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HancockJoist - Structural Glossary Category: Architecture and Buildings > JOIST AND STRUCTURAL GLOSSARY Date & country: 12/09/2008, USA Words: 598

Leeward
The direction toward which the wind is blowing, which is opposite the side from which the wind blows. Opposite of windward.

Lean-To
A structure depending upon another structure for support and having only one slope such as a shed.

Lateral Bracing
Members, fasteners, or welds which brace a member at certain locations to prevent lateral movement.

Lamellar Tearing
Is a separation or crack in the base metal caused by through-thickness weld shrinkage strains of adjacent weld metal.

Lateral Buckling
Also called lateral-torsional buckling. This is buckling of a member involving lateral deflection and twist.

KSF (Kips per Square Foot)
Is 1000 kips per square foot. [] [L]

KSI (Kips per Linear Foot)
Is 1000 pounds per square inch.

Knife Plate Seat
A vertical plate used as a joist seat whose width is small for bearing purposes. It is used for hip and valley bearing conditions, canted seat conditions, and extreme skewed conditions.

Kilo
SI prefix for 10^3 or 1000.

Kip
A unit of weight equal to 1000 pounds.

Knee Brace
A structural brace positioned diagonally between a beam or column and a joist panel point.

Kicker
A structural member used to brace a joist or beam usually at an angle.

Key Plan
A small reference plan or outline of the whole building on each plan sheet divided into smaller areas for which each sheet is drawn. It can also show different sequences, phases, sheet number that area is drawn on, etc.

KCS Joist
Is a K-Series joist that is designed to support uniform load plus concentrated loads or other non-uniform loads.

Kerf
The width of a cut produced during a cutting process.

Joist Substitute
A structural member which is intended for use at very short spans (10 feet or less) where open web steel joists are impractical. They are usually used for short spans in skewed bays, over corridors, or for outriggers. It can be made up of two or four angles to form channel sections or box sections. See Angle Unit. [] [K]

Joist Spacing
The distance from one joist to another.

Joist Manufacturer
The producer of joists or joist girders who is SJI approved.

Joist Girder Designation
A standard way of communicating the girder design loads such as 48G6N10.5K where the first number is the nominal girder depth at midspan, 6N is the number of joist spaces on the span of girder, and 10.5K is the kip load on each panel point of the girder. The approximate dead load weight of the member is included in the kip load. See Joist Designati...

Joist Girder
A primary structural load-carrying member with an open web system designed as a simple span supporting equally spaced concentrated loads of a floor or roof system acting at the panel points of the joist girder and utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel.

Joist Designation
A standard way of communicating the joist safe uniformly distributed load-carrying capacities for a given span such as 16K5 or 24K10 where the first number is the nominal joist depth at midspan and the last number is the chord size. See Longspan Designation and Joist Girder Designation.

Joint Penetration
The minimum depth the weld metal extends from its face into a joint.

Joist
A structural load-carrying member with an open web system which supports floors and roofs utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel and is designed as a simple span member.

Jobsite
The specific location where a structure is being build.

Joint
The area where two or more ends or surfaces are joined by a weld or other fastener. See Panel Point.

Jig
A device which holds work or pieces of materal in a certain position until rigidly fastened or welded during the fabrication process.

Jib Crane
A cantilevered boom or beam with a hoist and trolly used to pick up loads in all or part of a circle around which it is attached

JBE
Abbreviation for 'Joist Bearing Elevation'.

Jack Truss
A joist girder that is supporting another joist girder.

Isotropic
A material having equal physical properties along all axes. [] [J]

Internal Pressure
The pressure inside a building which is a function of the wind velocity and the number and locations of openings.

Interior Bearing
Bearing supports which are interior to two exterior supports.

Intermittent Weld
A weld which is not continuous. It is broken by recurring unwelded spaces.

Insulation
Any material used to reduce heat transfer in a roof or building.

Instability
A condition reached when a structure or structural member is loaded in which continued deformation results in a decrease in its load-resisting capacity.

Influence Line
An influence line is a curve whose ordinates give the values of some particular function (shear, moment, reaction, etc.) in an element due to a unit load acting at the point corresponding to the particular ordinate being considered. Influence lines for statically determinate structures are straight lines and for statically indeterminate structures ...

Inflection Point
Represent a point of zero moment in structural member.

Impact Wrench
A pneumatic device used to tighten nuts on bolts.

Inclusions
Nonmetallic material which is entrapped in sound metal.

Inelastic Action
Deformation of a material which does not disappear when the force that produced it is removed.

Impact Strength
The ability of a material to absorb the energy of a load delivered rapidly to a member.

Impact Load
A weight that is dropped or a dynamic load generated by movement of a live load such as vehicles, craneways, etc.

Impact Factor
The factor by which the static weight is increased by dynamic application.

Ice Dam
A dam or blockage formed on a roof by the buildup of ice along the eave of a building.

Hysteresis
A term that describes the behavior of a structural member subjected to reversed, repeated load into the inelastic range whose plot of load verses displacement is characterized by loops. The amount of energy dissipated during inelastic loading is indicated by the enclosed area within these loops. [] [I]

HP Shapes
A hot rolled shape with symbol HP used for bearing piles which have essentially parallel flanges and equal web and flange thickness.

Hot-Rolled Shapes
Structural steel sections which are formed by rolling mills from molten steel which can be angles, channels, W Shapes, S Shapes, etc.

Horizontal Bridging
A continuous angle or other structural shape connected to the top and bottom chord of a joist horizontally whose l/r ratio cannot exceed 300.

Horizontal Shear Stress
Is zero at the outer fibers of a section and is maximum at the neutral axis. It tends to cause one part of the section to slide past the other. Formula: Horizontal Shear stress (in psi)=(V * Q)/I*t, where 'V' is the external vertical shear on the section in lbs, 'I' is the moment of inertia of the section in inches^4, 'Q' is the statical moment abo...

Hooke's Law
The linear relationship of forces and deformations, or stresses and strains.

Homogeneous Material
A material having the same engineering design properties throughout.

Hoist
A chain or electric lifting device usually attached to a trolly which travels along a monorail or bridge crane.

Hip Roof
A roof which slopes from all four sides of a building. The line where two adjacent sloping sides intersect is called the 'hip'.

Hip and Valley
A system of roof framing where support members form valleys and ridges.

Hinge Support
This type of support has one degree of freedom, it can freely rotate about its axis but it cannot displace in any direction. Two mutually perpendicular reactive forces exist at the hinge and their lines of action pass through the center of the hinge. See Pin Connection or Support.

High Strength Steel
Structural steel having a yield stress greater than 36,000 pounds per square inch.

High Strength Bolts
A structural steel bolt having a tensile strength greater than 100,000 pounds per square inch, usually A325 or A490.

Heel
The outside point of a structural angle where the two perpendicular legs intersect.

Hardness
Is a measure of the resistance of a material to scratching and indention.

Header
A structural member located between two joists or between a joist and a wall which carries another joist or joists. Usually made up of an angle, channel, or beam with saddle angle connections on each end for bearing.

Gusset Plate
A steel plate used to connect structural steel members or to reinforce members. It is usually inserted between the top or bottom chord of a joist or joist girder. [] [H]

Girt
A horizontal structural member that is attached to the sidewall or endwall columns supporting sheeting or paneling.

Grade
The ground elevation around a building.

Grillage Beam
A short beam used like a bearing plate to distribute large reactive loads to a wall such as the load from a joist girder.

Girder
A main horizontal, primary structural member spanning between two main supports which carries other members or vertical loads.

Gambrel
A roof having two slopes on each side, the lower slope usually steeper than the upper one.

Galvanized
The process of coating steel with zinc for corrosion resistance.

Gage
1) The thickness of a sheet of deck or 2) The distance from centerline hole to centerline hole across a set of holes, usually perpendicular to the joist or joist girder.

Gable Joist
A non-standard type of joist where the top chord is double pitched at an extreme pitch (say 3/12) and the bottom chord is straight or level.

Gable
The triangular portion of a roof located above the elevation of the eave line of a double sloped roof.

Frequency
A measure of floor vibration. It is the speed of the oscillations of vibration and is expressed in cycles per secong or Hz (Hertz). [] [G]

Free-Body Diagram
A diagram on which all of the external forces acting on a body are shown at their respective points of application.

Framing Plan
Floor or roof plans that identify individual marks, components, and accessories furnished by the joist manufactures in a detailed mannner to permit proper erection of the joist and joist girders. See Erection Plan and Placing Plan.

Framed Opening
Headers or other structural members which surround an opening in a roof which can be for mechanical units, straiwells, etc.

Foundation
The substructure which supports a building or other structure.

Frame
A structural framing system consisting of members joined together with moment or rigid connections which maintain their original angular relationship under load without the need for bracing in its plane. See Rigid Frame.

Footing
A concrete pad or mat located under a column, wall, or other structural member that distributes loads from that member into the supporting soil.

FMS (Factory Mutual System)
A leader in property loss prevention engineering and adjustment. It helps companies prevent and control property loss through research, engineering, and education.

Folding Partition
A moveable wall on a track suspended from a joist or beam which usually folds like an accordion and can be stored in a closet or pocket in a wall.

Flute
The fold or bend in a sheet of deck which forms a groove or furrow.

Flashing
Pieces of sheet metal or the like used to cover and protect joints, etc. where a roof comes in contact with a wall or chimney.

Flange
The projecting edge of a structural member.

Flange Brace
A structural bracing member used to provide lateral support to the flange of a beam, the bottom chord or a joist girder, or a column.

Fixed-End Support
A condition where no rotation or horizontal or vertical movement can occur at that end. This type of support has no degrees of freedom. Three reactive forces exist at the rigidly fixed end. See also Rigid Connection.

Fire-Resistance
The ability of a joist or other structural member to resist a fire due to the type of protection it has, such as membrane protection or spray on protection. There are hundreds of floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assemblies with their fire-resistance rating given in the Underwriters Laboratory Fire Directory.

Fire Proofing
The process of coating a structural steel member with a fire retardant material to make the member resistant to fire.

Finish Strip
A roof deck accessory made out of gage metal for finishing out runs of deck for small areas of coverage where full sheet coverage is impractical.

Finish
In deck terminology, the coating on the deck sheet, i.e., galvanized, painted, or unpainted.

Field Weld
The specific term used for the welding of structural members out at the actual jobsite and not in a fabricators shop.

Filler
A rod, plate, or angle welded between a two angle web member or between a top or bottom chord panel to tie them together usually located at the middle of the member. See Tie or Plug.

Field
A term used for the jobsite or building site where construction of the project will take place.

Fastener
Term for a connecting device such as a weld, bolt, rivet, etc.

FC
Abbreviation for 'Field Cut'.

Fascia
The flat surface located at the outer end of a roof overhang or cantilever end or also a decorative trim or panel which projects from the face of a wall.

Factored Load
The product of the nominal load and a load factor.

Farside
For joists and joist girders, when looking at the member with the tagged end to the right, it is the side that is opposite the side you see first.

Factor of Safety
Is the ratio of the ultimate load for a member divided by the allowable load for a member and must always be greater than unity.

Fabrication
The manufacturing process to convert raw materials into a finished product by cutting, punching, welding, cleaning, and painting.

Extended End
The extended part of a joist top chord with also the seat angles extended from the end of the jost extension back into the joist maintaining the standard 2 1/2 inch end bearing depth over the entire length of the extension. [] [F]

Expansion Joint
A break in construction or a special design detail to allow for thermal expansion and contraction of the materials of a structure.