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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK
Words: 116197
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fluctuate1. To move in waves. ... 2. To vary, to change from time to time, as in referring to any quantity or quality, e.g., height of blood pressure, concentration of substance in urine or blood, secretory activity, etc. ... Origin: L. Fluctuo, pp. -atus, to flow in waves ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluctuation1. A motion like that of waves; a moving in this and that direction; as, the fluctuations of the sea. ... 2. A wavering; unsteadiness; as, fluctuations of opinion; fluctuations of prices. ... 3. <medicine> The motion or undulation of a fluid collected in a natural or artifical cavity, which is felt when it is subjected to pressure or percussion …
fluctuation analysisMethod used to determine (for example) how many ion channels contribute to the transmembrane current. On the assumption that each channel is either open or shut, the noise in the recorded current can be considered to arise from the statistical fluctuation in the number of channels open and the magnitude of the fluctuation gives an estimate of the c …
fluctuation test<investigation> Test devised by Luria and Delbruck to determine whether genetic variation in a bacterial population arises spontaneously or adaptively. In the original version the statistical variance in the number of bacteriophage resistant cells in separate cultures of bacteriophage sensitive cells was compared with variance in replicate sa …
flucytosine<chemical> A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent. ... Pharmacological action: antifungal agents, antimetabolites. ... Chemical name: 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 4-amino-5-fluoro- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fludeoxyglucose f 18<chemical> The compound is given by intravenous injection for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumours including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. ... Pharmacologic …
fludrocortisone<chemical> A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. ... Pharmacological action: steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, mineralocorticoids, synthetic. ... Chemical name: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-, (11beta)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fludrocortisone acetate9a-fluoro-17-hydroxycorticosterone 9a-fluoro-11b,17a,21-trihydroxypregn-4-en e-3,20-dione 21-acetate;a potent mineralocorticoid. ... Synonym: 9a-fluorocortisol, 9a-fluorohydrocortisone acetate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
flueAn inclosed passage way for establishing and directing a current of air, gases, etc.; an air passage; especially., ... A compartment or division of a chimney for conveying flame and smoke to the outer air. ... A passage way for conducting a current of fresh, foul, or heated air from one place to another. A pipe or passage for conveying flame and hot …
fluenceA measure of the quantity of x-radiation in a beam in diagnostic radiology, either particle fluence, the number of photons entering a sphere of unit cross-sectional area, or energy fluence, the sum of the energies of the photons passing through a unit area. ... Compare: flux. ... Origin: L. Fluentia, a flowing, fr. Fluo, to flow ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluent aphasiaSynonym for sensory aphasia ... Aphasia in which there is impairment in the comprehension of spoken and written words, associated with effortless, articulated, but paraphrasic, speech and writing; malformed words, substitute words, and enologisms are charcteristic. When severe, and speech is incomprehensible, it is called jargon aphasia. The patient …
flufenamic acid<chemical> An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. ... Pharmacological action: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, topical anti-inflammatory agents. ... Chemical name: Benzoic acid, 2-((3-(trifluor …
fluidHaving particles which easily move and change their relative position without a separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure; capable of flowing; liquid or gaseous. ... Origin: L. Fluidus, fr. Fluere to flow: cf. F. Fluide. See Fluent. ... A fluid substance; a body whose particles move easily among themselves. ... Fluid is a generic term …
fluid bilayer modelGenerally accepted model for membranes in cells. In its original form, the model held that proteins floated in a sea of phospholipids arranged as a bilayer with a central hydrophobic domain. Although it is now recognised that some proteins are restrained by interactions with cytoskeletal elements and that the phospholipid annulus around a protein m …
fluid mosaic modelA model used to conceptualise cell membranes, in it, the membranesare described as a structually and functionally asymmetric lipidbilayer studded with embedded proteins that aid in cross-membrane transport. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluid retentionAn abnormal accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues or body cavities that results in swelling. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...
fluid retinopexyA procedure to repair a detached retina by holding it in place with a fluid that is heavier than vitreous fluid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluid shiftsTranslocation of body fluids. Shifts from the lower body to the upper part of the body occur under conditions of actual and simulated weightlessness and have the effect of reducing the total body water content and producing a temporary hypovolaemic state. Shifts are also seen following haemodialysis and are caused by electrolyte imbalances. ... (12 …
fluid therapyTherapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to water-electrolyte balance. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by hypodermoclysis. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluid waveA sign of free fluid in the abdominal cavity; percussion on one side of the abdomen transmits a wave that is felt on the opposite side. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluidextractPharmacopeial liquid preparation of vegetable drugs, made by percolation, containing alcohol as a solvent or as a preservative, or both, and so made that each milliliter contains the therapeutic constituents of 1 g of the standard drug that it represents. ... Synonym: liquid extract. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluidglyceratesPharmaceutical preparations, formerly official in the NF, containing approximately 50% by volume of glycerin but no alcohol, and of the same drug strength as fluidextracts. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluidised-bed boilerA large, refractory-lined vessel with an air distribution member or plate in the bottom, a hot gas outlet in or near the top, and some provisions for introducing fuel. The fluidised bed is formed by blowing air up through a layer of inert particles (such as sand or limestone) at a rate that causes the particles to go into suspension and continuous …
fluidismSynonym for humoral doctrine ... The ancient Greek theory of the four body humors (blood, yellow and black bile, and phlegm) that determined health and disease. The humors were associated with the four elements (air, fire, earth, and water), which in turn corresponded to a pair of the qualities (hot, cold, dry, and moist). A proper and evenly balanc …
fluidityThe reciprocal of viscosity; unit: rhe = poise-1. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluidounceA measure of capacity: 8 fluidrams. The imperial fluidounce is a measure containing 1 avoirdupois ounce, 437.5 grains, of distilled water at 15.6°C, and equals 28.4 ml; the U.S. Fluidounce is 1/128 gallon, contains 454.6 grains of distilled water at 25°C, and equals 29.57 ml. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluidrachmFluidram ... A measure of capacity: 1/8 of a fluidounce; a teaspoonful. The imperial fluidrachm contains 54.8 grains of distilled water, and equals 3.55 ml; the U.S. Fluidrachm contains 57.1 grains of distilled water and equals 3.70 ml. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluids and secretionsLiquid substances produced by living organisms to fulfill specific functions or excreted as waste. Secretions do not include hormones or enzymes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluke1. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground; a flook. See Anchor. ... 2. <zoology> One of the lobes of a whale's tail, so called from the resemblance to the fluke of an anchor. ... 3. An instrument for cleaning out a hole drilled in stone for blasting. ... 4. An accidental and favorable stroke at billiards (called a scratch in the Unite …
flumazenil<chemical> 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4h-imidazol(1,5-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses. ... Pharmacological action: antidotes, gaba modul …
flumenA flowing, or stream. ... Synonym: stream. ... Origin: L. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
flumethasone<chemical> An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice. ... Pharmacological action: steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, glucocorticoids, synthetic. ... Chemical name: Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 6,9-difluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methyl-, (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
flumethiazide6-Trifluoromethyl-7-sulfamoyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothi adiazine 1,1-dioxide;an orally effective diuretic agent, related chemically to chlorothiazide and with similar pharmacologic actions; it inhibits carbonic anhydrase. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluminaPlural of flumen. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
flumina pilorumSynonym for hair streams ... The curved lines along which the hairs are arranged on the head and various parts of the body, especially noticeable in the foetus. ... Synonym: flumina pilorum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
flunarizine<chemical> 1-(bis-(4-fluorophenyl)methyl) -4-cinnamylpiperazine. Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine h1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the ther …
flunisolidePregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 6-fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16,17[(1-methylethylidene)bis(oxy)]-, hemihydrate, (6a,11b,16a)-;an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid used intranasally or by inhalation in the treatment of allergies and asthma. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
flunitrazepam<chemical> Benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of diazepam. The united states government has banned the importation of this drug. Steps are being taken to reclassify this substance as a schedule 1 drug with no accepted medical use. ... Pharmacological action: anti-anxiety agents, gaba modulators. ... Chemical name: 2H-1,4 …
fluo-<chemistry, prefix> A combining form indicating fluorine as an ingredient; as in fluosilicate, fluobenzene. ... (29 Oct 1998) ...
fluoboric<chemistry> Pertaining to, derived from, or consisting of, fluorine and boron. ... <chemistry> Fluoridic acid, a double fluoride, consisting essentially of a solution of boron fluoride, in hydrofluoric acid. It has strong acid properties, and is the type of the borofluorides. ... Synonym: borofluoric acid. ... Origin: Fluo- boric: cf. F. F …
fluocinolone acetonide<chemical> A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. ... Pharmacological action: glucocorticoids, synthetic, glucocorticoids, topical. ... Chemical name: Pr …
fluocinonide<chemical> 6 alpha,9-difluoro-11 beta,16 alpha,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, cyclic 16,17-acetal with acetone,21-acetate. A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of eczemas. ... Pharmacological action: anti-allergic agents, steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, glucocorticoids, synthetic, glucocorticoids, topical. ... Chem …
fluocortolone<chemical> 6 alpha-fluoro-11 beta,21-dihydroxy-16 alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-diono. A topical glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is used also as the acetate, caproate, and pivalate. ... Pharmacological action: glucocorticoids, synthetic, glucocorticoids, topical. ... Chemica …
fluocortolone caproateEster of fluocortolone used topically in the treatment of skin diseases. ... Synonym: fluocortolone hexanoate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluocortolone hexanoateSynonym for fluocortolone caproate ... Ester of fluocortolone used topically in the treatment of skin diseases. ... Synonym: fluocortolone hexanoate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluocortolone pivalateAn ester of fluocortolone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluor sparSynonym for fluorite ... <chemical> Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colours, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc, often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor.
fluorapatite
3Ca3(PO4)2-CaF2;a naturally occurring fluorophosphate of calcium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorenes
<chemical> A family of diphenylenemethane derivatives. ... Pharmacological action: carcinogens. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorescamine
<chemical> A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent. ... Pharmacological action: indicators and reagents. ... Chemical name: Spiro(furan-2(3H),1'(3'H)-isobenzofuran)-3,3'-dione, 4-phenyl- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluoresce
1. To produce or exhibit fluorescence. ... 2. 4-phenyl[furan[2H(3H)-1'-phthalane]-3,3'-dione;a reagent that reacts with amino acids to procude a fluorescing compound. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorescein
<chemical> Fluorophore commonly used in microscopy. ... Fluorescein di acetate can be used as a vital stain or can be conjugated to proteins (particularly antibodies) using isothiocyanate. ... Excitation is at 365nm and the emitted light is green yellow (450-490nm). The emission spectrum is pH sensitive and fluorescein can therefore be used to …
fluorescein angiography
<procedure> The process of taking X-rays of blood vessels that have been injected with a special dye. The dye allows to person viewing the X-ray to see the blood vessels. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...
fluorescein eye examination
A special test that allows the examiner to detect cornea abrasions or corneal foreign bodies. An orange dye (fluorescein) is placed into the eye and the eye is illuminated with a cobalt blue light (black light). This serves to highlight any irregularities in the corneal surface. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...
fluorescein instillation test
A test for patency of the lacrimal system; fluorescein instilled in the conjunctival sac can be recovered from the inferior nasal meatus. ... Synonym: Jones' test. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorescein isothiocyanate
<chemical> A fluorescent chemical derived from fluorescein which is used to label proteins. ... (25 Jun 1999) ...
fluorescein sodium
A dye used for diagnosis of certain ocular diseases, differentiation or delineation of organ parts in surgery, and determination of circulation time. ... Synonym: resorcinolphthalein sodium, uranin. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorescein string test
A string test used to determine location of a bleeding intestinal lesion in which fluorescein is given intravenously to determine gastrointestinal haemorrhage; if the string fluoresces after removal, it has been contaminated by blood that has appeared since injection of the fluorescein; used to determine location of bleeding lesion. ... (05 Mar 2000 …
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
<chemical> 3',6'-dihydroxy-5-isothiocyanatospiro(isobenzofuran-1(3h),9'-(9h)xanthen)-3-one. Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques. ... Pharmacological action: fluorescent dyes. ... Chemical name …
fluorescein-conjugated antibody
Refers to an antibody that has joined with a fluorescein molecule. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluoresceins
<chemical> A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3h),9'-(9h)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. ... Pharmacological action: fluorescent dyes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorescence
<chemistry, physics> The emission of one or more photons by a molecule or atom activated by the absorption of a quantum of electro magnetic radiation. ... Typically the emission, that is of longer wavelength than the excitatory radiation, occurs within 10exp 8 seconds: phosphorescence is a phenomenon with a longer or much longer delay in re ra …
fluorescence energy transfer
<technique> Transfer of energy from one fluorochrome to another. The emission wavelength of the fluorochrome excited by the incident light must approximately match the excitation wavelength of the second fluorochrome. ... If light at the second emission wavelength is detected, it implies that the two fluorochromes were physically within a few …
fluorescence immunoassay
<technique> A sensitive technique which uses fluorescein, a fluorescent molecule, to measure the antigen or antibody concentration in a solution. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorescence in situ hybridization
<molecular biology, technique> A type of in situ hybridization in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. ... This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei. ... Acronym …
fluorescence microscope
<instrument, microscopy> A microscope illuminated by ultraviolet or blue light so that the object may re-radiate light of longer wavelengths. To protect the eyes, a W-absorbing filter should be provided if not built into the fluorescence microscope. ... (05 Aug 1998) ...
fluorescence microscopy
<procedure> Any type of microscopy in which intrinsic or applied reagents are visualised. Intrinsic fluorescence is often referred to as auto fluorescence. The applied reagents typically include fluorescently labelled proteins that are reactive with sites in the specimen. In particular, fluorescently labelled antibodies are widely used to det …
fluorescence plus Giemsa stain
<technique> A stain used to demonstrate sister chromatid exchange; cells are grown in 5-bromodeoxyuridine, followed by chromosome preparation, staining in Hoechst 33258, exposure to light, and staining in Giemsa; chromosomes exhibit a 'harlequin' appearance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorescence polarization
Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorescence spectrum
Fluorescence evoked over a range of wavelengths when the excitation wavelength is at a maximum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorescence-activated cell sorter
Synonym for flow cytometry ... <technique> Flow cytometry is an emerging technique which holds great promise for the separation, classification and quantitation of blood cells and antibodies which affect blood cells. ... Complex computerised instruments are used to pass a monocellular stream of cells, platelets or other microscopic particulate …
fluorescence-activated cell sorting
<technique> A technique for separating and sorting cells marked with a fluorescent label based on how much they fluoresce at a particular wavelength. ... (12 Jan 1998) ...
fluorescent
Having the ability to emit light of a certain wavelength when activated by light of another wavelength. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorescent antibody
Immunoglobulin molecule which as been coupled with a fluorescent molecule so that it exhibits fluorescence. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorescent antibody technique
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (fluorescent antibody technique, direct) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labelled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (fluorescent antibody technique, indirect). The tissue is then …
fluorescent antibody techniques
Lab techniques for locating antigens in a prepared tissue sample by using antibodies with fluorescent labels which will bind to the antigens of interest. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorescent antibody titre
An indirect method of measuring the concentration of an antibody in serum through the detection of fluorescent light emitted in a chemical reaction. ... (27 Sep 1997) ...
fluorescent dyes
Dyes that emit light when exposed to light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. They are used as markers in biochemistry and immunology. ... (12 Dec 1998 …
fluorescent in situ hybridization
See FISH. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorescent label
A molecule which fluoresces and can be attached to a probe molecule that does not fluoresce. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorescent microscope
<instrument> A microscope equipped to examine material that fluoresces under ultraviolet (UV) light. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorescent screen
A screen coated with fluorescent crystals such as the calcium tungstate used in the fluoroscope. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorescent stain
<technique> A stain or staining procedure using a fluorescent dye or substance that will combine selectively with certain tissue components and that will then fluoresce upon irradiation with ultraviolet or violet-blue light. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluoridated teeth
<dentistry> Teeth exposed to fluorine salts during odontogenesis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluoridation
Addition of fluorides to a community water supply, usually 1 ppm, to reduce incidence of dental decay. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluoride
<chemical> The fluoride ion. Low levels of fluoride in drinking water markedly decrease the incidence of dental caries, probably because bacterial metabolism is much more sensitive to low fluoride levels. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
fluoride number
The percent inhibition of pseudocholinesterase produced by fluorides; used to differentiate normal from atypical pseudocholinesterases. ... See: dibucaine number. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluoride poisoning
Gen or unspecified fluoride; prefer /pois with specific fluoride term ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorides
Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, hf, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorides, topical
Fluorides, usually as pastes or gels, used for topical application to reduce the incidence of dental caries. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluoridization
Therapeutic use of fluorides to reduce the incidence of dental decay; sometimes used to refer to the topical application of fluoride agents to the teeth. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluorimetry
The measurement of the amount of fluorescence. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorinated hydrocarbon
A molecule which is almost entirely carbon and hydrogen, but has had at least one fluorine atom introduced to it that has replaced one of the hydrogen atoms. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...
fluorine
<chemistry, element> A non-metallic, gaseous element, strongly acid or negative, or associated with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in the halogen group of which it is the first member. It always occurs combined, is very active chemically, and possesses such an avidity for most elements, and silicon especially, that it can neither be prepared …
fluorine compounds
Inorganic compounds that contain fluorine as an integral part of the molecule. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorine radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes of fluorine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. F atoms with atomic weights 17, 18, and 20-22 are radioactive fluorine isotopes. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...
fluorite
<chemical> Calcium fluoride, a mineral of many different colours, white, yellow, purple, green, red, etc, often very beautiful, crystallizing commonly in cubes with perfect octahedral cleavage; also massive. It is used as a flux. Some varieties are used for ornamental vessels. Also called fluor spar, or simply fluor. ... Source: Websters Dicti …
fluorite objective
Microscope objective corrected for spherical and chromatic aberration at two wavelengths. Better than an ordinary objective corrected at one wavelength but inferior to (and much cheaper than) a planapochromatic objective. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...
fluoro-
See: fluor-. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...
fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
A reagent used to combine with the free NH2 group of the NH2-terminal amino acid residue in a peptide, thus marking this residue; the combined forms are known as DNP-proteins, Dnp-aminoacyl, etc., the fluorine having been replaced to leave a dinitrophenyl residue (DNP, Dnp, or N2Ph-) attached to the NH2 group. ... Synonym: Sanger's reagent. ... Acron …
