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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Struve, Petr Berngardovich
(1870-1944) Soviet economist, sociologist and politician of German descent. In the 1890s he was the leading Marxist theorist in Russia, and in 1898 drafted the manifesto of the Russian Social Democratic...

Struwwelpeter
Collection of cautionary tales written and illustrated by German author Heinrich Hoffmann (1809-1894), published in German 1845 (English translation 1848). The tales, in verse form, feature...

Stryker, Roy Emerson
(1893-1975) US government official. An economist, he was chief of the Farm Security Administration's (FSA) historical section 1935-43, where he developed an outstanding team of photographers to document harsh...

Stuart architecture
See English architecture. ...

Stuart Highway
First Australian all-weather route north to south across the continent (Darwin-Alice Springs 1943, extended to Adelaide 1985); it was named after...

Stuart, Gilbert Charles
(1755-1828) US painter. He was one of the leading US portrait painters of his day. After working in London, where he assimilated the methods of 18th-century English portraiture, he returned to the USA and...

Stuart, James `Athenian`
(1713-1788) English architect. He is notable for his role in the Greek Revival movement. His small but distinctive output includes the Doric Temple at Hagley Park, Worcestershire, 1758, and decorative schemes...

Stuart, Jeb
(1833-1864) US soldier. The Confederacy's best-known cavalry commander, he mounted a well-timed charge that stopped a federal assault at First Bull Run in 1861. In June 1862 he led 1,200 troopers in a...

Stuart, John Leighton
(1876-1972) Chinese-born US Protestant missionary and educator who was the son of Presbyterian missionaries. He was a professor at Nanking Theological Seminary from 1908 to 1919; in the latter year he became...

Stuart, John McDouall
(1815-1866) Scottish-born Australian explorer. He went with Charles Sturt on his 1844 expedition, and in 1860, after two unsuccessful attempts, crossed the centre of Australia from Adelaide in the southeast...

Stuart, Lady Arabella
(1575-1615) Claimant to the English throne. She was the cousin of...

Stuart, Moses
(1780-1852) US Protestant clergyman and educator. From 1810 to 1848 he was professor of sacred literature at Andover Theological Seminary, where he learned Hebrew and published the first Hebrew grammar in...

Stubbs, George
(1724-1806) English artist. He is renowned for his paintings of horses, such as Mares and Foals (about 1763; Tate Gallery, London). After the publication of his book of engravings The Anatomy of the Horse...

Stubbs, William
(1825-1901) British historian and churchman. In 1866 he became regius professor of modern history at Oxford University. His chief publication, Constitutional History of England (1873-78), is a work of...

stucco
Durable plaster finish for exterior walls, composed of sand and lime. In the 18th and 19th centuries stucco was used extensively to add dignity to brick buildings, by giving the illusion that they...

Students for a Democratic Society
(SDS) US student movement, founded 1962, which steered a middle line between Marxism and orthodox left-wing politics; its members opposed racism and imperialism. At its peak it had some 100,000...

Stukeley, William
(1687-1765) English antiquarian and pioneer archaeologist, who made some of the earliest accurate observations about Stonehenge in 1740 and Avebury in 1743. He originated the popular (but erroneous) idea that...

stupa
Domed structure built to house a Theravadan Buddhist or Jain relic. The stupa originated in India around 1000 BC from burial monuments and is usually a hemisphere crowned by a spire. In the Far...

Sturdee, Frederick Charles Doveton
(1859-1925) British admiral. He became chief of the war staff 1914 and was sent by Lord Fisher to find the German admiral von Spee after the British defeat at Coronel, which he did at the Battle of the Falkland...

Sture, Sten
(1492-1520) Regent of Sweden. His brief but stormy rule was occupied with the humiliation of his rival, Archbishop Trolle, whom he immured in a monastery after capturing his stronghold of Stäkket in 1516. He...

Sture, Sten
(1440-1503) Regent of Sweden. He raised levies from the peasants and twice defeated Christian I of Denmark, the second time at the battle of Brunkeberg (1471). He was finally obliged to acknowledge the...

Sturgis, John Hubbard
(1834-1888) Macau-born US architect. His 1866-88 Boston partnership with Charles Brigham (1841-1925) was best known for residential designs and interiors; they introduced the English Arts and Crafts...

Sturgis, Russell
(1836-1909) US architect and architectural critic. He abandoned his architectural practice in 1880 after completing a series of buildings at Yale and became the foremost architectural critic of his day. In...

Sturmgeschutz
German armoured self-propelled gun of World War II, usually based on a tank chassis with a fixed superstructure rather than a turret and so able to carry a heavier gun than it...

Sturmgewehr
German automatic rifle developed 1942-43 around a 7.92 mm short cartridge. Popular and efficient, it became the forerunner of a new generation of rifles which equipped the world's armies after...

Sturt, Charles
(1795-1869) British explorer and soldier. In 1828 he sailed down the Murrumbidgee River in southeastern Australia to the estuary of the Murray in circumstances of great hardship, charting the entire river...

Sturzo, Luigi
(1871-1959) Italian Catholic political leader and leading opponent of Fascism. Ordained as a priest in 1894, he opposed the church's prohibition on Catholics' participation in Italian electoral politics. He...

Stuyvesant, Peter
(c. 1592-1672) Dutch colonial leader in America. Appointed director general of New Netherland 1646, he arrived there in 1647. He reorganized the administration of the colony and established a permanent boundary...

Styal
Village in Cheshire, England, 2 km/1 mi northwest of Wilmslow. Quarry Bank Cotton Mill was built in 1784, and the remainder of Styal village shortly after this. The village and 100-ha/247-acre...

style
In art, a particular artist's recognizable approach to a work of art, and their characteristic manner of expression. The term is also used to describe collectively artworks that share features in...

Style, Old and New
Forms of dating, see calendar. ...

Styron, William Clark
(1925-2006) US novelist. His novels Lie Down in Darkness (1951), The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967, Pulitzer Prize), and Sophie's Choice (1979, filmed 1982) all won critical and popular acclaim. Confessions...

Styx
In Greek mythology, the river surrounding Hades, the underworld. When an oath was sworn by Styx, its waters were taken to seal the promise. Gods who broke such a vow suffered a year's...

Suares, André
(1868-1948) French writer. Most of his work consists of essays and critical writings, including Images de la grandeur/Images of Greatness 1901, Voici l'homme/Ecce Homo 1906, and Sur la vie/On Life 1909-12. He...

Suárez González, Adolfo
(1932) Spanish politician, prime minister 1976-81. A friend of King Juan Carlos, he was appointed by the king to guide Spain into democracy after the death of the fascist dictator Franco. Suárez became...

Suárez, Francisco
(1548-1617) Spanish philosopher and theologian. He wrote his first work, De Verbo Incarnato, in 1590, which was noted for its attempts to reconcile the Thomist view of the Redemption as the final cause of the...

sub judice
Of judicial proceedings, not yet decided by a court of law or judge. As long as a matter is sub judice all discussion is prohibited elsewhere. ...

Sublette, William Lewis
(c. 1799-1845) US fur trader and merchant. He moved to Missouri around 1818 and made a fortune in the fur trade. In partnership with Jedediah Strong Smith, he brought the first wagons over the Oregon Trail to the...

subpoena
In law, an order requiring someone who might not otherwise come forward of his or her own volition to give evidence before a court or judicial official at a specific time and place. A witness who...

subsidiarity
Devolution of decision-making within the European Union from the centre to the lowest level possible. Since the signing of the Maastricht Treaty on European union 1991, which affirms that,...

subsidiary
In business, a company that is legally controlled by another company having 50% or more of its shares. A parent company may believe that having a subsidiary is preferable to full integration for...

subsidy
Government payment or concession granted to a state or private company, or an individual. A subsidy may be provided to keep prices down, to stimulate the market for a particular product, or because...

subtext
Unstated message or theme in a speech or piece of writing, conveyed in the tone of voice, choice and arrangement of words etc. The subtext can be used as a literary device, and can be important to...

Succession, Acts of
In English history, legislation of Henry VIII to establish the line of succession to the throne. The first act was passed 1534, giving Anne Boleyn's children precedence over Princess Mary, Henry...

Succoth
In Judaism, a festival celebrated in September/October, which commemorates the time when the Israelites lived in the wilderness during the ...

succubus
A female spirit; see incubus. ...

Suchocka, Hanna
(1946) Polish politician, prime minister 1992-93. She was chosen by President Wa&lsla;&ecedil;sa because her unaligned background won her the support of seven of the eight parties that agreed to join a...

Sucre, Antonio José de
(1795-1830) South American revolutionary leader. As chief lieutenant of Simón Bolívar, he won several battles in freeing the colonies of Ecuador and...

Sudan
Country in northeast Africa, bounded north by Egypt, northeast by the Red Sea, east by Ethiopia and Eritrea, south by Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), west by...

Sudbury Hall
House in Derbyshire, England, 7 km/4 mi east of Uttoxeter. It was begun around 1613 but not completed until much later in the century. It is built of diaper brick (a design using bricks of different...

Sudermann, Hermann
(1857-1928) German playwright and novelist. After a short spell of journalism in 1881-82 he began writing novels in the Maupassant style. But it was as a dramatist that he won most of his popularity; his...

Sudeten
Mountainous region in northeast Bohemia, Czech Republic, extending eastwards along the border with Poland. Sudeten was annexed by Germany under the Munich Agreement 1938; it was returned to...

Sudharmono
(1927-2006) Indonesian soldier, military lawyer, and politician, vice president 1988-93. Sudharmono was President Suharto's aide from 1966 and served as secretary of state 1973-88 and chair of the...

Sudra
A member of the fourth caste in India's caste system. Traditionally members of the Sudra are not allowed to study the Veda, the most sacred of the Hindu scriptures, or learn Sanskrit. They are...

Sue, Eugène (Joseph Marie)
(1804-1857) French novelist. He specialized in the portrayal of the urban squalor produced by industrialization. His novel Les Mystères de Paris/The Mysteries of Paris 1842 revealed the sordid side of of the...

Suenens, Leon Joseph
(1904-1996) Belgian cardinal. He was educated at the Gregorian University in Rome, Italy, and went on to be ordained in 1927. His abilities attracted attention and he was rapidly promoted. During the greater...

Suez Canal
Artificial waterway from Port Said to Suez, linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas; 160 km/100 mi long and with a minimum width of 60 m/197 ft. The...

Suez Crisis
US architect and architectural historian. Originally designing in the international style of Mies van der Rohe, he later became an exponent of postmodernism. He designed the giant AT&T building in...

suffering
Physical or mental pain, interpreted in different ways in different faiths. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, suffering arises as a direct result of the actions (karma) of this or a previous life....

suffragan
In the Christian church, an assistant bishop, appointed to work in a part of the diocese. ...

suffrage, universal
See universal suffrage. ...

suffragette
Woman fighting for the right to vote. In the UK, the repeated defeat in Parliament of women's suffrage bills, introduced by supporters of the women's movement between 1886 and 1911, led to the...

suffragist
US term for suffragette. In Britain, the term is used to indicate a member of the women's suffrage societies who wished to obtain the vote by peaceful lobbying. The leader of the movement,...

Sufism
Mystical movement of Islam that originated in the 8th century. Sufis emphasize the development of spiritual knowledge of God, and believe that deep intuition is the only real guide to knowledge....

Sugar Act
Legislation passed by the British Parliament in 1764 enforcing the taxation of sugar and molasses imported into the American colonies from non-British areas. This was Parliament's first attempt at...

Suger
(c. 1081-1151) French historian and politician. He was regent of France during the Second Crusade. In 1122 he was elected abbot of St Denis, Paris, and was counsellor to, and biographer of, Louis...

Suharto, Thojib I
(1921) Indonesian politician and general, president 1967-98. His authoritarian rule met with domestic opposition from the left, but the Indonesian economy enjoyed significant growth until 1997. He was...

Suhrawardy, Hussein Shaheed
(1893-1963) Indian and Pakistani politician, prime minister of Pakistan 1956-57. In 1945 Suhrawardy became chief minister of the Muslim League, which argued for the partition of...

Sui dynasty
Chinese ruling family 581-618 which reunited China after the strife of the Three Kingdoms era. There were two Sui emperors: Yang Qien (Yang Chien, 541-604), and Yangdi (Yang-ti, ruled...

suicide
The act of intentionally killing oneself; also someone who does this. The frequency of attempted suicide is 20 times higher than actual suicide. Three times more women than men attempt suicide, and...

Sukarno, Achmed
(1901-1970) Indonesian nationalist, president 1945-67. During World War II he cooperated in the local administration set up by the Japanese, replacing Dutch rule. After the war he became the first president...

Sukarnoputri, Megawati Setyawati
(1946) Indonesian centrist politician, president 2001-04. The daughter of Indonesia's popular founding president Sukarno, she became president in July 2001 after President Abdurrahman Wahid was removed...

Sukenick, Ronald
(1932-2004) US postmodern novelist and theoretician. His innovative and laconic style marks the collection The Death of the Novel and Other Stories (1969) and such novels as Up (1968) and Out (1973). Later...

Sukuma
Member of a Bantu farming people living south of Lake Victoria in Tanzania. Composed of many small groups, formerly all politically autonomous, they are today united in the Sukuma Federation. ...

Suleiman (or Solyman)
(c. 1494-1566) Ottoman sultan from 1520, known as the Magnificent and the Lawgiver. Under his rule, the Ottoman Empire flourished and reached its largest extent; see Turkey: history to 1923, expansion of the...

Sulgrave Manor
House in Northamptonshire, England, 11 km/7 mi northeast of Banbury. It was built by Lawrence Washington in 1560 on the site of a dissolved priory. The present house, altered and restored, was...

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius
(138 BC-78 BC) Roman general and dictator. He was elected consul in 88 BC after defeating the Samnites several times during the Italian Social War. In the same year, Marius tried to deprive him of the command...

Sullivan, Anne
(1866-1936) US teacher of Helen Keller. In 1887 she taught seven-year-old Helen Keller and broke through Helen's isolation by spelling out words on her hand. For the rest of her life Sullivan remained...

Sullivan, Ed(ward Vincent)
(1902-1974) US journalist and television host. Originally a sportswriter, he began his syndicated Broadway gossip column at the New York Daily News in 1934. He hosted the CBS variety series, The Ed Sullivan...

Sullivan, James
(1744-1808) American legal scholar. He was initially King's counsel for York County in Maine but took an active role in support of the American War of Independence. For many years he was a prominent Boston...

Sullivan, John
(1740-1795) American soldier and public official. He led the expedition to Newport, Rhode Island in 1778, which failed largely because of the absence of naval support. After the American Revolution, Sullivan...

Sullivan, John L(awrence)
(1899-1982) US lawyer and public official. He was the assistant secretary of the treasury 1939-44 and worked actively on the wartime finances. His tenure as secretary of t ...

Sullivan, Leon (Howard)
(1922) US civil rights activist and Baptist minister. As pastor at Zion Baptist Church in North Philadelphia 1950-88, he espoused `evangelistic materialism` and led boycotts of Philadelphia...

Sullivan, Louis Henry
(1856-1924) US architect. He was a leader of the Chicago School...

Sullivan, Mark
(1874-1952) US journalist. A muckraking writer for McClure's and Collier's magazines 1905-14, he edited Collier's for a few years and, from 1923, wrote a syndicated column for the New York Tribune (later,...

Sullivan, Pat(rick)
(1887-1933) Australian-born US animator and cartoonist. He wrote and drew a newspaper comic strip called `Sammie Johnson`, turned it into a silent animated film 1916, and created the first cartoon-film...

Sulzberger, Arthur Hays
(1891-1968) US newspaper proprietor. Between 1935 and his retirement in 1961, Sulzberger expanded the circulation of the New York Times both throughout the USA and the world. He often declared that he never...

Sulzberger, Mayer
(1843-1923) German-born US judge and scholar who came to Philadelphia in 1848. He was educated there and became a lawyer in 1865. He became a judge of the court of common pleas 1895-1916. Throughout his...

Sulzer, William
(1863-1941) US Democrat representative and governor. He served in the US House of Representatives for New York 1895-1913, supporting such progressive policies as the graduated income tax and direct election...

Sumerian civilization
The world's earliest civilization, dating from about 3500 BC and located at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in lower Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). It was a city-state with...

Sumerian religion
Religion of the Sumerian civilization. Sumerian society was ruled by gods - everything belonged to the gods and the kings were their representatives. Humanity's role was to serve the gods and to...

summer camp
In the USA, a place in the country where children are sent without their parents during summer vacation; they offer outdoor recreation (such as hiking, swimming, and canoeing) as well as nature...

Summerskill, Edith Clara
(1901-1980) British Labour politician. From 1945 she was minister of food, being criticized by the Housewives League for continuing rationing, but achieving a significant breakthrough against tuberculosis with...

Summerson, John Newenham
(1904-1992) English architectural scholar and critic, whose books include Georgian London 1945, Heavenly Mansions 1949, and The Classical Language of Architecture 1964. He was curator of Sir John Soane's museum...

summit
In international diplomacy, a personal meeting between heads of state to settle international crises and other matters of general concern. `Summit` was first used in this sense by Winston...

summons
In law, a court order officially delivered, requiring someone to appear in court on a certain date. It is used for appearances at magistrates' courts, and county courts, and for procedural matters...

Sumner, Charles
(1811-1874) US political leader. Elected to the US Senate as a Free Soil Democrat 1852, he was physically assaulted by South Carolina congressman Preston Brooks 1856 for his uncompromising abolitionist views on...

sumptuary law
Any law restraining excessive individual consumption, such as expenditure on food and dress, or attempting to control religious or moral conduct. The Romans had several sumptuary laws; for example,...

Sumter, Thomas
(1734-1832) American soldier and public official. During the American Revolution he led a partisan campaign against the British in the Carolinas which led to his name being given to the island-fort off...

sun dance
Religious ceremony performed by certain Plains Indians at the time of the summer solstice. ...