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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Carlyle, Jane (Baillie)
(1801-1866) Scottish letter-writer, wife of the essayist and social historian Thomas Carlyle from 1826. She resented her husband's preoccupation with his books, and their relationship became increasingly...

Carlyle, Thomas
(1795-1881) Scottish essayist and social historian. His works include the partly autobiographical Sartor Resartus/The Tailor Retailored (1833-34), reflecting his loss of Christian belief;The French Revolution...

carmagnole
Wild song and dance that accompanied the peasant costume of the same name, from Piedmont and the Midi, worn by southern French revolutionaries to Paris in 1793. The song and dance were very popular...

Carman, William Bliss
(1861-1929) Canadian poet. His first collection was Low Tide on Grand-Pré (1893). With Richard Hovey, he produced three volumes...

Carmelite order
Mendicant order of friars in the Roman Catholic Church. The order was founded on Mount Carmel in Palestine by Berthold, a crusader from Calabria, about 1155, and spread to Europe in the 13th...

Carmichael, Ian
(1920) English actor. Following his film debut in Simon and Laura (1955), he enjoyed British box-office success with Boulting Brothers comedies such as Private's Progress (1956), Brothers in Law (1956),...

Carmichael, Stokely
(1941-1998) Trinidad-born US civil-rights activist. He coined the term Black Power. As leader of the Black Panthers (1967-69), he demanded black liberation rather than integration, and called for armed...

Carmona, Antonio
(1869-1951) Portuguese politician and general. After a military coup in 1926 he was made prime minister and minister of war, with dictatorial powers. In 1928 he was elected president for life by plebiscite, and...

Carnac
Site of prehistoric megaliths in Brittany, France, where remains of tombs and stone alignments of the period 2000 to 1500 BC (Neolithic and early Bronze Age) are found. Stones removed for local...

Carnap, Rudolf
(1891-1970) German philosopher, in the USA from 1935. He was a member of the Vienna Circle and an exponent of logical positivism, the theory that the only meaningful propositions are those that can be verified...

Carnegie
Family name of the earls of Northesk and Southesk and of the duke of Fife, who is descended from Queen Victoria. ...

Carnegie Medal
Annual award for an outstanding book for children written in English and published in the UK. The medal was first awarded in 1937 to Arthur Ransome's Pigeon Post (in the Swallows and Amazons...

Carnegie, Andrew
(1835-1919) Scottish-born US industrialist and philanthropist, who used his personal fortune from the creation of his Pittsburgh iron and steel industries to fund educational, cultural, and peace...

Carnegie, Dale
(1888-1955) US author and teacher. He wrote the best-selling self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People (1937). His courses in public speaking, which drew huge audiences, first won him fame, and...

Carniola
Former crownland and duchy of Austria, most of which was included in Slovenia, part of the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) between 1919 and 1991. The western districts...

Carnot, (Marie François) Sadi
(1837-1894) French president from 1887, grandson of Lazare Carnot. He successfully countered the Boulangist anti-German movement (see Boulanger) and in 1892 the scandals arising out of French financial...

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguérite
(1753-1823) French general and politician. A member of the National Convention in the French Revolution, he organized the armies of the republic. He was war minister 1800-01 and minister of the interior in...

Carnute
Member of a Celtic people of central Gaul, who lived between the Seine and the Loire. Their chief towns were Cenabum (Orléans) and Autricum (Chartres). The Carnutes were subdued by Julius Caesar,...

Caro, Annibale
(1507-1566) Italian poet. He made fine translations from Latin of Virgil's Aeneid (1581) and Longus' Daphnis and Chloë. Other works include a comedy, Gli straccioni, written about 1544. He frequently favoured...

Caro, Anthony (Alfred)
(1924) English sculptor. His most typical work is large, brightly coloured abstract sculpture, horizontal in aspect, and made from prefabricated metal parts, such as I-beams, angles, and mesh visibly...

Caro, Robert Allen
(1935) US historian. His works include The Power Broker, a biography of US urban planner Roger Moses and study of New York City, which won the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for Biography, and the multi-volume...

Carol I
(1839-1914) First king of Romania (1881-1914). A prince of the house of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, he was invited to become prince of Romania, then part of the Ottoman Empire, in 1866. In 1877, in alliance...

Carol II
(1893-1953) King of Romania (1930-40). Son of King Ferdinand, he married Princess Helen of Greece and they had a son, Michael. In 1925 he renounced the succession because of his affair with Elena Lupescu and...

Caroline
(1768-1821) Wife of George IV. She married the Prince of Wales in 1795. The marriage was unhappy from the start. After the birth of a daughter, Charlotte, in 1796, a formal separation took place, and the...

Caroline literature
Literature in Britain during the reign of Charles I (1625-49). The title `Caroline` derives from the Latin for Charles, Carolus. The period was marked by increasing religious and social...

Caroline of Anspach
(1683-1737) Queen of George II of Great Britain and Ireland. The daughter of the Margrave of Brandenburg-Anspach, she married George, Electoral Prince of Hannover, in 1705, and followed him to England in 1714...

Caroline of Brunswick
(1768-1821) Queen consort of George IV of Great Britain. King George attempted to divorce her, unsuccessfully, on his accession to the throne in 1820. Second daughter of Karl Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick, and...

Carolingian art
The art of the reign of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814), and his descendants until about 900. In line with his revival of learning and Roman culture, Charlemagne greatly...

Carolingian dynasty
Frankish dynasty descending from Pepin the Short (died 768) and named after his son Charlemagne; its last ruler was Louis V...

Carolingian Renaissance
Period of learning that began under Charlemagne. ...

Carossa, Hans
(1878-1956) German writer. His work as a physician greatly influenced his writings, both in subject matter, for example Doktor Bürgers Ende/The End of Dr Bürger (1913)...

Carpaccio, Vittore
(1450/60-1525/26) Italian painter. He is famous for scenes of his native Venice, for example, the series The Legend of St Ursula (1490-98; Accademia, Venice). His paintings are a graceful blend of fantasy and...

Carpeaux, Jean-Baptiste
(1827-1875) French sculptor. His lively naturalistic subjects include La Danse 1865-69 for the Opéra, Paris (now in the Louvre, Paris) and the Neapolitan Fisherboy 1858 (Louvre, Paris). The Romantic charm of...

Carpenter, Alfred Francis
(1881-1955) British naval captain. Carpenter entered the Royal Navy 1907 and was promoted to commander 1915. He commanded HMS Vindictive in the attack on Zeebrugge April 1918, for which he received the Victoria...

Carpenter, Edward
(1844-1929) English socialist and writer. He campaigned for such causes as sexual reform, women's rights, and vegetarianism. He lived openly as a homosexual and made a plea for sexual toleration in Love's...

Carpenter, Harry
(1925) English sports commentator who commentated on boxing and other sports on television for the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for over 40 years. ...

Carpenter, Mary
(1807-1877) English philanthropist. Her interest in poor children prompted her, in 1835, to start a working and visiting society and later a ragged school with a night school in the poorest part of Bristol,...

Carpentier, Alejo
(1904-1980) Cuban novelist. His weighty novels and stories treat the paradoxes of Latin American history. In Los pasos perdidos/The Lost Steps (1953), a failed musician searches for his roots, and for a return...

carpet
Thick textile fabric, generally made of wool, used for covering floors and stairs. There is a long tradition of fine handmade carpets in the Middle East, India, Pakistan, and China. Western carpets...

carpetbagger
In US history, derogatory name for any of the entrepreneurs and politicians from the North who moved to the Southern states during Reconstruction (1865-77) after the Civil War, to exploit the...

Carpini, Johannes de Plano
(c. 1182-c. 1252) Italian Franciscan friar and traveller. Sent by Pope Innocent IV on a mission to the Great Khan, he visited Mongolia 1245-47 and wrote a history of the Mongols in Latin. ...

Carr, Archie
(1909-1987) US herpetologist. He made major contributions to the ecology of fishes, amphibians, and reptiles of Florida. His classic conservationist book, The Windward Road (1956), became the beginning of his...

Carr, John
(1723-1807) English architect. He made his reputation as a designer of country mansions in the Palladian style. These include Harewood House (1759-71), in collaboration with Robert Adam; Tabley House...

Carr, John Dickson
(1905-1977) US writer. His ingenious detective stories include The Crooked Hinge (1938), The Sleeping Sphinx (1947), Scandal at High Chimneys (1959), and many others. He also wrote crime mysteries under the...

Carracci
Three Italian painters, Lodovico Carracci (1555-1619) and his two cousins, the brothers Agostino Carracci (1557-1602) and Annibale Carracci (1560-1609), who founded an influential school of...

Carranza, Bartolomé de
(1503-1576) Spanish priest. He entered the Dominican order, and became professor of theology at Valladolid University. Charles V sent him to the Council of Trent. He accompanied Philip II to England, and became...

Carranza, Venustiano
(1859-1920) Mexican revolutionary leader, president 1914-20. His presidency was marked by civil unrest and his reluctance to implement reforms set out in the 1917 constitution. Carranza supported Francisco...

Carreño de Miranda, Juan
(1614-1685) Spanish painter. His style was formed by study of Peter Paul Rubens and Diego Velázquez. He painted frescoes of religious subjects (Toledo Cathedral) and mythological scenes (Alcázar, Madrid), but...

Carrera Andrade, Jorge
(1903-1978) Ecuadorean poet and diplomat who helped to found the Ecuadorean Socialist Party in 1926. His first poetry collection, Estanque inefable/Ineffable Pond (1922), consisted of mostly rural poems. In the...

Carrhae, Battle of
Disastrous defeat in 53 BC of the invading Roman governor of Syria Marcus Licinius Crassus by the Parthians at the ancient town of Carrhae, near Haran, Turkey. All but 500 of the 6,000-strong...

Carrick-on-Suir Castle
Castle of the Earls of Ormond at Carrick-on-Suir, County Tipperary, Republic of Ireland, dating from 1450. It is unique in Ireland in having a manor house added to it in 1568 by Thomas Butler...

carrier warfare
Naval warfare involving aircraft carriers. Carrier warfare was conducted during World War II in...

Carriera, Rosalba (Giovanna)
(1675-1757) Italian painter of miniatures and pastel portraits. She worked in Paris and Vienna as well as Venice, and popularized the use of the pastel medium by artists in 18th-century France. ...

Carrington, Dora (de Houghton)
(1893-1932) English painter, a member of the Bloomsbury Group. She developed a style which, in its emphasis on design and bold colours, is typical of English post-Impressionism of the period from World War I...

Carrington, Peter Alexander Rupert
(1919) British Conservative politician. He was defence secretary 1970-74, and led the opposition in the House of Lords 1964-70 and 1974-79. While foreign secretary 1979-82, he negotiated...

Carroll, Anna Ella
(1815-1893) US political writer. During the US Civil War, she wrote in favour of the Union cause with such pamphlets as War Powers of the Central Government (1861). After the war she claimed she had suggested...

Carroll, Charles
(1737-1832) American public official who, as a member of the Continental Congress, was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence 1776. He was one of Maryland's...

Carroll, Diahann
(1935) US actor and singer. Star of No Strings (1962), she appeared in the movie I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1979). When she appeared in Julia 1968-71, and Dynasty 1984-87, she was the first black...

Carroll, John
(1735-1815) American bishop. Named head of the US Catholic clergy in 1784, Carroll was consecrated as the first American Catholic bishop (of Baltimore) in 1790, and named an archbishop in 1808. He laboured to...

Carroll, Lewis
(1832-1898) English author of the children's classics Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). Among later works was the...

Carrowkeel
Neolithic and Bronze Age cemetery set on a hilltop of the Bricklieve Mountains overlooking Lough Arrow, in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland. An impressive group of 14 round cairns contain...

Carrowmore
Extensive Neolithic cemetery in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland, 5 km/3 mi southwest of Sligo; the largest group of megalithic monuments in the British Isles and the second largest in Europe after...

Carso, Battles of the
In World War I, four major battles 1916-17 between Italian forces attempting to seize Trieste, and Austrian forces trying to stop them. The Carso is a limestone plateau lying north of the...

Carson, Edward Henry
(1854-1935) Anglo-Irish politician and lawyer who played a decisive part in the trial of the writer Oscar Wilde. In the years before World War I he led the movement in Ulster to resist Irish home rule by...

cartel
Agreement among national or international firms not to compete with one another. Cartels can be formed to fix prices by maintaining the price of a product at an artificially low level, to deter new...

Carter Doctrine
Assertion 1980 by President Carter of a vital US interest in the Gulf region (prompted by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and instability in Iran): any outside attempt at control would be met by...

Carter, Angela
(1940-1992) English writer of the magic realist school. Her works are marked by elements of Gothic fantasy, a fascination with the erotic and the violent, tempered by a complex lyricism and a comic touch. Her...

Carter, Elizabeth
(1717-1806) English poet and translator. She published her Poems upon Particular Occasions at the age of 21. Her translation of the work of the Greek philosopher Epictetus, published 1758, won...

Carter, Gwendolyn Margaret
(1906-1991) Canadian-born political scientist who became a naturalized US citizen in the early 1940s. She focused on Africa, particularly on apartheid; her books include The Politics of Inequality (1958,...

Carter, Howard
(1873-1939) English Egyptologist. He discovered the virtually intact tomb of Tutankhamen, an Egyptian king of the 18th dynasty. This important archaeological find was made in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings at...

Carter, Jimmy
(1924) 39th president of the USA 1977-81, a Democrat. Features of his presidency were the return of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama, the introduction of an amnesty programme for deserters and draft...

Carter, Nick
US writer; see Edward L Stratemeyer. ...

Carter, Robert `King`
(1663-1732) American colonial official and landowner. A large landowner himself, he became the agent for the wealthy Fairfax family in 1702 and used his position to become one of the wealthiest...

Carter, Rosalynn (born Smith)
(1927) US first lady, the wife of Jimmy Carter, whom she married in 1946. An active first lady, she spoke out on human rights, travelled abroad, and sat in on many cabinet meetings. Deeply hurt by Carter's...

Carteret, John, 1st Earl Granville
(1690-1763) English diplomat and politician; chief adviser to George II 1742-44. Born the second Lord Carteret, a prodigious intellect and linguistic ability marked him out for a diplomatic career. As...

Carteret, Philip
English navigator who discovered the Pitcairn Islands 1767 during a round-the-world expedition 1766-69. He retired 1794 with the rank of rear admiral. ...

Carteret, Sir George
(c. 1599-1680) English Royalist politician, a supporter of Charles I and II during the period of parliamentarian rule. He was governor of Jersey 1643-51 and used his native island as a base for harrying...

Carthage
Ancient Phoenician port in North Africa founded by colonists from Tyre in the late 9th century BC; it lay 16 km/10 mi north of Tunis, Tunisia. A leading trading centre, it was in conflict with...

Carthusian order
Roman Catholic order of monks and, later, nuns, founded by St Bruno in 1084 at Chartreuse, near Grenoble, France. Living chiefly in unbroken silence, they ate one vegetarian meal a day and supported...

Cartier, George Etienne
(1814-1873) French-Canadian politician. He fought against the British in the rebellion 1837, was elected to the Canadian parliament 1848, and was joint prime minister with John A Macdonald 1858-62. He...

Cartier, Jacques
(1491-1557) French navigator who, while seeking a northwest passage to China and Japan in 1535, was the first European to sail up the St Lawrence River, Canada. On this expedition, he named...

Cartland, (Mary) Barbara (Hamilton)
(1901-2000) English romantic novelist. She published her first book, Jigsaw in 1921 and then produced a prolific stream of stories of chastely romantic love, usually in idealized or exotic settings, for a...

cartomancy
Practice of telling fortunes by cards, often tarot cards. ...

Carton House
Large Palladian-style seat of the Fitzgeralds, later Dukes of Leinster, at Maynooth, County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. Built on the site of a previous winged manor house, it was remodelled by...

cartoon
Humorous or satirical drawing or caricature; a strip cartoon or comic strip; traditionally, the base design for a large fresco, mosaic, or tapestry, transferred to a wall or canvas by tracing or...

Cartwright, Peter
(1785-1872) US religious leader. As a travelling Methodist preacher, he denounced drinking, gambling, and rival sects on the circuit in Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, and Indiana. A committed opponent of slavery,...

Cartwright, Thomas
(1535-1603) English clergyman. A leader of the early Puritans, he did much to strengthen and organize their doctrines. He entered into lengthy controversy with John Whitgift, and his attack on the Elizabethan...

Cartwright, William
(1611-1643) English dramatist. Of his plays, The Royal Slave, performed before Charles I in Oxford in 1636, was judged to be the most successful. He was a friend of the playwright Ben Jonson. ...

Carus, Paul
(1852-1919) German-born US philosopher who emigrated to the USA in the early 1880s. Preaching reverence for science, he espoused a monistic philosophy - reducing the nature of everything to one substance...

carvel
In Manx and Breton literature, a carol or ballad. Originally it referred to words set to a dance measure. ...

Carvel, Robert
(1919-1990) British journalist. He was political editor of the Evening Standard for 25 years, retiring 1985. His columns did much to inform and entertain the ordinary reader who looked for a lighter, but still...

Carver, George Washington
(1860-1943) US agricultural chemist. He devoted his life to improving the economy of the US South and the condition of African-Americans. He advocated the diversification of crops, promoted peanut production,...

Carver, John
(c. 1576-1621) Pilgrim who emigrated to America in the Mayflower, and was appointed first governor of the Plymouth colony 1620-21. He had taken refuge in Leiden, the Netherlands, 1609 as the result of religious...

Carver, Raymond
(1938-1988) US short-story writer and poet. His writing deals mainly with blue-collar middle America, depicting failed, empty lives in a spare prose. His major works include Will You Please Be Quiet, Please...

carving
In sculpture, the technique of cutting or hewing the surface of a block of material to shape it into a particular form. A carving can also be decoration or inscription cut into flatter surfaces such...

Cary, Alice
(1820-1871) and Phoebe (1824-1871) US poets. They were sisters. They published a joint volume, Poems, 1849 and in 1850 moved to New York where they became the centre of a literary circle, producing collections of...

Cary, Elisabeth Luther
(1867-1936) US writer. She became the first full-time art critic for the New York Times 1908-27. She also wrote many translations from the French, and critical studies of such writers as Ralph Waldo Emerson...

caryatid
Building support or pillar in the shape of a female figure, the name deriving from the Karyatides, who were priestesses at the temple of Artemis at K ...

Casa, Giovanni della
(1503-1556) Italian writer and cleric. His treatise on courtly manners, Galateo, written 1551-55, printed in 1558, was attempted to follow the success of Baldassare Castiglione's The Courtier by providing...

Casablanca Conference
World War II meeting of the US and UK leaders Roosevelt and Churchill, 14-24 January 1943, at which the Allied demand for the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy, and Japan was issued. This...