for fat comprising three fatty acids reacted with a glycerol

Trident
Nuclear missile deployed on submarines. They were installed on US nuclear submarines from 1992. Each missile has up to eight warheads. The Trident replaced the earlier Polaris and Poseidon missiles. Trident I (C4) missiles, developed in 1979, were replaced by Trident II (D5) missiles from 1990

trotting
Another name for the sport of harness racing

transducer
Device that converts one form of energy into another. For example, a thermistor is a transducer that converts heat into an electrical voltage, and an electric motor is a transducer that converts an electrical voltage into mechanical energy. Transducers are important components in many types of sensor, converting the physical quantity to be measured...

tropical cyclone
Another term for hurricane

truncated spur
Blunt-ended ridge of rock jutting from the side of a glacial trough, or valley. As a glacier moves down a former river valley it is unable to flow around the interlocking spurs that project from either side, and so it erodes straight through them, shearing away their tips and forming truncated sp...

tricuspid valve
Flap of tissue situated on the right side of the heart between the atrium and the ventricle. It prevents blood flowing backwards when the ventricle contracts. As in all valves, its movements are caused by pressure changes during the beat rather than by any intrinsic muscular activity. As the valve snaps shut, a vibration passes through the chest ca...

transformation
In mathematics, a mapping or function, especially one which causes a change of shape or position in a geometric figure. Reflection, rotation, enlargement, and translation are the main geometrical transformations. Two or more transformations performed on one shape are called combined transformations. The transformation of a shape from A to B can be ...

translation
(mathematics) In mathematics, the movement of a point, line, or shape along a straight line. Translations may be combined with rotations and reflections. For example: The triangle A'B'C' is a translation of triangle ABC. All the points on triangle ABC have been moved the same ...

tree diagram
In probability theory, a branching diagram consisting only of arcs and nodes (but not loops curving back on themselves), which is used to establish probabilities. Each branch represents a possible outcome of one event. These possible outcomes are known as mutually exclusive events. The final probability depends on the path taken through the tree. F...

trial and improvement method
In mathematics, method of problem solving that uses a series of estimations, getting closer and closer to the actual answer. For example, when calculating √10, the answer must lie between 3 and 4, because 32 = 9 and 42 = 16. So a first guess might be 3.5: 3.52 &#...

Trobriand Islands
Group of coral islands in the Solomon Sea, forming part of the province of Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea; chief town Losuia; area 440 sq km/170 sq mi

Truk Islands
Group of about 55 volcanic islands surrounded by a coral reef in the eastern Caroline islands of the western Pacific, forming one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia. Fish and copra are the main products. The lagoon area (one of the largest in the world) has an area of 2,130 sq km/822 sq mi. The main island is Moen. During ...

triple jump
Track and field event in athletics comprising a hop, step, and jump sequence from a takeoff board into a sandpit landing area measuring 8 m/26.25 ft (minimum) in length. The takeoff board is usually 13 m/42.65 ft from the landing area. Each competitor has six trials and the winner is the one who covers the longest distance

Trans-Dniester
Region of northeastern Moldova, lying between the River Dniester and the Ukraine, and largely inhabited by ethnic Slavs (Russians and Ukrainians). The main city in the region is Tiraspol. In the early 1990s, Trans-Dniester was the scene of violent agitation for a separate state; it was granted special autonomous status in the new Moldovan c...

trading standards department
Local authority department responsible for enforcing consumer legislation. Trading standards departments are responsible for checking garages to ensure that, under the Weights and Measures Act 1963, the right amount of petrol is given from the pumps. They check any premises preparing or serving food because under the Food and Drugs Act 1955 food so...

treaty port
Port in Asia where the Western powers had special commercial privileges in the 19th century. As a result of the enforced unequal treaties, treaty ports were established mainly in China, from 1842; and Japan, from 1854 to 1899. Foreigners living in `concessions` in the ports were not subject to local taxes or laws. On the eve of the re...

transitive verb
Verb that takes a direct object, as in `he saw the house`. The action passes directly from the subject to the object noun or pronoun. A verb that cannot take a direct object is an intransitive verb

trial
(law) In law, the determination of an accused person's innocence or guilt by means of the judicial examination of the issues of the case in accordance with the law of the land. The two parties in a trial, the defendant and plaintiff, or their counsels, put forward their cases and question ...

triple nose-leaf bat
One of many threatened bats in Africa, Triaenops persicus is found scattered along much of the coastal regions of East Africa and faces threats from disturbance of the caves in which it breeds. Tourism development, resulting in disturbance to coral caves which the bats inhabit, is a particular problem

triptych
Painting consisting of three panels, usually hinged together with the central panel being twice the width of the wings, which may fold inwards. The triptych developed from the diptych and was used both as a portable altar and, on a larger scale, as an altarpiece

treble
The highest register of a boy's singing voice (approximately equivalent in range to the soprano voice of a woman), about F4–C6, or the highest-pitched member of a family of instruments, for example the treble viol. The term is also used to refer to the right hand of a piano piece. The term is derived from the Latin triplum<...

triad
In music, a chord of three notes consisting of a root, third, and fifth. There are four types of triad: major (for example C–E–G), minor (C–E flat–G), augmented (C–E–G sharp), and diminished (C–E flat–G flat)

trio sonata
Most important form of Baroque chamber music. It was usually written for two violins (or viols) to play the melodies, and a cello (or bass viol) to play the continuo bass line. An additional continuo player was also needed to fill in the harmonies on a keyboard instrument (harpsichord or organ), which actually meant that four players were needed. A...

trackball
Input device that carries out the same function as a mouse, but remains stationary. In a trackball the ball controlling the cursor position is operated directly with the fingers

troilite
Iron sulphide, mineral abundant in meteorites and probably present in the Earth's core

Trimble, David
Northern Ireland politician, leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP, or Official Unionist Party, OUP) from 1995 and Northern Ireland's first minister 1998–2002. Representing the Upper Bann constituency in the House of Commons 1990–2005, he unexpectedly won the leadership of the UUP in August 1995, defeating John Taylor, when James M...

Trevor, William
Irish writer. Frequently taking the loss of innocence as his theme, he writes perceptively about childhood and old age; his novels, stories, and plays are noted for their gentle irony, their humour, and their subtle characterization. His novels include The Children of Dynmouth (1976), Fools of Fortune (1983...

Transcontinental Railroad
US railway constructed 1861–69 by the Union Pacific Railroad building westwards from Omaha, Kansas, on the eastern edge of the Great Plains, and the Central Pacific Railroad building eastwards from Sacramento, California, on the Pacific West Coast; the lines met at Promontory Point, just north of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. The largest civi...

trade, medieval
In the Middle Ages, a large amount of international trade was carried on in Europe, despite the many barriers presented by bad communications, robbers and pirates, political boundaries, currency problems, tolls, and customs. Trade routes between Europe and India and China were blocked by the Muslim lands of the Middle East, so a round trip from Ven...

transformation of function
Rearrangement of a mathematical formula or formulae to give a different subject. For example, in the formula A = bh, A is the subject of the formula. It can be rearranged as b = A ÷ h, where b is the subj...

trigraph
Group of three letters representing a single sound or phoneme, for example ous in `dangerous`

triceps
Muscle in the upper arm that causes the arm to straighten at the elbow (extend). To bend the arm its antagonistic muscle – the biceps – has to contract. The bending of the arm in this movement occurs at the elbow joint

transport
In plants and animals, method by which substances such as nutrients and water move into and out of organisms and into and out of cells in the body. Water entering and leaving cells usually does so by osmosis. In both animals and plants there is a cell membrane around every body cell and this is partially permeable so osmosis can occur. When water i...

tropical storm
Intense low pressure system which forms over the warm oceans of the world's tropical areas, occurring in late summer and early autumn. Warm, moist air rises in a spiral to form a storm that can measure several kilometres across. The weather conditions vary considerably throughout the duration of the storm. Coastal areas are usually the worst af...

tritik
Traditional resist-dyeing technique, practised in various countries. Patterns are stitched on fabric (usually cotton), the stitching is drawn up tightly, and then the fabric is dipped in dye. The stitched areas resist the dye. The technique can be used to produce very intricate patterns

transnational corporation
Concept developed by business school academics Christopher Bartlett and Sumantra Ghoshal in the late 1980s and early 1990s to describe an emergent organizational model that transcended national boundaries. In their work they identified four forms of multinational organization: multinational (decentralized with strong local presence), global (mo...

triangulation
(engineering) Technique used in frame structures to provide strength and support. When a force is applied to a triangular frame, two of its members stretch the third one, making it tense. This in turn pulls the other two members towards it, making the structure rigid and spreading the force be...

transducer driver
Processor that drives an output in an electronic system. It has a current gain, which means that a low input current from a sensor or switch is amplified in order to operate or drive an output transducer that needs a higher current

tsar
Russian imperial title in use from 1547 to 1721, derived from the Latin caesar, the title of the Roman emperors. Ivan (IV) the Terrible, the grand duke of Muscovy, was crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. In 1721 Peter (I) the Great officially changed the title to `emperor of all Russia` as part of his efforts to r...

tsetse fly
Any of a number of blood-feeding African flies of the genus Glossina, some of which transmit the disease nagana to cattle and sleeping sickness to human beings. Tsetse flies may grow up to 1.5 cm/0.6 in long. There are 22 species of tsetse fly in sub-Saharan Africa

Ts'ao Chan
Alternative transcription of Chinese novelist Cao Chan

Tswana
Member of the majority ethnic group living in Botswana. The Tswana are divided into four subgroups: the Bakwena, Bamangwato, Bangwaketse, and Batawana. The Tswana language belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. Traditionally they are farmers and animal breeders, though many now leave their homes to work as migrant labourers ...

tsunami
Ocean wave generated by vertical movements of the sea floor resulting from earthquakes or volcanic activity or large submarine landslides. Unlike waves generated by surface winds, the entire depth of water is involved in the wave motion of a tsunami. In the open ocean the tsunami takes the form of several successive waves, rarely in excess of 1 m&#...

tulip
Click images to enlargeAny of a group of spring-flowering bulbous plants belonging to the lily family, usually with single goblet-shaped flowers on the end of an upright stem and narrow oval leaves with pointed ends. Tulips come in a large range of shapes, sizes, and colours and are widely cultivated as a garden f...

tuberose
Mexican flowering plant belonging to the agave family, grown as a sweet-smelling greenhouse plant. It has spikes of scented white flowers like lilies. (Polianthes tuberosa, family Agavaceae.)

Tuamotu Archipelago
Two parallel ranges of 78 atolls, part of French Polynesia; area 690 sq km/266 sq mi; population (1996) 15,370, including the Gambier Islands to the east. The atolls stretch 2,100 km/1,300 mi north and east of the Society Islands. The administrative headquarters is Apataki. This archi...

Tuva
Republic in the southern Russian Federation; area 170,500 sq km/65,830 sq mi; population (1996) 309,000 (49% urban) (64% Tyvans). The capital is Kyzyl. There are coal and mineral mining, woodworking, and food-processing industries; sheep, goats, and cattle are raised

Tutu, Desmond Mpilo
South African priest, Anglican archbishop of Cape Town 1986–96 and secretary general of the South African Council of Churches 1979–84. One of the leading figures in the struggle against apartheid in the Republic of South Africa, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1984 for encouraging peaceful reconciliation between the black and ...

Tussaud, Madame
French wax-modeller. In 1802 she established an exhibition of wax models of celebrities in London. It was destroyed by fire 1925, but reopened 1928. Born in Strasbourg, she went to Paris as a young girl 1766 to live with her wax-modeller uncle, Philippe Curtius, whom she soon surpassed in working with wax. During the French Revolution they ...

Tuscany
Region of north central Italy, on the west coast, comprising the provinces of Massa e Carrara, Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato, and Siena; area 22,997 sq km/8,879 sq mi; population (2001 est) 3,460,800. Its capital is Florence, and cities include Pisa, Liv...

Turpin, Dick
(Richard) English highwayman. The son of an innkeeper, he turned to highway robbery, cattle-thieving, and smuggling, and was hanged at York, England

turquoise
Mineral, hydrous basic copper aluminium phosphate, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)85H2 O. Blue-green, blue, or green, it is a gemstone. Turquoise is found in Australia, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Iran, Turkestan, Mexico, and southwestern US...

turpentine
Solution of resins distilled from the sap of conifers, used in varnish and as a paint solvent but now largely replaced by white spirit

Turner, Joseph Mallord William
English painter. He was one of the most original artists of his day. He travelled widely in Europe, and his landscapes became increasingly Romantic, with the subject often transformed in scale and flooded with brilliant, hazy light. His innovative use of emotive colour, as in The Slave Ship (1840; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,...

Turku
Port in southwestern Finland, near the mouth of the River Aurajoki, on the Baltic Sea; population (2003 est) 178,100. Turku is a centre of a fertile agricultural region; it is also a prominent industrial city and the country's largest winter port. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, textiles, and food processing; tourism i...

Turks and Caicos Islands
British crown colony in the West Indies, the southeastern archipelago of the Bahamas; area 430 sq km/166 sq mi; population (1997 est) 14,600 (90% of African descent). The capital is Cockburn Town on Grand Turk, which is the site of a US tracking station for guided missiles. Exports in...

Turkestan
(region) Historical area of Central Asia extending from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Gobi desert in the east. It is now divided among Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan (Northeast province), and China (part of Xinjiang Uygur province). It formerly c...

Turkana, Lake
Lake in the Great Rift Valley, 375 m/1,230 ft above sea level, with its northernmost end in Ethiopia and the rest in Kenya; area 8,000 sq km/3,100 sq mi. It is saline, and shrinking by evaporation. Its shores were an early human hunting ground, and valuable remains have been found that are accurately datable because of undisturbed strat...

Turin
(town) Capital of Piedmont, northwest Italy, at the confluence of the rivers Po and Dora Riparia; population (2001 est) 857,500. It stands at the foot of the Alps, commanding road and rail routes between France and Italy. Turin is Italy's most important industrial centre, producing iro...

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeievich
Russian writer. He is notable for poetic realism, pessimism, and skill in characterization. His works include the play A Month in the Country (1849), and the novels A Nest of Gentlefolk (1858), Fathers and Sons (1862), and Virgin Soil (1877). His series A Sportsman...

Tunis
Capital and chief port of Tunisia; population (2004) 728,500. Industries include chemicals, textiles, engineering, lead smelting, and distilling. Velvets, silks, linen, and fez caps are also manufactured. Exports include phosphates, iron ore, fruit, and vegetables. History Founded by the Arabs, it was captured by the Turks in 1533, then occupie...

tung oil
Oil used in paints and varnishes, obtained from tung trees native to China. (Genus Aleurites, family Euphorbiaceae.)

tundra
Click images to enlargeRegion in high latitudes with almost no trees – they cannot grow because the ground is permanently frozen (permafrost). The vegetation consists mostly of grasses, sedges, heather, mosses, and lichens. Tundra stretches in a continuous belt across northern North America and Eurasia. Tundra is als...

tuna
Any of various large marine bony fishes of the mackerel family, especially the genus Thunnus, popular as food and game. Albacore T. alalunga, bluefin tuna T. thynnus, and yellowfin tuna T. albacares are commercially important. Tuna fish gather in shoals and migrate inshore ...

Tula
(city, Russian Federation) City in the Russian Federation and capital of the Tula oblast, situated on the River Upa, 193 km/121 mi south of Moscow; population (2002) 481,200. Its traditional industries are the manufacture of firearms and samovars (Russian tea urns). The city also produ...

Tudor
(dynasty) English dynasty 1485–1603, founded by Henry VII, who became king by overthrowing Richard III (the last of the York dynasty) at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry VII reigned from 1485 to 1509, and was succeeded by Henry VIII (reigned 1509–47); Edward VI (reigned 1547–53...

Tucson
City in Pima County in southeast Arizona, USA, on the Santa Cruz and Rillito rivers, 105 km/66 mi north of the Mexican border; population (2000 est) 486,700. It stands 760 m/2,500 ft above sea level in the Sonora Desert; the Santa Catalina Mountains rise to about 2,750 m/9,000 ft to the northeast. The area's winter sports an...

Tubuai Islands
Chain of volcanic islands and reefs 1,300 km/800 mi long in French Polynesia, south of the Society Islands; area 148 sq km/57 sq mi; population (1999) 6,700. The main settlement is Mataura on Tubuai. They were visited by Capt Cook 1777 and annexed by France 1880. The chief products are copra and coffee. The main islands in the group...

tuberculosis
Infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It takes several forms, of which pulmonary tuberculosis is by far the most common. A vaccine, BCG, was developed around 1920 and the first anti-tuberculosis drug, streptomycin, in 1944. The bacterium is mostly kept in check by the body's immune system&#...

tuba
Member of a family of large brass instruments with a conical bore, deep cup-shaped mouthpiece, widely flaring bell, and three to six valves, producing a deep, mellow tone. Tubas were introduced around 1830 as the bass members of the orchestra brass section and the brass band. Despite their size a...

Tuareg
Member of one of a group of eight nomadic peoples, mainly stock breeders, from west and central Sahara and Sahel (Algeria, Libya, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso). Their language, Tamashek, belongs to the Berber branch of the Hamito-Semitic family and is spoken by 500,000–850,000 people. Many ...

tungsten
Hard, heavy, grey-white, metallic element, atomic number 74, relative atomic mass 183.85. Its chemical symbol comes from the German Wolfram. It occurs in the minerals wolframite, scheelite, and hubertite. It has the highest melting point of any metal (3,410°C/6,170°F) and is added to steel to make it harder, str...

Turing, Alan Mathison
English mathematician and logician. In 1936 he described a `universal computing machine` that could theoretically be programmed to solve any problem capable of solution by a specially designed machine. This concept, now called the Turing machine, foreshadowed the digital computer. Turing is believed to have been the first to suggest (in 1...