Copy of `The History Channel - Encyclopedia`

The wordlist doesn't exist anymore, or, the website doesn't exist anymore. On this page you can find a copy of the original information. The information may have been taken offline because it is outdated.

The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Clarke, Austin
(1896-1974) Irish poet. Born in Dublin, and educated at University College, Dublin, he became a leading member of the `second wave` of the Irish literary revival. He found an alternative to the vague...

Clarke, Charles Rodway
(1950) British Labour politician. After a left-wing past, Clarke helped modernize the Labour Party as chief of staff to party leader Neil Kinnock 1983-92, and has been loyal to Labour leader Tony Blair...

Clarke, Gillian
(1937) Welsh poet and editor. Typically her poems begin with an everyday incident that leads to a reflection on the history, landscape, or changing social life of Wales; in particular she focuses on the...

Clarke, Harry
(1889-1931) Irish stained-glass artist and illustrator. His style, both in glass and in his illustration work, is a personal interpretation of the stylized naturalism of Art Nouveau. His glass is minutely...

Clarke, James Freeman
(1810-1888) US religious leader. A supporter of temperance, the abolition of slavery, and women's suffrage, he was pastor of the Unitarian Church in Louisville, Kentucky, and edited theWestern Messenger from...

Clarke, James Paul
(1854-1916) US Democratic governor and senator. He was governor of Arkansas 1895-97. Serving in the US Senate 1904-16, he supported Philippine independence, regulation of the railroads, and workmen's...

Clarke, John H. (Hessin)
(1857-1945) US Supreme Court justice. He was appointed to the federal district court 1914-16, and to the US Supreme Court 1916-22, by President Woodrow Wilson. A renowned peacemaker, he stepped down from...

Clarke, Kenneth Harry
(1940) British Conservative politician. A cabinet minister 1985-97, he held the posts of education secretary 1990-92 and home secretary 1992-93. He succeeded Norman Lamont as chancellor of the...

Clarke, Marcus Andrew Hislop
(1846-1881) Australian writer. Born in London, he went to Australia when he was 18 and worked as a journalist in Victoria. He wrote For the Term of his Natural Life (1874), a novel dealing with life in the...

Clarke, Mary Victoria Cowden
(1809-1898) English critic, wife of Charles Cowden Clarke. In addition to the works written with her husband, she published The Complete Concordance to Shakespeare (1844-45), The Girlhood of Shakespeare's...

Clarke, Samuel
(1675-1729) English cleric and philosopher. He became chaplain to Queen Anne in 1706 and rector of St James, Westminster, in 1709. His famous discussion with the German mathematician and philosopher Gottfried...

Clarkson, Jeremy
(1960) English motoring journalist and television personality, best known for presenting the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) car programme Top Gear (1991-99). He also presented his own chat show...

Clarkson, Thomas
(1760-1846) British philanthropist. From 1785 he devoted himself to a campaign against slavery. He was one of the founders of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1823 and was largely responsible for the abolition of...

class action
In law, a court procedure where one or more claimants represent a larger group of people who are all making the same kind of claim against the same defendant. The court's decision is binding on all...

classical economics
School of economic thought that dominated 19th-century thinking. It originated with Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations (1776), which embodied many of the basic concepts and principles of the...

classicism
Term used in art, music, and literature, to characterize work that emphasizes the qualities traditionally associated with ancient Greek and Roman art, that is, reason, balance, objectivity, and...

Claude Lorrain
(1600-1682) French painter who worked in Rome. One of the leading classical painters of the 17th century, he painted landscapes in a distinctive, luminous style that had a great impact on late 17th- and...

Claudel, Paul (Louis Charles Marie)
(1868-1955) French poet and dramatist. A fervent Catholic, he was influenced by the Symbolists (see Symbolism) and achieved an effect of mystic allegory in such plays as L'Annonce faite à Marie/Tidings Brought...

Claudian
(c. 370-404) Last of the great Latin poets of the Roman Empire. He was probably born in Alexandria, Egypt. Although his native tongue was Greek he acquired a perfect command of Latin. He wrote official...

Claudius Appius Caecus
(lived 4th-3rd century BC) Full name of the Roman statesman Caecus. ...

Claudius I
(10 BC-AD 54) Nephew of Tiberius, and son of Drusus Nero, made...

Claudius II
(c.AD 214-270) Roman emperor from 268. He had a distinguished military career and was made governor of the province of Illyricum, east of the Adriatic, under the emperor Valerian. He was proclaimed emperor by the...

Claus, Hugo
(born 1929) Flemish writer and dramatist. He may be the most versatile and original of Flemish writers of the second half of the 20th century, and his novels give a dispassionate account of an absurd humanity....

Clause 28
In British law, section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988 that prohibits local authorities promoting homosexuality by publishing material, or by promoting the teaching in state schools of the...

Clavell, James du Maresq
(1924-1994) British writer, scriptwriter, film director, and producer. His best-selling novels include King Rat (1962), Taipan (1966), Shogun (1975), Noble House (1981), Whirlwind (1986), Gai-Jin (1993)....

Claverhouse, John Graham
(c. 1649-1689) Scottish soldier. Appointed by Charles II to suppress the Covenanters from 1677, he...

clay
Fine-grained sediment (mud) used as the basic material in ceramics. The term can refer to a variety of mixtures and textures....

Clay, Henry
(1777-1852) US politician. He stood unsuccessfully three times for the presidency: as a Democratic-Republican in 1824, as a National Republican in 1832, and as a Whig in 1844. He supported the War of 1812...

Clay, Lucius DuBignon
(1897-1978) US commander-in-chief of the US occupation forces in Germany 1947-49. He broke the Soviet blockade of Berlin 1948 after 327 days, with an airlift - a term he brought into general use -...

Claydon House
House in Buckinghamshire, England, 21 km/13 mi northwest of Aylesbury. Claydon was the home of the Verney family from 1463. The present house was built 1752-68, but all that now remains is the...

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
Agreement between Britain and the USA to respect the neutrality of the proposed ship canal across Central America. It was signed for the USA by the Secretary of State, John Clayton and for Britain...

Clayton, John M(iddleton)
(1796-1856) US politician. He was a member of the Senate 1828-36, 1845-49, and again from 1852 until his death. As secretary of state, he negotiated, with the British diplomat Henry Lytton Bulwer...

Clayton, Powell
(1833-1914) US Republican governor and senator. As Arkansas governor 1868-71, he attacked the Ku Klux Klan and encouraged railroad construction. Indicted for corruption, but never convicted, he served in the...

Clazomenae
Ancient city in Ionia, on the east coast of the Aegean Sea, one of the 12 leading cities which formed the Ionian League. It was the birthplace of the philosopher Anaxagoras, and painted terracotta...

Clearchus
(c. 450-401 BC) Spartan general. After serving in the Peloponnesian War, he was appointed governor of...

clearing bank
Commercial bank that is a member of a cheque-clearing system for the purposes of clearing cheques drawn against each others' funds. In the UK, all the major high-street commercial banks are...

Cleaver, (Leroy) Eldridge
(1935-1998) US political activist. He joined the Black Panthers in 1967 (see Black Power), becoming minister of information, and stood for US president in...

Cleburne, Patrick (Ronayne)
(1828-1864) Irish-born US Confederate soldier. Emigrating to the USA, he prospered as a druggist, and later as a lawyer, in Helena, Arkansas. A commander in Confederate service, Cleburne fought at Shiloh,...

Cleland, John
(1709-1789) English writer. His novel Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1748-49; also known by the name of its narrator, Fanny Hill), which he wrote to free himself from his creditors, was considered indecent...

Cleland, William
(c. 1661-1689) Scottish soldier and poet. He joined the Covenanters, with whom he fought at Drumclog and Bothwell Bridge in 1679 against Government forces to defend Presbyterianism in Scotland. Later he was an...

Clemens, Samuel Langhorne
Real name of the US writer Mark Twain. ...

Clement I, St
Early Christian leader and pope; see Clement of Rome, St. ...

Clement of Alexandria
(c.AD 150-c. 215) Greek theologian who applied Greek philosophical ideas to Christian doctrine, believing that Greek philosophy was a divine gift to humanity. He was one of the early Christian writers whose writings...

Clement of Rome, St
(lived late 1st century) One of the early Christian leaders and writers known as the fathers of the church. According to tradition he was the third or fourth bishop of Rome, and a disciple of St Peter. He was pope AD...

Clement V
(1264-1314) Pope 1305-14. Formerly archbishop of Bordeaux, he was unduly influenced by Philip (IV) the Fair, King of France, at whose instigation he suppressed the Templars, a powerful military order of...

Clement VII
(1478-1534) Pope 1523-34. He refused to allow the divorce of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragón. Illegitimate son of a brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, the ruler of Florence, he commissioned...

Clement VIII
(1536-1605) Pope 1592-1605. A fervent supporter of the Counter-Reformation, he issued a new edition of the Index prohibitorum and supported the execution of Giordano Bruno. In 1598 he annexed Ferrara to the...

Clement XI
(1649-1721) Pope 1700-21. His bull Unigenitus (1713) condemned 101 Jansenistic propositions (see Jansenism). He placed a disastrous ban upon the adaptation of non-Christian rites by missionaries in China. ...

Clement XIV
(1795-1774) Pope 1769-74. After vain negotiation, he issued Dominus ac Redemptor noster (1773) suppressing the Jesuit order. He was a patron of the arts and founded the Clementine Museum in the Vatican. ...

Clement, Frank (Goad)
(1920-1969) US Democratic governor. As governor of Tennessee from 1953-59 and 1963-67, he supported funding for education and public health and proclaimed his opposition to segregation, but in 1964 he...

Clemente, Francesco
(1952) Italian painter. He was at the forefront of neo-expressionism in the 1970s. His use of hand-drawn imagery, rendered in an expressive, naive, and colourful style, was a reaction to the...

Clements, John Selby
(1910-1988) English actor and director. His productions included revivals of Restoration comedies and the plays of George Bernard Shaw. He was knighted in 1968. ...

Cleobis
In Greek mythology, one of the brothers Biton and Cleobis. ...

Cleombrotus I
(lived 4th century BC) King of Sparta 380-371 BC. He led the Spartans at the Battle of Leuctra 371 BC against the Thebans under Epaminondas. The Spartans suffered a decisive defeat in the battle and Cleombrotus was...

Cleombrotus II
(lived 3rd century BC) King of Sparta about 242-240 BC. On the expulsion of his father-in-law King Leonidas II, he was elected king by the supporters of the former king Agis IV. On the return of Leonidas, about two...

Cleomenes I
(lived 6th-5th century BC) Spartan king (ruled about 510-490 BC). He was successful in the expulsion of the tyrant Hippias (ruled 527-510 BC)...

Cleon
(died 422 BC) Athenian politician and general in the Peloponnesian War. He became `leader of the people` (demagogue) after the death of Pericles to whom he was opposed. He was an aggressive imperialist and...

Cleopatra
(c. 68-30 BC) Queen of Egypt 51-48 and 47-30 BC. When the Roman general Julius Caesar arrived in Egypt, he restored Cleopatra to the throne from which she had been ousted. Cleopatra...

Cleopatra's Needle
Name given to two ancient Egyptian granite obelisks erected at Heliopolis in the 15th century BC by Thutmose III, and removed to Alexandria by the Roman emperor Augustus in about 14 BC; they have no...

clerestory
In architecture, the windows in the upper part of the central nave of a basilican church or hall. Its purpose is to admit clear light, this method of lighting being constantly used by the Romans in...

Clerides, Glafkos John
(1919) Greek Cypriot lawyer and politician, president of Cyprus from 1993. Leader of the right-of-centre Democratic Rally, he unsuccessfully contested the presidency in 1978, 1983, and 1988, and then...

clerk of the peace
Former local government and judicial official in England and Wales. Clerks of the peace held the office of clerk to the county council and in many cases were also clerks to the justices and quarter...

Clerk, John
(1728-1812) Scottish naval theoretician, author of `Essay on Naval Tactics`, first published in its entirety in 1804. His naval schemes were successfully adopted in 1782 when Lord Rodney gained a victory at...

Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon
(1846-1923) French archaeologist and Orientalist. In 1870 he discovered the stele of Mesha, a stone bearing the oldest inscription known at that time attributed to Semitic peoples, regarded as politically...

Clevedon Court
Manor house, 2 km/1 mi east of Clevedon, Somerset, England, built by John de Clevedon in the 14th century, and added to in practically every century since then. It was in the possession of the Elton...

Cleveland (or Cleiveland), John
(1613-1658) English poet. He belonged to the group of Cavalier poets, but also turned his hand to satire. His best-known satire is...

Cleveland, (Stephen) Grover
(1837-1908) 22nd and 24th president of the USA, 1885-89 and 1893-97; the first Democratic president elected after the Civil War. He attempted to check corruption in public life and reduce tariffs. These...

Cleveland, Duchess of
English courtier, mistress of Charles II; see Castlemaine, Countess of. ...

Cleveland, Frances (born Folsom)
(1864-1947) US first lady. One of the youngest first ladies, she married US president Grover Cleveland in 1886, when she was 21 and he was 49. She married again after Cleveland's death and was active in poor...

Cleveland, Horace, W S
(1814-1900) US landscape architect. An advocate of open space design to reduce the problems of urbanism, he designed parks for newly developing cities and suburbs from Providence, Rhode Island to Omaha,...

Cliff, Clarice
(1899-1972) English pottery designer. Her Bizarre ware, characterized by brightly coloured floral and geometric decoration on often geometrically shaped china, became...

Clifford
Anglo-Norman family descended from Richard Fitzponce. His son, Walter, adopted the name Clifford when he acquired Clifford Castle in Herefordshire by marriage. Clifford was the father of Fair...

Clifford, Nathan
(1803-1881) US Supreme Court justice. A Democrat, he served the US House of Representatives for Maine 1839-43. President James Polk appointed him attorney general in 1846 and sent him to negotiate an end to...

CLIMAP
Project that gathers information on sea-surface temperatures in different periods to produce palaeoclimatic maps for various parts of the world. The project comprises a multi-institutional...

Clinton, Bill
(1946) 42nd president of the USA 1993-2001. A Democrat, he served as governor of Arkansas 1979-81 and 1983-93, establishing a liberal and progressive reput ...

Clinton, De Witt
(1769-1828) American political leader. After serving in the US Senate 1802-03, he was elected mayor of New York City 1803-15 and governor of New York State from 1817. A strong promoter of the Erie Canal, he...

Clinton, George
(1739-1812) US politician. In 1777 he was appointed governor of New York, a post he held for six successive terms. In 1804 he became vice-president of the USA, an office he held until his death. Previously he...

Clinton, Hillary Diane Rodham
(1947) US lawyer, Democrat senator, and former first lady. She was elected senator for New York in November 2000, becoming the first first lady to hold public office, and was re-elected in 2006. In 2007...

Clio
In Greek mythology, the Muse of history. Her symbol was a chest of scrolls or open scroll. ...

cliometrics
The use of statistics to measure and quantify the salient elements of an economy. The data produced are sometimes used to construct hypothetical models where one element is removed and the...

Clive, Caroline
(1801-1873) English writer. She published several sets of poems, signed `V.`, and the sensational novel Paul Ferroll 1855. ...

Clive, Catherine Kitty
(1711-1785) English actor. About 1727 she came to the notice of Colley Cibber, manager of the Drury Lane Theatre, London, and a place was found for her in the company. In 1743 she went to Covent Garden, and...

Clive, Robert
(1725-1774) British soldier and administrator who established British rule in India by victories over French troops at Arcot and over the nawab (prince) of Bengal at Plassey in 1757. This victory secured Bengal...

Cliveden
Large Victorian house near Maidenhead, England, on the Buckinghamshire-Berkshire border. The 2nd Viscount Astor gave Cliveden to the National Trust in 1942, together with its gardens and woods...

Clodius, Publius
(c. 92-52 BC) Roman politician. A patrician by birth, he was adopted into a plebeian family so that he could become tribune of the plebs 58 BC. He was engaged in feuds with the orator Cicero...

Clodumar, Kinza
(1945) Nauruan politician, president 1997-98. He was elected executive president by parliament in February 1997, ending several months of political instability that had witnessed three changes of...

cloisonné
Ornamental craft technique in which thin metal strips are soldered in a pattern onto a metal surface, and the resulting compartments (cloisons) filled with coloured enamels and fired. The technique...

cloisonnism
In painting, a technique used by the French Symbolist painters, notably Paul Gauguin and Émile Bernard (1868-1941). Cloisonnism is characterized by areas of flat colour surrounded by heavy...

cloister
In architecture, a quadrangle surrounded by walkways or covered passages for shelter from rain, attached to monastic buildings and cathedrals, and often also...

Cloisters, the
Branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Fort Tryon Park, New York. It consists of several reassembled European medieval buildings, and exhibits include medieval tapestries, sculpture, pictures,...

Clonmacnoise
Monastic site in County Offaly, Republic of Ireland, 6 km/4 mi north of Shannonbridge. It is one of the most historically important monastic sites in Ireland. St Ciaran founded the monastic city,...

Clontarf, Battle of
Comprehensive Irish victory over a Norse invasion force on Good Friday, 23 April, 1014. Although the Irish won a magnificent victory which completely lifted the Norse threat to Ireland, the Irish...

close
In English architecture, an enclosed space forming the precinct of a cathedral or monastery (see Salisbury Cathedral). The term is also used for a narrow passage leading to a block of tenement...

Close, (Charles Thomas) Chuck
(1940) US painter. A photo-realist painter of large portraits, as in Phil (1969), he was based in New York City from 1967, and taught at several universities. Paralysed from the neck down since 1988, he...

closed shop
Any place of work, such as a factory or an office, where all workers within a section must belong to a single, officially recognized trade union. The term is also used where a particular task is...

closure
Method of bringing a question under discussion to an immediate decision in Parliamentary procedure. It was introduced in 1881 by William Gladstone to combat the obstructive tactics of the Irish...

Clotaire II
(584-629) King of the Franks. A baby when his father, Chilperic I,...

clothes
Articles made to cover the human body. Clothes can be worn simply for warmth, but they have almost always had the additional purpose of indicating sex and status or of enhancing the appearance. The...

Clothilde
(or St Clothilda) (475-545) Queen of the Franks. She was the daughter of Chilperic, King of Burgundy, and became the wife of Clovis I, King of the Franks, in 493. She exerted great influence over her husband and converted him...

Clotho
In Greek mythology, one of the Fates. ...