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The History Channel - Encyclopedia
Category: History and Culture > History
Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK
Words: 25833
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Chancellorsville, Battle ofIn the American Civil War, comprehensive victory of General Robert E Lee's Confederate forces over Joseph Hooker's Union troops 4 May 1863. Lee intercepted an intended Union attack on Richmond at...
ChanceryIn the UK, a division of the High Court that deals with such matters as the administration of the estates of deceased persons, the execution of trusts, the enforcement of sales of land, and...
Chand, Prem(1880-1936) Indian novelist and short-story writer. Prem Chand's early writing was in Urdu; his first major work in Hindi was Sevasadana/House of Service (1918). In Godan/The Gift of a Cow (1936), he...
Chandela (or Candella)Rajput dynasty that ruled the Bundelkhand region of central India from the 9th to the 11th century. The...
Chandler, Happy (Albert Benjamin)(1898-1991) US politician and sports administrator. He was governor of Kentucky 1934-39 and 1955-59. After his first term as governor he resigned to enter the US Senate. In 1945 Chandler was appointed...
Chandler, Raymond Thornton(1888-1959) US novelist. He turned the pulp detective mystery form into a successful genre of literature and created the quintessential private eye in the tough but chivalric loner, Philip Marlowe. Marlowe is...
Chandler, William Eaton(1835-1917) US lawyer and senator. As secretary of the navy (1882-85) he began a program of building steel warships. He served as a senator from New Hampshire (1887-1901). He was born...
ChandosEnglish family that claims descent from a follower of William the Conqueror. Charles Chandos (died 1428) was the last representative in the direct male line, but the name has continued through the...
Chang Ch'ien(lived 2nd century BC) Chinese explorer who pioneered the
Silk Road. ...
Chang Chih-tung(1837-1909) Chinese administrator and classical scholar. His political life was extraordinarily active and varied. He took the highest degree in the state examinations in 1863, and his first posts were...
Chang Tso-linAlternative transliteration of
Zhang Zuolin, Chinese warlord. ...
Chang-ku Feng, Battle ofConflict between Soviet and Japanese forces in 1938. The battle centred on a hill on the border of what are now the Russian Federation and the Chinese province of Manchuria, about 32 km/20 mi from...
Chang, Kwang-Chih(1931) Chinese-born US anthropologist and archaeologist who emigrated to the USA in 1955. A specialist in Far East Asian prehistory, he wrote important works including The Archaeology of Ancient China...
changelingChild believed to be a fairy infant substituted for a human one immediately after its birth; a particularly difficult child was often thought to be a changeling. It was supposed the exchange could...
Channel 4Britain's fourth national television channel, launched in 1982 as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority; now known as the ITC or Independent Television...
Channel DashIn World War II, the escape of three German warships through British and French waters to Germany 1942. The battle cruisers Gneisenau and Scharnhorst and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen sailed from...
Channel ferryFerry service carrying cars, passengers, and goods lorries across the English Channel between England and France and Holland. Several operators run roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) ships, now in...
Channing, William Ellery(1780-1842) US minister and theologian. He became a leader of the Unitarian movement 1819, opposing the strict Calvinism of the New England Congregationalist churches. He was an instrumental figure in the...
chanson de gesteOne of a genre of epic poems of medieval Europe, based on a legendary Carolingian past and dealing with matters of importance to the military classes - loyalty, lineage, courage, fighting skills,...
Chanson de Roland11th-century epic poem which tells of the real and imaginary deeds of Roland and other knights of Charlemagne, and their last stand against the Basques at Roncesvalles. It is an example of the...
Chantrey, Francis Legatt(1781-1841) English sculptor. His portrait busts and monuments include celebrities of his time such as the Duke of Wellington, William Wordsworth, Walter Scott, Horatio Nelson, and George Washington. His...
chantryIn medieval Europe, a religious foundation in which, in return for an endowment of land, the souls of the donor and the donor's family and friends would be prayed for. A chantry could be held at an...
Chao, Elaine L(1953) US public servant, secretary of labor from 2001. The first Asian-American woman in a presidential cabinet, she has a varied background in business and public and community service and is an...
chapbookSmall pamphlet of 16 or 24 pages, illustrated by woodcuts and sold by chapmen, or itinerant pedlars, during the 18th century. Their subjects included medieval romance, popular folk heroes, and...
chapelA small or subordinate place of Christian worship other than a parish or cathedral church; also a church subordinate to and dependent on the principal parish church, to which it is in some way...
Chapel RoyalIn the UK, a group of musicians and clergy serving the English monarch. Dating back at least to 1135, the Chapel Royal fostered some of England's greatest composers, especially prior to the 18th...
Chapelain, Jean(1595-1674) French poet and critic. He wrote a volume of Odes and a mediocre epic, La Pucelle/The Virgin. He figured prominently at Madame de
Rambouillet's salon and was one...
chapelle ardenteA chamber, catafalque, or hearse, lit with candles, for the lying in state of dignitaries and famous people. In Westminster Abbey dead kings lay in effigy at the
crossing under elaborate canopies or...
Chaplin, Ralph Hosea(1887-1961) US editor and poet. He illustrated Jack London's The Dream of the Debs (1912), and wrote several poetry volumes. He joined the International Workers of the World (IWW) in 1913, and edited the IWW...
Chapman, Dom John(1865-1933) British monk and scholar. Originally an Anglican deacon, he joined the Roman Catholic Church in 1890 and became a Benedictine monk two years later. He was abbot of Downside from 1929. He wrote...
Chapman, Frederick Spencer(1907-1971) British explorer, mountaineer, and writer who explored Greenland, the Himalayas, and Malaysia. He accompanied Gino Watkins on the British Arctic Air Routes Expedition 1930-31, recalled in Northern...
Chapman, George(c. 1559-1634) English poet and dramatist. His translations of the Greek epics of Homer (completed 1616) were the earliest in England; his plays include the comedy Eastward Ho (with Ben
Jonson and John
Marston,...
Chapman, John(`Johnny Appleseed`) (1774-1845) US pioneer and folk hero, credited with establishing orchards throughout the Midwest by planting seeds as he travelled. Famous as the subject of local legends and folk tales, Chapman w ...
Chapone, Hester(1727-1801) English essayist. Her Letters on the Improvement of the Mind (1773) was very popular in girls' educational circles. Her complete writings may be found in the 18th volume of Chalmer's British...
Chappell, Warren(1904-1991) US typographer, book illustrator, and graphic artist. As graphic artist and book illustrator he illustrated many classic texts. As a typographer and book designer, he designed two admired typefaces,...
chapterIn the Christian church, the collective assembly of canons (priests) who together administer a cathedral. ...
chapterhouseIn church architecture, a building in which the canonical chapter of a monastery, cathedral, or collegiate church meets for the discussion of its affairs. It is often elaborately designed and...
Char B tankPrincipal French heavy tank of World War II, developed in the 1930s. Well-armoured and carrying a 47 mm turret gun and a 75 mm howitzer in the front face, it had a speed of about 29 kph/18 mph....
charcoalIn art, soft, brittle material in stick or pencil form used for sketching and more free and expressive drawing, Charcoal is rich and crumbly, and smudges easily. Lines can be blended easily using...
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Siméon(1699-1779) French painter. He took as his subjects naturalistic still lifes and quiet domestic scenes that recall the Dutch tradition. His work is a complete contrast to that of his contemporaries, the rococo...
Chardin, John(1643-1713) English traveller, who spent several years in India and Persia (Iran) where he was employed as a royal agent for the purchase of jewels. After returning to London in 1681 he was employed on...
Chares of LindusGreek sculptor. He was a pupil of Lysippus, working in Rhodes. According to tradition, he designed the
Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. ...
chargé d'affairesDiplomatic agent, ranking next below a `minister resident`, and holding his or her credentials from the head of the Foreign Office. Chargés d'affaires may either act as their country's...
Charge of the Light BrigadeDisastrous attack by the British Light Brigade of cavalry against the Russian entrenched artillery on 25 October 1854 during the Crimean War at the Battle of
Balaclava. Of the 673 soldiers who took...
chariotAncient two-wheeled carriage, used both in peace and war by the Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, ancient Britons, and others. Various kinds of chariot, with different purposes,...
charismaSpecial, indefinable power perceived in certain leaders by their followers. `Charisma` was originally a theological term meaning the divine grace bestowed on a Christian in...
charismatic movementLate 20th-century movement within the Christian church that emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit in the life of the individual believer and in the life of the church. It is related to the...
charismatic worshipIn the Christian church, actions exhibiting uninhibited joy in the practice of the Christian faith. The term charismatic comes from the Greek word for `gifts`, and refers to the gifts of the...
CharitesName used by Homer for the three goddesses better known as the
Graces. ...
Chariton(lived 2nd century) Greek romance writer, born at Aphrodisias in Caria. His Loves of Chaereas and Callirrhoe, some episodes of which are historical, is set at the time of the
Peloponnesian War. ...
charityOriginally a Christian term meaning a selfless, disinterested form of love. This developed to include almsgiving or other actions performed by individuals...
charity schoolsSchools for the poor founded by the Society for the Promoting of Christian Knowledge from the late 17th century onward. They were criticized in the early 18th century for allegedly instilling High...
Charlecote ParkHouse near Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, set in a park of 93 ha/230 acres. The present house, owned by the National Trust, was built about 1558 for the Lucy family who had lived at...
Charlemagne PrizePolitical award established 1949, given annually to those serving European cooperation. Past winners include Winston
Churchill, Konrad
Adenauer, Robert
Schuman, and Edward
Heath. ...
Charlemagne, Charles I the Great(742-814) King of the
Franks from 768 and
Holy Roman Emperor from 800. By inheritance (his father was
Pepin the Short) and extensive campaigns of conquest, he united most of Western Europe by 804, when after...
Charleroi, Battle ofIn World War I, battle between French and German forces 21-24 August 1914 as the French attempted to make an orderly retreat from Belgium under intense German pressure. The operation probably...
Charles (IV) the Fair(1294-1328) King of France from 1322, when he succeeded Philip V as the last of the direct Capetian line. ...
Charles (V) the Wise(1337-1380) King of France (1364-80). He was regent during the captivity of his father John II in England from 1356 to 1360, and became king upon John's death. During the
Hundred Years' War he reconquered...
Charles (VI) the Mad(1368-1422) King of France from 1380, succeeding his father Charles V; he was under the regency of his uncles until 1388. He became mentally unstable in 1392, and civil war broke out between the dukes of...
Charles (XVI) Gustavus(1946) King of Sweden (1973-). He was the only son of Prince Gustavus Adolphus (1906-47) and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg And Gotha (1908-72). Although Crown Prince from 1950, he did not succeed...
Charles Albert(1798-1849) King of Sardinia from 1831. He showed liberal sympathies in early life, and after his accession introduced some reforms. On the outbreak of the 1848 revolution he granted a constitution and declared...
Charles Augustus(1757-1828) Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar in Germany. He succeeded his father in infancy, fought against the French in 1792 to 1794 and 1806, and was the patron and friend of the writer Goethe. ...
Charles Edward Stuart(1720-1788) British prince, grandson of James II and son of James, the Old Pretender. In the
Jacobite rebellion of 1745 (the
Forty-Five) Charles won the support of the Scottish Highlanders; his army invaded...
Charles FortLarge, star-shaped fort named after King Charles II, at Kinsale, County Cork, Republic of Ireland. It was designed by William Robinson and built from 1678 for Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery. It is...
Charles I(1600-1649) King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1625, son of James I of England (James VI of Scotland). He accepted the
petition of right in 1628 but then dissolved Parliament and ruled without a parliament...
Charles IKing of France, better known as the Holy Roman Emperor
Charlemagne. ...
Charles I of Anjou(1226-1285) King of Naples and Sicily (the Two Sicilies) from 1265, Count of Anjou, and seventh son of Louis VIII of France. He was offered the crown of Naples and Sicily by Pope Urban IV, and defeated his...
Charles II(1661-1700) King of Spain from 1665. The second son of Philip IV, he was the last of the Spanish Habsburg kings. Mentally disabled from birth, he bequeathed his dominions to Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis...
Charles II(1630-1685) King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1660, when Parliament accepted the restoration of the monarchy after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. He was the son of Charles I. His chief...
Charles III(1716-1788) King of Spain from 1759. Son of Philip V, he became duke of Parma in 1732 and conquered Naples and Sicily in 1734. On the death of his half-brother Ferdinand VI (1713-1759), he became king of...
Charles IV(1748-1819) King of Spain from 1788, when he succeeded his father, Charles III; he left the government in the hands of his wife and her lover, the minister Manuel de Godoy (1767-1851). In 1808 Charles was...
Charles IV(1316-1378) Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 and king of Bohemia from 1346. Son of John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, he was elected king of Germany in 1346 and ruled all Germany from 1347. He was...
Charles IX(1550-1611) King of Sweden from 1604, the youngest son of Gustavus Vasa. In 1568 he and his brother John led the rebellion against Eric XIV (1533-1577); John became king as John III and attempted to...
Charles IX(1550-1574) King of France from 1560. Second son of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, he succeeded his brother Francis II at the age of ten but remained under the domination of his mother's regency for ten...
Charles Martel(c. 688-741) Frankish ruler (Mayor of the Palace) of the eastern Frankish kingdom from 717 and the whole kingdom from 731. His victory against the Moors at Moussais-la-Bataille near Tours in 732 earned him...
Charles of Blois(1319-1364) Duke of Brittany (also known as Charles of Chatillon). His dukedom was disputed by John, Count of Montford-l'Amaury, with the support of Edward III of England, and later by the count's son....
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy(1433-1477) Duke of Burgundy from 1463 who fought in the French civil war at Montlhéry in 1465, then crushed Liège (1464-68). He reformed his army before engaging in an ambitious campaign for conquest,...
Charles V(1500-1558) Holy Roman Emperor (1519-56). Son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, he inherited vast possessions, which led to rivalry from Francis I of France, whose alliance with the Ottoman Empire...
Charles VI(1685-1740) Holy Roman Emperor from 1711, father of
Maria Theresa, whose succession to his Austrian dominions he tried to ensure, and himself claimant to the...
Charles VII(died 1167) King of Sweden from c. 1160. He helped to establish Christianity in Sweden and created the archbishopric of Uppsala in 1164. ...
Charles VII(1697-1745) Holy Roman Emperor from 1742, opponent of
Maria Theresa's claim to the Austrian dominions of Charles VI. ...
Charles VII(1403-1461) King of France from 1422. Son of Charles VI, he was excluded from the succession by the Treaty of Troyes, but recognized by the south of France. In 1429 Joan of Arc raised the siege of Orléans and...
Charles VIIKing of Sweden from about 1161. He helped to establish Christianity in Sweden. ...
Charles VIII(1470-1498) King of France from 1483, when he succeeded his father, Louis XI. In 1494 he unsuccessfully tried to claim the Neapolitan crown, and when he entered Naples in 1495 he was forced to withdraw by a...
Charles VIII(1408-1470) King of Sweden from 1448. He was elected regent of Sweden in 1438, when Sweden broke away from Denmark and Norway. He stepped down in 1441 when Christopher III of Bavaria (1418-1448) was elected...
Charles X(1757-1836) King of France from 1824. Grandson of Louis XV and brother of Louis XVI and Louis XVIII, he was known as the comte d'Artois before his accession. As comte d'Artois, Charles enjoyed a notoriously...
Charles X(1622-1660) King of Sweden from 1654, when he succeeded his cousin Christina. He waged war with Poland and Denmark and in 1657 invaded Denmark by leading his army over the frozen sea. ...
Charles XI(1655-1697) King of Sweden from 1660, when he succeeded his father, Charles X. His mother acted as regent until 1672 when Charles took over the government. He was a remarkable general...
Charles XII(1682-1718) King of Sweden from 1697, when he succeeded his father, Charles XI. From 1700 he was involved in wars with Denmark, Poland, and Russia. He won a succession of victories until, in 1709 while invading...
Charles XIII(1748-1818) King of Sweden from 1809, when he was elected; he became the first king of Sweden and Norway in 1814. ...
Charles XIV(1763-1844) King of Sweden and Norway from 1818. A former marshal in the French army, in 1810 he was elected crown prince of Sweden under the name of Charles John (Carl Johan). Loyal to his adopted country, he...
Charles XV(1826-1872) King of Sweden and Norway from 1859, when he succeeded his father, Oscar I. A popular and liberal monarch, his main achievement was the reform of the constitution. ...
Charles, (Karl Franz Josef)(1887-1922) Emperor of Austria and king of Hungary from 1916, the last of the Habsburg emperors. He succeeded his great-uncle Franz Josef in 1916 but was forced to withdraw to Switzerland in 1918, although he...
Charles, (Mary) Eugenia(1919-2005) Dominican centre-right politician, prime minister 1980-95; cofounder and first leader of the cente-right Dominica Freedom Party (DFP). Two years after Dominica's independence the DFP won the...
Charles, Louis(1771-1847) Archduke of Austria and Duke of Teschen, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, and a distinguished general of the Napoleonic period. In 1796 he drove the advancing French back across the Rhine,...
Charles, Robert Henry(1855-1931) Northern Irish theologian. He left parochial work in 1889 to devote himself to biblical research and became the greatest authority of his time in matters of Jewish eschatology and apocrypha. He...
Charlet, Nicolas-Toussaint(1792-1845) French graphic artist. He was particularly successful in military subjects, as in Grenadier de Waterloo 1817. Charlet w ...
Charlotte Augusta, Princess(1796-1817) Only child of George IV and Caroline of Brunswick, and heir to the British throne. In 1816 she married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later Leopold I of the Belgians), but died in childbirth 18...
Charlotte Sophia(1744-1818) British queen consort. The daughter of the German duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, she married George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1761, and they had nine sons and six daughters. ...
Charly, LouiseReal name of French poet Louise
Labé. ...
