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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

focal dermal hypoplasia
A genetic skin disease characterised by hypoplasia of the dermis, herniations of fat, and hand anomalies. It is found exclusively in females and transmitted as an x-linked dominant trait. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

focal distance
The distance from the centre of a lens to its focus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal embolic glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, frequently producing microscopic haematuria without azotemia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal epilepsy
Epilepsy of various aetiologies characterised by focal seizures or secondarily generalised tonic-clonic seizures. Ictal symptoms are often related to the brain region where the seizure begins focally. ... Synonym: cortical epilepsy, local epilepsy, partial epilepsy. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal epithelial hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of the mucous membrane of the lips, tongue, and less commonly, the buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, and palate, presenting soft, painless, round to oval sessile papules about 1 to 4 mm in diameter. The condition usually occurs in children and young adults and has familial predilection, lasting for several months, sometimes years, befo …

focal gallbladder wall thickening
<radiology> Primary gall bladder carcinoma, adenomyomatosis / hyperplastic cholecystosis, adenomatous polyps, papillary adenomas, metastatic nodules, cholesterol polyps (associated with acoustic shadowing), metachromatic leukodystrophy (rare!) See also: diffuse thickening ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

focal gigantism
<radiology> Neurofibromatosis, AVM, Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Parks-Davis syndrome, haemangioma, JRA ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

focal glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis affecting a small proportion of renal glomeruli which commonly presents with haematuria and may be associated with acute upper respiratory infection in young males, not usually due to streptococci; associated with IgA deposits in the glomerular mesangium and may also be associated with systemic disease, as in Henoch-Schonlein pur …

focal illumination
Illumination in which a beam of light is directed diagonally to an object so that it is brilliantly illuminated while the surrounding area is in shadow. ... Synonym: lateral illumination, oblique illumination. ... Kohler illumination, a method of illumination of microscopic objects in which the image of the light source is focused on the substage con …

focal infection
An old term which distinguishes local infection's (focal) from generalised infection's (sepsis). ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal infection, dental
Secondary or systemic infections due to dissemination throughout the body of microorganisms whose primary focus of infection lies in the periodontal tissues. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

focal interval
The distance between the anterior and posterior focal points of the eye. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal length
<microscopy> The distance from the optical centre of the lens to the focal point<microscopy> The focal length of an objective and its working distance are directly proportional. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

focal lymphocytic thyroiditis
Focal infiltration of the thyroid by lymphocytes and plasma cells. ... See: Hashimoto's thyroiditis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal metastatic disease
Presence of a single area of metastasis of a malignant tumour or infection distant from the primary lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal motor seizure
A simple partial seizure with localised motor activity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal necrosis
Occurrence of numerous, relatively small or tiny, fairly well-circumscribed, usually spheroidal portions of tissue that manifest coagulative, caseous, or gummatous necrosis and are characteristically associated with agents that are haematogenously disseminated; frequently observed only in histologic sections, but the foci may be as large as 1 to 3 …

focal nephritis
Synonym for focal glomerulonephritis ... Glomerulonephritis affecting a small proportion of renal glomeruli which commonly presents with haematuria and may be associated with acute upper respiratory infection in young males, not usually due to streptococci; associated with IgA deposits in the glomerular mesangium and may also be associated with syst …

focal nodular hyperplasia
<radiology> Focal nodules of normal hepatocytes, Kuppfer cells and bile ducts, F more than M, rare, benign, multiple in 20%, haemorrhage (most common complication) in only 2-3% (unlike hepatic adenoma), stellate fibrous septae (stellate scar), NM: normal or increased uptake on HIDA and sulfur colloid ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

focal point
Location of an organism, for fish, usually the position of the snout. Habitat measurements made at that position (depth, water velocity, etc.) are focal point measurements. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

focal reaction
A reaction which occurs at the point of entrance of an infecting organism or of an injection, as in the Arthus phenomenon. ... Synonym: local reaction. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal sclerosing glomerulopathy
Focal, segmental glomerulosclerosis reported in adults and children with normal serum complement, progressing to chronic glomerulonephritis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal sclerosis
Synonym for multiple sclerosis ... <neurology> Neurodegenerative disease characterised by the gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination particularly in the periventricular areas of the brain. Peripheral nerves are not affected. Onset usually in 3rd or 4th decade with intermittent progression over an extended period. Cause still un …

focal sclerosis with hyalinosis
<nephrology> A kidney disorder that results in fibrosis and scarring in the kidney glomerulus. The cause is unknown but some cases can result from reflux nephropathy. The clinical manifestation of this kidney disorder is nephrotic syndrome. ... Symptoms include weight gain, swelling, hypertension and foamy urine. High blood cholesterol and tri …

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
<nephrology> A kidney disorder that results in fibrosis and scarring in the kidney glomerulus. The cause is unknown but some cases can result from reflux nephropathy. The clinical manifestation of this kidney disorder is nephrotic syndrome. ... Symptoms include weight gain, swelling, hypertension and foamy urine. High blood cholesterol and tri …

focal seizure
<neurology> A brief temporary alteration in movement, sensation or autonomic nerve function caused by abnormal electrical activity in a localised area of the brain. ... Focal seizures (i.e. Partial or Jacksonian seizures) usually cause no change in awareness or alertness. An example of a focal (partial) seizure would be rhythmic muscle contrac …

focal spot
The site of bombardment by electrons and emission of X-rays from the anode of an X-ray tube. ... See: focal spot size. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focal spot size
The measured size of a focal spot, a function of its actual size and the angulation of the anode surface. ... See: focal spot. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foci
Plural of focus. The origin or centre of a disseminated disease. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

focimeter
Synonym for lensometer ... An instrument to measure the power and cylindrical axis of a spectacle lens. ... Synonym: focimeter, vertometer. ... Origin: Lens + G. Metron, measure ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focus
Group of (frequently neoplastic) cells, identifiable by distinctive morphology or histology. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

focus groups
A method of data collection and a qualitative research tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

focus-forming assay
<investigation> A lab technique used to find out if a particular piece of DNA contains oncogenes (genes which are associated with cancer). ... This is done by putting the DNA into animal cells which normally show contact inhibition, or which stop growing when they come into physical contact with other cells or reach a certain density in the cu …

focus-forming unit
A measurement of the concentration of live virus in a given amount of fluid. This is measured by spreading a known amount of the fluid over a layer of cultured cells which are infected by the virus, then counting the number of areas in the culture which look infected. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

focus, principal
<physics> The point at which a lens focuses an axial object point. Synonymous with focal point. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

focused grid
A grid in which the divergent beam of X-rays from a particular distance range will be parallel to the lead strips. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

focusing device
<microscopy> A device which effectively increases the angular aperture of the electron beam illuminating the object, rendering the focus more critical. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

focusing glass
<microscopy> A hand magnifier, used at the focal plane of a camera, usually with the ground glass removed. Its purpose is to examine the image for critical focus. It is, as a rule, a low-power magnifier so mounted that it is in focus when supported on a piece of clear glass at the focal plane of the cam- era, for studying the image. It operat …

focusing magnifier
<microscopy> A low-power light microscope, telescope, or simple lens used to observe the electron image formed on a fluorescent screen. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...

fodrin
<protein> Tetrameric protein (_ 240 kD, _ 235 kD) found in brain: an isoform of spectrin. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

foetal
Of or pertaining to a foetus, pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

foetal adrenal cortex
An extensive area of the adrenal gland present in primates during foetal life and for a short period after birth; located between the definitive cortex and the medulla, it contains large steroid-secreting cells arranged in a reticular pattern; involution of this zone in humans is largely completed by three months after birth. ... Synonym: androgenic …

foetal age
Synonym for developmental age ... Age estimated by anatomic development since implantation, the degree of anatomic, physiologic, mental, and emotional maturation. ... Synonym: foetal age. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal alcohol effects
A softer diagnosis than foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). The diagnosis of possible FAE is considered when: 1. The person has some signs of FAS; 2. The person does not meet all of the necessary criteria for FAS; and 3. There is a history of alcohol exposure before birth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal alcohol syndrome
<syndrome> The most common cause of defective cerebral development in industrialised nations, affecting 1 in 700 live births in the United States. This clinical syndrome results from the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the developing foetus. Growth retardation, mental retardation, small brain and heart valve lesions are common. Infants can …

foetal anoxia
Foetal oxygen deficiency. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal aspiration syndrome
<syndrome> A syndrome resulting from uterine aspiration of amniotic fluid and meconium by the foetus, usually caused by hypoxia and often leading to aspiration pneumonia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal attitude
Synonym for foetal habitus ... Relationship of one foetal part to another. ... Synonym: foetal attitude. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal blood
Blood of the foetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the foetal and maternal blood occurs via the placenta. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels at the time of delivery. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal bradycardia
A foetal heart rate of less than 100 beats per minute. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal calf serum
<cell culture> The serum originating from embryonic calves and an expensive component of standard culture media for many types of animal tissue cells. ... It is used as an important part of growth media for promoting the growth of tissue cultures. It provides a source of growth hormones and other growth factors. ... (11 Nov 1997) ...

foetal circulation
The blood circulation in the foetus before birth. Before birth, the blood from the heart headed for the lungs in the aptly named pulmonary artery is shunted away from the lungs and returned to the greatest of arteries, the aorta. This arterial shunting occurs through a short vessel called the ductus arteriosus. When the shunt is open, it is said to …

foetal cotyledon
A unit of the foetal placenta supplied by the vessels of a stem villus; several such cotyledon's may occur between two placental septa; traditionally called embryologists' cotyledon. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal death
<radiology> No foetal movement, no foetal heart movement, scalp oedema, Spalding's sign, hyperextended spine, thrombus within heart ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal death rate
The number of foetal deaths divided by the sum of live births and foetal deaths occurring in the same population during the same time period. ... Synonym: stillbirth rate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal development
Morphologic and physiologic growth and development of the mammalian embryo or foetus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal distress
Compromise of the foetus during the antepartum period (before labour) or intrapartum period (birth process). ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal doppler study
<radiology> Non-stress test (NST), external monitoring for 20 minutes; poor specificity, greater than4 foetal heart accelerations (greater than15 bpm over baseline for 15 seconds) following foetal movement in foetus greater than34 weeks, no heart accelerations in immaturity, sleep, maternal sedation contraction stress test (CST), external mon …

foetal dystocia
Difficult labour and delivery caused by the foetus' size (too big), shape or position. Dystocia comes from the Greek dys meaning difficult, painful, disordered, abnormal + tokos meaning birth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal electrocardiography
Recording the electrocardiogram of the foetus in utero. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal erythroblastosis
Synonym for erythroblastosis foetalis ... <haematology> A condition which develops in the foetus due to an incompatibility between the mother's blood type (RH factor) and the baby's. Maternal antibodies, which enter the foetal circulation during delivery attack the baby's red blood cells leading to haemolysis (rupture of the cells). ... Symptom …

foetal face syndrome
<syndrome> A syndrome of facies resembling an early foetus with short forearms, and genital hypoplasia at birth, but without evidence of achondroplasia; leads to dwarfism without mental retardation. ... Synonym: Robinow's syndrome. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal fracture
Synonym for intrauterine fracture ... A fracture of one or more bones of a foetus occurring before birth. ... Synonym: foetal fracture. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal gigantism
Excessive foetal or newborn size, e.g., cerebral gigantism and infants of diabetic mothers. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal growth retardation
The failure of a foetus to maintain its expected growth potential at any gestational stage. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal habitus
Relationship of one foetal part to another. ... Synonym: foetal attitude. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal haemoglobin
<chemical> The form of haemoglobin normally comprising more than half of the haemoglobin in the foetus, composed of two alpha and two gamma polypeptides. It is also present in minimal amounts in adulthood and is abnormally elevated in aplastic anaemia, leukaemia, and certain types of thalassaemia. It has higher affinity for oxygen under physi …

foetal heart
The heart of the foetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (heart/embryology) only on the basis of time. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal heart rate
In the foetus, the number of heart beats per minute, normally 120 to 160. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal hydantoin syndrome
<syndrome> A foetal syndrome resulting from maternal ingestion of hydantoin analogues (e.g., phenytoin), characterised by growth deficiency, mental deficiency, dysmorphic facies, cleft palate and/or lip, cardiac defects, and abnormal genitalia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal hydrops
<radiology> Immune, Rh sensitization (erythroblastosis foetalis), non-immune, thalassaemia, structural defects (e.g., lung tumour), cardiac arrhythmia (secondary to conduction defect), ultrasound findings: foetal ascites and/or pleural or pericardial effusion, subcutaneous oedema, polyhydramnios, thick, hydropic placenta ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal inclusion
Unequal conjoined twins in which the incompletely developed parasite is wholly enclosed in the autosite. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal macrosomia
A complication of gestational diabetes mellitus or prolonged pregnancy. A macrosomic foetus is defined as weighing more than 4000 grams. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal medicine
Study of the growth, development, care, and treatment of the foetus, and of environmental factors harmful to the foetus. ... Synonym: fetology. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal membrane
A structure or tissue that develops from the fertilised ovum but does not form part of the embryo proper. ... Synonym: embryonic membrane, extraembryonic membrane. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal membranes
Thin layers of tissue which surround the embryo or foetus and provide for its nutrition, respiration, excretion and protection; they are the yolk sac, allantois, amnion, and chorion. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal membranes, premature rupture
Spontaneous rupture of amniotic sac before the onset of uterine contractions. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal monitoring
Physiologic or biochemical monitoring of the foetus. It is usually done during labour and may be performed in conjunction with the monitoring of uterine activity. It may also be performed prenatally as when the mother is undergoing surgery. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal mortality rate
<epidemiology> The ratio of foetal deaths divided by the sum of the births (the live births + the foetal deaths) in that year. In the United States, the foetal mortality rate plummeted from 19.2 per 1,000 births in 1950 to 9.2 per 1,000 births in 1980. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal movement
<obstetrics> Movement of the foetus in the womb perceived by the mother and felt by palpation of the abdomen. ... The first foetal movements felt by the mother during pregnancy (quickening) are usually between18 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. ... (08 Mar 2000) ...

foetal organ maturity
<embryology> Functional competence of specific foetal organs or body systems. ... In humans, it is usually assessed by analysis of amniotic fluid, as in the assessment of foetal lung maturity by analysis for components of pulmonary surfactant. ... (08 Mar 2000) ...

foetal ovoid
<embryology> The form of the foetus in utero; its length is about one-half of the length of the extended foetus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal placenta
<embryology> Placenta foetalis, the chorionic portion of the placenta, containing the foetal blood vessels, from which the funis develops; specifically, in humans, it develops from the chorion frondosum. ... Synonym: pars foetalis placentae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal resorption
<obstetrics> Death and resorption of the foetus at any stage after the completion of organogenesis. It does not include embryo resorption. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal reticularis
Synonym: foetal adrenal cortex. ... Synonym: androgenic zone. ... Synonym: X zone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal souffle
<obstetrics, paediatrics> A blowing murmur, synchronous with the foetal heart beat, sometimes only systolic and sometimes continuous, heard on auscultation over the pregnant uterus. ... Synonym: funic souffle, funicular souffle, umbilical souffle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal tachycardia
<obstetrics, paediatrics> A foetal heart rate of 160 or more beats per minute. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal tissue transplantation
Transference of foetal tissue between individuals of the same species or between individuals of different species. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal trimethadione syndrome
<paediatrics, syndrome> A foetal syndrome resulting from maternal ingestion of trimethadione during the early weeks of pregnancy and characterised by developmental delay, V-shaped eyebrows, epicanthus, low-set ears with anteriorly folded helix, palatal anomaly, and irregular teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal viability
<obstetrics> The potential of the foetus-in-utero to survive after birth. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

foetal warfarin syndrome
<obstetrics> Foetal bleeding, nasal hypoplasia, optic atrophy, and foetal death resulting from administration of warfarin to the pregnant patient. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetal zone
Synonym for foetal adrenal cortex ... An extensive area of the adrenal gland present in primates during foetal life and for a short period after birth; located between the definitive cortex and the medulla, it contains large steroid-secreting cells arranged in a reticular pattern; involution of this zone in humans is largely completed by three month …

foetalism
Presence of certain foetal structures or characteristics in the body after birth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetoplacental
<obstetrics> Pertaining to the foetus and placenta. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

foetotoxic
<pharmacology> Toxic to the foetus in utero. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

foetus
<biology, embryology, obstetrics> A developing unborn offspring of an animal that gives birth to its young (as opposed to laying eggs). ... From approximately three months after conception the offspring take on a recognisable form (all parts in place, etc.). In human development, the period after the seventh or eighth week of pregnancy is the …

foetus in fetu
Condition in which a small, imperfectly formed foetus is contained within a foetus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetus papyraceus
One of twin foetus's that has died and been pressed flat against the uterine wall by the growth of the living foetus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

foetus sanguinolentis
Dead foetus that has become macerated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

fog
1. Watery vapor condensed in the lower part of the atmosphere and disturbing its transparency. It differs from cloud only in being near the ground, and from mist in not approaching so nearly to fine rain. See Cloud. ... 2. A state of mental confusion. Fog alarm, Fog bell, Fog horn, etc, a bell, horn, whistle or other contrivance that sounds an alarm …