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 Talk Talk - Communication terms
Category: General technical and industrial
Date & country: 28/05/2010, UK
Words: 18630


Ur
Ancient city of the Sumerian civilization, in modern Iraq. Excavations by the British archaeologist Leonard Woolley show that it was inhabited from about 3500 BC. He discovered evidence of a flood that may have inspired the Epic of Gilgamesh as well as the biblical account, and remains of ziggurats, or step pyramids

Ursa Minor
Small constellation of the northern hemisphere, whose brighter stars form the asterism known in America as `the Little Dipper`. The bright pole star Polaris lies at the end of the dipper's handle. Two other bright stars in this group, Beta and Gamma Ursae Minoris, are called `the Guards` or `the Guardians of the Pole...

Ursa Major
Third-largest constellation in the sky, in the north polar region. Its seven brightest stars make up the familiar shape or asterism of the Big Dipper or Plough. The second star of the handle of the dipper, called Mizar, has a companion star, Alcor. Two stars forming the side of the dipper bowl further from the handle act as pointers to the nort...

Uranus
(mythology) In Greek mythology, the primeval sky god, whose name means `Heaven`. He was responsible for both the sunshine and the rain, and was the son and husband of Gaia, the goddess of the Earth. Uranus and Gaia were the parents of Kronos and his fellow Titans, the one-eyed gi...

urea
Waste product formed in the mammalian liver when nitrogen compounds are broken down. It is filtered from the blood by the kidneys, and stored in the bladder as urine prior to release. When purified, it is a white, crystalline solid. In industry it is used to make urea-formaldehyde plastics (or resins), pharmaceuticals, and fertilizers

uranium
Hard, lustrous, silver-white, malleable and ductile, radioactive, metallic element of the actinide series, atomic number 92, relative atomic mass 238.029. It is the most abundant radioactive element in the Earth's crust, its decay giving rise to essentially all radioactive elements in nature; its final decay product is the stable elemen...

uric acid
Nitrogen-containing waste substance, formed from the breakdown of food and body protein. It is only slightly soluble in water. Uric acid is the normal means by which most land animals that develop in a shell (birds, reptiles, insects, and land gastropods) deposit their waste products. The young are unable to get rid of their excretory products ...

urinary system
System of organs that removes nitrogenous waste products and excess water from the bodies of animals. In vertebrates, it consists of a pair of kidneys, which produce urine; ureters, which drain the kidneys; and (in bony fishes, amphibians, some reptiles, and mammals) a bladder that stores the...

urbanization
Process by which the proportion of a population living in or around towns and cities increases through migration and natural increase. The growth of urban concentrations in the USA and Europe is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back only about 150 years to the beginning of the Industrial Revolu...

Urdu language
Member of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family, related to Hindi and written not in Devanagari but in Arabic script. Urdu is strongly influenced by Farsi (Persian) and Arabic. It is the official language of Pakistan and is used by Muslims in India

Urey, Harold Clayton
US chemist. In 1932 he isolated heavy water and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium (heavy hydrogen). During World War II he was a member of the Manhattan Project, which produced the atomic bomb, and after the war he worked on tritium (another isotope of hydrogen, of mass 3) for use in the hydrogen bomb,...

urticaria
Irritant skin condition characterized by itching, burning, stinging, and the spontaneous appearance of raised patches of skin. Treatment is usually by antihistamines or steroids taken orally or applied as lotions. Its causes are varied and include allergy and stress

Urumqi
Industrial city and capital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwest China, on the Urumqi River, at the northern foot of the Tian Shan Mountains; population (2000) 1,727,700. In the later 20th century the energy produced through exploitation of the large oilfield of the Dzungarian Basin and the extensive coal deposits near the Tian Shan c...

Uruguay
Country in South America, on the Atlantic coast, bounded north by Brazil and west by Argentina. Government The 1967 constitution provides for a president who is head of state and head of government, elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, and a two-chamber legislature, comprising a senate (Camara de Senadores) and a federal cham...

urban renewal
Click images to enlargeAdaptation of existing buildings and neighbourhoods in towns and cities to meet changes in economic, social, and environmental requirements, rather than their demolition. Since the early 1970s, when it became less expensive to renew than to build, urban renewal has increased. A major objective is to...

uraninite
Uranium oxide, UO2, an ore mineral of uranium, also known as pitchblende when occurring in massive form. It is black or brownish-black, very dense, and radioactive. It occurs in veins and as massive crusts, usually associated with granite rocks

uranium ore
Material from which uranium is extracted, often a complex mixture of minerals. The main ore is uraninite (or pitchblende), UO2, which is commonly found with sulphide minerals. The USA, Canada, and South Africa are the main producers in the West

urethra
In mammals, a tube connecting the bladder to the exterior. It carries urine and, in males, semen

urban development corporation
In the UK, an organization set up by the central government to coordinate rapid improvements within depressed city areas. UDCs were first introduced 1981 in the London Docklands and Merseyside. Their aims were typically: (1) to improve the local environment, making it more attractive to business; (2) to give cash grants to firms setting up ...

urban land-use model
In the social sciences, a simplified pattern of the land use (such as industry, housing, and commercial activity) that may be found in towns and cities. These models are based on an understanding of the way in which these areas have grown. The most common ways of looking at urban land use are: co...

urban sprawl
Outward spread of built-up areas caused by their expansion. This is the result of urbanization. Unchecked urban sprawl may join cities into conurbations; green belt policies are designed to prevent this

ureter
Tube connecting the kidney to the bladder. Its wall contains fibres of smooth muscle whose contractions aid the movement of urine out of the kidney

urban decay
The decline of the social, physical, and economic fabric of a city, usually in the oldest part of the settlement – for example, London Docklands – or the inner city

Urban VIII, Maffeo Barberini
Pope 1623–44. His policies during the Thirty Years' War were designed more to maintain the balance of forces in Europe and prevent one side from dominating the papacy than to further the Counter-Reformation. He extended the papal dominions and improved their defences. During his papacy, Galileo was summoned in 1633 to recant the theori...

Urquiza, Justo José de
Argentine president 1854–60, regarded as the organizer of the Argentine nation. Governor of Entre Ríos from 1841, he set up a progressive administration. Supported by Brazil and Uruguay, he defeated the unpopular dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas in the Battle of Caseros 1852. As president he fostered internal economic development and created...

urban ecology
Study of the ecosystems, animal and plant communities, soils and microclimates found within an urban landscape. Parks are important for many organisms, such as song birds, while birds of prey (the kestrel being a notable example) find ample food in the wasteland around estates and offices. Mammals, including foxes and badgers, are regular visitors,...

URL
Series of letters and/or numbers specifying the location of a document on the World Wide Web. Every URL consists of a domain name, a description of the document's location within the host computer, and the name of the document itself, separated by full stops and backslashes. Thus The Times Web site can be found at http...

Ural'skiy Khrebet
Russian name for the Ural Mountains, a mountain range extending from the Arctic Sea to the Caspian Sea

user interface
In computing, the procedures and methods through which the user operates a program. These might include menus, input forms, error messages, and keyboard procedures. A graphical user interface (GUI or WIMP) is one that makes use of icons (small pictures) and allows the user to make menu selections wit...

Ushuaia
Southernmost town in the world, at the tip of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, less than 1,000 km/620 mi from Antarctica; population (2001) 45,400. It is a free port and naval base. Industries include lumbering, sheep rearing, and fishing

USSR
Abbreviation for the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

usury
Former term for charging interest on a loan of money. In medieval times, usury was held to be a sin, and Christians were forbidden to lend (although not to borrow). The practice of charging interest is still regarded as usury in some Muslim countries

USA
Official abbreviation for United States of America; US Army

user ID
Name or nickname that identifies the user of a computer system or network. See also password

Ustaše
Croatian nationalist terrorist organization founded 1929 and led by Ante Pavelic against the Yugoslav state. During World War II, it collaborated with the Nazis and killed thousands of Serbs, Romanies, and Jews. It also carried out deportations and forced conversions to Roman Catholicism in its attempt to create a `unified` Croatian state

USB
In computing, abbreviation for Universal Serial Bus

usage
The way a word, phrase, or language is actually used in daily life or a period in history, which may not necessarily be grammatically correct

Uttar Pradesh
State of north India, bordered by Nepal and Uttarakhand to the northeast, with Madhya Pradesh to the south, Haryana, Delhi, and Rajasthan to the west, and Bihar in the east; area 243,288 sq km/93,934 sq mi; population (2001 est) 166,052,900. The capital is Lucknow. Economically the state ...

Utrillo, Maurice
French artist. A self-taught painter, he was first influenced by the Impressionists, but soon developed a distinctive, almost naive style characterized by his subtle use of pale tones and muted colours. He painted views of his native Paris, many depicting Montmartre. After his Impressionist phase he arrived at his characteristic `white per...

Utrecht
(province) Province of the Netherlands, lying southeast of Amsterdam, and south of the IJsselmeer, on the Kromme Rijn (Crooked Rhine); area 1,330 sq km/514 sq mi; population (1997) 1,079,400. The capital is Utrecht. Industries include petrochemicals, textiles, electrical goods, eng...

Utopia
Any ideal state in literature, named after philosopher Thomas More's ideal commonwealth in his book Utopia 1516. Other versions include Plato's Republic, Francis Bacon's New Atlantis, and City of the Sun by the Italian Tommaso Campanella (1568–1639). Utopia...

utilitarianism
Philosophical theory of ethics outlined by the philosopher Jeremy Bentham and developed by John Stuart Mill. According to utilitarianism, an action is morally right if it has consequences that lead to happiness, and wrong if it brings about the reverse. Thus society should aim for the greatest happiness of the greatest number

UTC
Abbreviation for coordinated universal time, an alternative name for universal time coodinated, the standard measurement of time

Uthman I
Another name for the Turkish sultan Osman I

Uthman
Third caliph (leader of the Islamic Empire) from 644, a son-in-law of the prophet Muhammad. Under his rule, the Arabs became a naval power and extended their rule to North Africa and Cyprus, but Uthman's personal weaknesses led to his assassination. He was responsible for the compilation of the authoritative version of the Koran, the sa...

uterus
Hollow muscular organ of female mammals, located between the bladder and rectum, and connected to the Fallopian tubes above and the vagina below. The embryo develops within the uterus, and in placental mammals is attached to it after implantation via the placenta and umbilical cord. The lining of the...

Utrecht, Treaty of
Treaty signed 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. Philip V was recognized as the legitimate king of Spain, thus founding the Spanish branch of the Bourbon dynasty and ending the French king Louis XIV's attempts at expansion; the Netherlands, Milan, and Naples were ceded to Austria; Britain gained Gibraltar; the duchy ...

Utrecht, Union of
In 1579, the union of seven provinces of the northern Netherlands – Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Groningen, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel – that, as the United Provinces, became the basis of opposition to the Spanish crown and the foundation of the present-day Dutch state

Utah
Click images to enlargeState in western USA, one of the Mountain States, bordered to the east by Colorado, to the south by Arizona, to the west by Nevada, and to the north by Wyoming; at the Four Corners in the southeast, it also touches New Mexico; area 212,752 sq km/82,144 sq mi; population (2006) 2,550,...

utility program
In computing, a systems program designed to perform a specific task related to the operation of the computer when requested to do so by the computer user. For example, a utility program might be used to complete a screen dump, format a disk, or convert the format of a data file so that it can be accessed by a different applications program

Uttarakhand
State of north India, situated at the foot of the Himalayas and bordered by Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh; area 51,125 sq km/19,739 sq mi; population (2001 est) 8,479,600. It was carved from Uttar Pradesh and was incorporated as a state in November 2000. The capital is Dehra Dun. Uttarakhand shares international borders with Nepal ...

UV
In physics, abbreviation for ultraviolet

Uzbek
Member of the majority ethnic group (almost 70%) living in Uzbekistan. Minorities live in Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Afghanistan and include Turkomen, Tatars, Armenians, Kazakhs, and Kirghiz. There are 10–14 million speakers of the Uzbek language, which belongs to the Turkic branch of the Altaic family. Uzbeks are predominan...

Uzbekistan
Country in central Asia, bounded north by Kazakhstan and the Aral Sea, east by Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, south by Afghanistan, and west by Turkmenistan. Government Uzbekistan has a authoritarian political system based around a presidential executive. The 1992 constitution, as amended in 2002, provid...

Vaucluse
(mountains) Mountain range in southeast France, part of the Provence Alps east of Avignon, rising to 1,242 m/4,075 ft. It gives its name to the département of Vaucluse. The Italian poet Petrarch lived in the Vale of Vaucluse from 1337 to 1353

Vasari, Giorgio
Italian art historian, architect, and painter. He is best known for Le vite de' più eccelenti architetti, pittori, et sculteri italiani/The Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (1550; enlarged 1568), which provides an invaluable source of information on Italian Renaissance artis...

varnish
In art and crafts, a transparent solution of resins or resinous gums dissolved in linseed oil, turpentine, or other solvents, or the synthetic equivalents. It is used to protect the surface of artwork, or to give a shiny, sealed surface to furniture and interior fittings. Glair is a preparation made from the white of eggs, which is used to varnish ...

varicose veins
Condition in which the veins become swollen and twisted. The veins of the legs are most often affected; other vulnerable sites include the rectum (haemorrhoids) and testes. Some people have an inherited tendency to varicose veins, and the condition often appears in pregnant women, but obstructed blood flow is the direct cause. They may cause a ...

Vargas Llosa,
(Jorge) Peruvian novelist and politician. One of Latin America's foremost novelists, he rose to prominence in the 1960s with La ciudad y los perros/The Time of the Hero (1963) and La casa verde/The Green House (1965). His later major works incl...

Vargas, Getúlio Dornelles
Brazilian president 1930–45 and 1951–54. Following his presidential election failure in 1930, he overthrew the republic and in 1937 set up a totalitarian, profascist state known as the Estado Novo. Ousted by a military coup in 1945, he returned as president in 1951 with the support of the labour movement but, amid mounting opposition and ...

Varanasi
Click images to enlargeCity in Uttar Pradesh, India, one of the seven holy cities of Hinduism, on the River Ganges; population (2001 est) 1,211,700. There are 1,500 golden shrines, and a 5 km/3 mi frontage to the Ganges with sacred stairways (ghats) for purification by bathing. Varanasi is also a sacred centre of ...

Vane, Henry
English politician. In 1640 he was elected a member of the Long Parliament, and was knighted in the same year. He was prominent in the impeachment of Archbishop Laud and from 1643–53 was in effect the civilian head of the Parliamentary government. At the Restoration of the monarchy he was executed

van Diemen, Anthony
Dutch admiral, see Diemen, Anthony van

van der Post, Laurens Jan
South African writer. His books, many of them autobiographical tales of adventure with anthropological themes, reflect his fascination with diverse cultures and with theories of cultural difference. Several, notably Jung and the Story of Our Time (1976), are also influenced by the theories of Swiss psychologist Carl Jung. Van der...

Vandal
Member of a Germanic people related to the Goths. In the 5th century AD the Vandals invaded Roman Gaul and Spain, many settling in Andalusia (formerly Vandalitia) and others reaching North Africa 429. They sacked Rome 455 but were defeated by Belisarius, general of the emperor Justinian, in the 6th century

Vancouver
(Canada) Chief Pacific seaport of Canada, on the mainland of British Columbia; population (2001 est) 582,000, metropolitan area (2001 est)2,078,800. A major commercial, distribution, and tourist centre, it is the terminus of trans...

Vancouver Island
Island off the west coast of Canada, part of British Columbia, separated from the mainland by the straits of Juan de Fuca, Haro, Georgia, Johnstone, and Queen Charlotte Sound; area 32,136 sq km/12,404 sq mi. Industries include coal, timber, fish, and tourism. Fruit is grown, and there is dairying. History Vancouver was visited by British ex...

Vance, Cyrus Roberts
US Democratic politician, secretary of state 1977–80. He was United Nations negotiator in the peace talks on Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992–93, resigning from the post due to ill health. Together with European Community negotiator David Owen, he devised the Vance–Owen peace plan for dividing the republic into ten semi-autonomous pro...

Vanbrugh, John
English baroque architect, dramatist, and soldier. Although entirely untrained as an architect, he designed the huge mansions of Castle Howard (1699–1726), Blenheim (1705–16; completed by Nicholas Hawksmoor 1722–25), Seaton Delaval (1720–29), and many others, as well as much of Greenwich Hospital (1718 onwards). He also wrot...

vampire
In Hungarian and Slavonic folklore, an `undead` corpse that sleeps in its coffin by day and sucks the blood of the living by night, often in the form of a bat. Dracula is a vampire in popular fiction, based on the creation of Bram Stoker. The victims are generally said to become vampires themselves over time

Valparaíso
Industrial port, naval base, and capital of Valparaiso region, central Chile, situated on a broad bay on the Pacific coast at the foot of a spur of hills, 120 km/75 mi northwest of Santiago; population (1999 est) 285,000. It is Chile's major port and second-largest city, an administrative centre, and the seat of the Chilean parliame...

Valois
Branch of the Capetian dynasty, originally counts of Valois (see Hugh Capet) in France, members of which occupied the French throne from Philip VI (1328) to Henry III (1589)

Valmy, Battle of
During the French Revolutionary Wars, comprehensive French victory over the Prussians 20 September 1792, near Valmy, a French village about 55 km/35 mi southwest of Reims. This forthright defeat of a powerful army by the previously despised revolutionary forces set the seal upon the authority of the revolutionary French government

Valley of the Kings
Click images to enlargeBurial place of ancient kings opposite Thebes, Egypt, on the left bank of the Nile. It was established as a royal cemetery during the reign of Thotmes I (c. 1500 BC) and abandoned during the reign of Ramses XI (c. 1100 BC). A vast underground tomb believed to be...

Valley Forge
Site in Pennsylvania 32 km/20 mi northwest of Philadelphia, USA, where George Washington's army spent the winter of 1777–78 in great hardship during the American Revolution. Of the 10,000 men there, 2,500 died of disease and the rest suffered from lack of rations and other supplies; many deserted

Valletta
Capital and port of Malta; population (2005) 6,300. It was founded 1566 by the Knights of St John of Jerusalem and named after their grand master Jean de la Valette (1494–1568), who fended off a Turkish siege May–Sept 1565. The 16th-century palace of the grand masters survives. Malta was formerly a British naval base and came unde...

Valle d'Aosta
Province and special autonomous region of northwest Italy, in the Alps; area 3,263 sq km/1,260 sq mi; population (1998 est) 120,000, many of whom are French-speaking. Its capital is Aosta. Wine and livestock are produced, and industries include the manufacture of special steels and textiles, and the production of hydroelectricity...

Valladolid
(city, Spain) Capital of Valladolid province, in Castilla-León, Spain; population (2001 est) 318,300. A communications and manufacturing centre, Valladolid is also an important grain market. Industries include food processing, textiles, engineering, and vehicle manufacture. It has...

Valkyrie
In Norse mythology, any of the female attendants of Odin. They directed the course of battles and selected the most valiant warriors to die; half being escorted to Valhalla, and the remainder to Sessrumnir, the hall of Freya. Each night they would prepare banquets for the slain, and serve them liberally with food, beer, and hydromel (an intoxic...

Valera, Éamon de
Irish politician; see de Valera

Valhalla
In Norse mythology, the golden hall in Odin's palace in Asgard, where he feasted with the souls of half those heroes killed in battle (valr) chosen by his female attendants, the Valkyries; the remainder celebrated in Sessrumnir with Freya, goddess of love and war

Valentine, St
According to tradition, a bishop of Terni martyred in Rome, now omitted from the calendar of saints' days as probably nonexistent. His festival was 14 February, but the custom of sending `valentines` to a loved one on that day seems to have arisen because the day accidentally coincided with the Roman mid-February festival of Luper...

Valencia
(city, Spain) City and capital of Valencia province in the Valencian Community, eastern Spain, on the estuary of the Guadalaviar River; population (2001 est) 746,600. It is the centre of a very rich agricultural plain noted for the high quality of its citrus fruits, particularly oranges...

Vaduz
Capital of the European principality of Liechtenstein; population (2006 est) 5,100. The economic base is now tourism and financial services. It trades in wine, fruit, and vegetables. Above the town stands the castle of the ruling prince

vaccine
Any preparation of modified pathogens (viruses or bacteria) that is introduced into the body, usually either orally or by a hypodermic syringe, to induce the specific antibody reaction that produces immunity against a particular disease. In 1796 Edward Jenner was the first to inoculate a child successfully with cowpox virus to produce immunity to s...

Vaal
River in South Africa, the chief tributary of the Orange River. It rises in the Drakensberg mountain range, on the border of Swaziland, and is 805 km/500 mi long

vanadium
Silver-white, malleable and ductile, metallic element, atomic number 23, relative atomic mass 50.942. It occurs in certain iron, lead, and uranium ores and is widely distributed in small quantities in igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is used to make steel alloys, to which it adds tensile strength. Spanish mineralogist Andrés del Rio (1764...

vacuole
In biology, a fluid-filled, membrane-bound cavity inside a cell. It may be a reservoir for fluids that the cell will secrete to the outside, or may be filled with excretory products or essential nutrients that the cell needs to store. Plant cells usually have a large central vacuole containin...

vanilla
Any of a group of climbing orchids native to tropical America but cultivated elsewhere, with large, fragrant white or yellow flowers. The dried and fermented fruit, or podlike capsules, of the species V. planifolia are the source of the vanilla flavouring used in cookery and baking. (Genus Vanilla.) Annual worl...

variable star
Star whose brightness changes, either regularly or irregularly, over a period ranging from a few hours to months or years. The Cepheid variables regularly expand and contract in size every few days or weeks. Stars that change in size and brightness at less precise intervals include long-period variables, such as the red giant Mira in the conste...

Vanguard
Early series of US Earth-orbiting satellites and their associated rocket launcher. Vanguard 1 was the second US satellite, launched on 17 March 1958 by the three-stage Vanguard rocket. Tracking of its orbit revealed that the Earth is slightly pear-shaped. The series ended in September 1959 with Vanguard 3

Van Allen radiation belts
Two zones of charged particles around the Earth's magnetosphere, discovered in 1958 by US physicist James Van Allen. The atomic particles come from the Earth's upper atmosphere and the solar wind, and are trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. The inner belt lies 1,000–5,000 km/6...

valence
In chemistry, the measure of an element's ability to combine with other elements, expressed as the number of atoms of hydrogen (or any other standard univalent element) capable of uniting with (or replacing) its atoms. The number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom dictates the combining ability of an element. The elements are descr...

vampire bat
South and Central American bat of the family Desmodontidae, of which there are three species. The common vampire Desmodus rotundus is found from northern Mexico to central Argentina; its head and body grow to 9 cm/3.5 in. Vampire bats feed on the blood of birds and mammals&...

variegation
Description of plant leaves or stems that exhibit patches of different colours. The term is usually applied to plants that show white, cream, or yellow on their leaves, caused by areas of tissue that lack the green pigment chlorophyll. Variegated plants are bred for their decorative value, but they are often considerably weaker than the normal, uni...

vascular plant
Plant containing vascular bundles. Pteridophytes (ferns, horsetails, and club mosses), gymnosperms (conifers and cycads), and angiosperms (flowering plants) are all vascular plants

vascular bundle
Click images to enlargeIn botany, strand of primary conducting tissue (a `vein`) in vascular plants, consisting mainly of water-conducting tissues, metaxylem and protoxylem, which together make up the primary xylem, and nutrient-conducting tissue, phloem. It extends from the roots to the stems and leaves...

variable
(mathematics) In mathematics, a changing quantity (one that can take various values), as opposed to a constant. For example, in the algebraic expression y = 4x3 + 2, the variables are x and y
Vaughan, Henry
Welsh metaphysical poet. He published several volumes of religious verse and prose devotions. His best-known work, Silex Scintillans: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations (1650), contains the exquisite short poem `The Retreat`. His mystical outlook on nature influenced later poets, including English poet Willia...

Vaughan Williams, Ralph
English composer. His style was late-Romantic tonal/modal, and his works contain many references to the English countryside through the use of folk themes. Among his works are the orchestral Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis (1910); the opera Sir John in Love (1929), featuring the Elizabethan son...