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The History Channel - Encyclopedia Category: History and Culture > History Date & country: 02/12/2007, UK Words: 25833

Stein, Leo (Daniel)
(1872-1947) US art collector and critic. His sister, Gertrude Stein, lived with him in Paris beginning in 1903, and they began collecting paintings by such contemporary artists as Cézanne, Matisse, and...

Stein, Peter
(1937) German theatre director. He was artistic director of the politically radical Berlin Schaubühne 1970-85. Stein's early productions included Edward Bond's Saved (1967) and Goethe's Torquato Tasso...

Steinbeck, John Ernst
(1902-1968) US novelist. His realist novels, such as In Dubious Battle (1936), Of Mice and Men (1937), and The Grapes of Wrath (1939; Pulitzer Prize; filmed 1940), portray agricultural life in his native...

Steinberg, Leo
(1920) Russian-born US art historian who emigrated to New York City. He taught at Hunter College 1961-75, and the University of Pennsylvania from 1975. A noted critic as well as scholar, he specialized...

Steinem, Gloria
(1934) US journalist and liberal feminist. She emerged as a leading figure in the US women's movement in the late 1960s. She was also involved in radical protest campaigns against racism and the Vietnam...

Steiner, (Francis) George
(1929) French-born US critic and writer. His books, which focus on the relationships between the arts, culture, and society, include The Death of Tragedy (1960);In Bluebeard's Castle (1971), a novella...

Steinlen, Théophile
(1859-1923) Swiss-born French graphic artist. In Paris from about 1882, he depicted the popular life of the city, the Montmartre area in particular. He produced numerous lithographs, drawings, book...

Stella, Frank Philip
(1936) US painter. He was a leading figure in minimalism and a pioneer of the severe, hard-edged geometric trend in abstract art that followed abstract expressionism. From around 1960 he experimented...

Stella, Joseph
(1877-1946) Italian-born US painter. He was one of America's leading Futurists. His works are mostly mechanical and urban scenes, although his later paintings include tropical landscapes. His...

Stelze, Charles
(1869-1941) US Protestant clergyman and reformer. He worked in inner city missions in Minneapolis, New York City, and St Louis. He called for aggressive evangelism in working-class districts. From 1913 until...

Sten
British submachine gun; it used a 9 mm pistol cartridge, common throughout Europe, in a 32-shot magazine firing at about 500 shots a minute. A cheap and easily made weapon, it was turned out in...

stencil
In art, a thin plate of metal or other material out of which patterns have been cut for painting through the spaces on to a surface. A regular design can then be applied to the surface to be...

Stendhal
(1783-1842) French novelist. His novels Le Rouge et le Noir/The Red and the Black (1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme/The Charterhouse of Parma (1839) were pioneering works in their treatment of disguise and...

Stenness
Prehistoric site on Mainland, in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, 17 km/11 mi northwest of Kirkwall. Its ancient monuments include the Ring of Brodgar, the largest stone circle in Scotland, which...

Stenton, Frank Merry
(1880-1967) British historian. He was professor of modern history at Reading University (1912-46), before becoming vice-chancellor of the same institution (1946-50). A very distinguished scholar of...

Stentor
In Greek mythology, a herald who shouted before the walls of Troy as loud as 50 men. The adjective `stentorian`, deriving from his name, describes an extremely loud voice or sound. ...

step-trenching
Excavation technique used on very deep archaeological sites such as Middle Eastern `tells` (mounds) where a large area opened at the top gradually narrows as the dig descends in a series of...

Stephen
(c. 1097-1154) King of England from 1135. A grandson of William the Conqueror, he was elected king in 1135, although he had previously recognized Henry I's daughter Matilda as heiress to the throne. Matilda landed...

Stephen I
(c. 975-c. 1038) King of Hungary from 997, when he succeeded his father. He completed the conversion of Hungary to Christianity and was canonized in 1083. ...

Stephen II
(died 757) Pope 752-57. He sought the aid of Pepin the Short against Aistulf, King of Lombardy, and by doing so secured for Rome the exarchate of Ravenna in 756. ...

Stephen Lawrence case
Investigation and public inquiry into the official handling of the murder of Stephen Lawrence, an 18-year-old black student, who was murdered in Eltham, southeast London in April 1993. The...

Stephen, George
(1829-1921) Scottish-born Canadian financier. He became president of the Bank of Montréal. In partnership with his cousin Donald Smith, he purchased the St Paul and Pacific railway; they then started...

Stephen, Leslie
(1832-1904) English critic. He was the first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography and father of the novelist Virginia Woolf. ...

Stephen, St
(lived c.AD 35) The first Christian martyr; he was stoned to death. Feast day 26 December. ...

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton
(1812-1883) US public official. A leader of the Whig party, he served in the US House of Representatives 1843-59 and was an opponent of the Mexican War 1846-48 and a strong defender of slavery. In 1861 he...

Stephens, James
(1882-1950) Irish poet and novelist. Born in Dublin, where he was sent to an orphanage as a child, he later moved to London as a full-time writer in 1924. His work first came to wide attention through the...

Stephens, James Kenneth
(1825-1901) Irish nationalist activist. In 1858, along with John O'Mahony, he founded the Fenian movement (later known as the Irish Republican Brotherhood) to campaign for Irish-American support for armed...

Stephens, John Lloyd
(1805-1852) US explorer, archaeologist, and travel writer. Working with the British architect and illustrator Frederick Catherwood, he explored the ruined Maya cities of Central America. They recorded their...

Stephens, Robert Graham
(1931-1995) English actor. He performed with the National Theatre Company at the Old Vic during the 1960s, where his most famous role was as Atahualpa in The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964). Once tipped as...

Stephenson, George
(1781-1848) English engineer. He built the first successful steam locomotive. He also invented a safety lamp independently of Humphrey Davy in 1815. He was appointed engineer of the Stockton and Darlington...

Steppenwolf
Novel by Hermann Hesse, published in Germany 1927. Henry Haller (`Steppenwolf`) is contemplating suicide, but comes to terms with...

Stern Gang
Zionist guerrilla group founded 1940 by Abraham Stern (1907-1942). The group carried out anti-British attacks during the UK mandate rule in Palestine, both on individuals and on strategic...

Stern, Howard
(1954) US radio host. Infamous for his shock tactics and aggressive attack on political correctness, the self-dubbed `king of media` hosts the New York-based morning radio programme The Howard...

Stern, Robert
(1939) US architect. Through both his designs and his writings, Stern is one of the leading exponents of postmodernism, arguing for a more expressive range of architectural styles that draw freely on the...

Sternheim, Carl
(1878-1942) German dramatist. His series of comedies collectively entitled Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben/From the Heroic Life of the Bourgeoisie 1910-22 turned a savage, satirical eye on the philistinism...

Stesichorus
(c. 630-c. 550 BC) Greek choral poet. He lived and wrote mostly in Sicily. His lyrical narratives, incorporating direct speech, had a profound influence on later Greek tragedy, but his work...

Stettheimer, Florine
(1871-1944) US painter. She created the sets and costumes for Four Saints in Three Acts (1934), an opera by Virgil Thomson and Gertrude Stein. Her paint ...

Stettinius, Edward Riley
(1900-1949) US business executive and diplomat. During World War II, President F D Roosevelt appointed him lend-lease administr ...

Steuben, John
(1906-1957) Ukrainian-born US union organizer, radical activist, and labour editor who emigrated to the USA with his father in 1923. He was an organizer for the communist-run Steel and Metal Workers...

Steunenberg, Frank
(1861-1905) US Democrat governor. As governor of Idaho 1897-1901, he called in the federal authorities to put down the Western Federation of Miners strike in 1899. He was killed by a bomb outside his home,...

Stevens, Alfred
(1818-1875) English sculptor, painter, and designer. He created the monument to the Duke of Wellington in St Paul's Cathedral, London, begun 1858, and the mosaics of prophets under the dome of St Paul's. His...

Stevens, David Robert Stevens
(1936) British financier and newspaper publisher, chair of United News & Media (formerly United Newspapers), a provincial newspaper and magazine group based in the north of England, from 1981 and of...

Stevens, Isaac Ingalls
(1818-1862) US soldier and public official. He was Democrat governor of the Washington Territory 1853-57, where he directed the exploration for the Pacific Railroad surveys and ruthlessly suppressed an Indian...

Stevens, John Paul
(1920) US Supreme Court associate justice from 1975, nominated by President Gerald Ford. His opinions...

Stevens, Siaka Probin
(1905-1988) Sierra Leone politician, president 1971-85. He was the leader of the moderate left-wing All People's Congress (APC), from 1978 the country's only legal political party. Stevens became prime...

Stevens, Thaddeus
(1792-1868) US representative. A passionate opponent of slavery and campaigner for the rights of black Americans, he went to the US House of Representatives 1849-53 as a Whig but left in impatience over the...

Stevens, Wallace
(1879-1955) US poet. An insurance company executive, he was not recognized as a major poet until late in life. His volumes of poems include Harmonium (1923), The Man with the Blue Guitar (1937), and Transport...

Stevenson, Adlai Ewing
(1900-1965) US Democratic politician. As governor of Illinois 1949-53 he campaigned vigorously against corruption in public life, and as Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1952 and 1956 was twice...

Stevenson, Andrew
(1784-1857) US Democrat representative and ambassador. Representing Virginia in Congress 1821-34 (as Speaker, 1827-34), he alienated Whigs with Ecology (1977), and edited the encyclopaedic Handbook of South...

Stevenson, Robert Louis Balfour
(1850-1894) Scottish novelist and poet. He wrote the adventure stories Treasure Island (1883), Kidnapped (1886), and The Master of Ballantrae (1889), notable for their characterization as well as their action....

steward
In England, former keeper of a court of justice. He was either an officer of the Crown or of a feudal lord. The Lord High Steward was a member of the House of Lords who presided over a court when a...

stewardship
In Christianity, the belief that God gave humans the responsibility of caring for his creation. Christianity holds...

Stewart, Ellen
(1931) US theatre producer and director. Her companies - known variously as La Mama, Cafe La Mama, and La Mama ETC (Experimental Theater Club) - performed countless plays by avant-garde,...

Stewart, Martha
(1941) US home entertainment and lifestyle consultant. Her multimedia empire includes several bestselling books, such as Entertaining (1982), a magazine, Martha Stewart Living (1991), and a...

Stewart, Potter
(1915-1985) US jurist, appointed associate justice of the US Supreme Court 1958-81 by President Eisenhower. Seen as a moderate, he was known for upholding civil rights for minorities and for opinions on...

Stewart, T(homas) Dale, Jr
(1901-1997) US physical anthropologist. He was curator, director, and senior scientist of the National Museum of Natural History 1927-71. His research on fossil and modern skeletons demonstrated normal and...

Stewart, William Morris
(1827-1909) US lawyer and public official. He made a fortune in legal fees by representing the successful claimants to the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, and went on to serve as Republican US senator from...

Steyn, Marthinus Theunis
(1857-1916) South African statesman. He was a lawyer and a judge in Free State, and became state president in 1896. He led guerrilla forces in the South African War, but later supported the British government....

Stickley, Gustav
(1858-1942) US furniture craftsman, designer, and editor. With his younger brothers Charles Stickley and Albert Stickley, he formed Stickley Brothers, a furniture manufacturing firm. In 1901 he founded a...

Stiegel, Henry William
(1729-1785) German-born US ironmaster and glassmaker who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1750. By 1758 he was operating an iron manufactory in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, which soon was one of the most...

Stiernhielm, Georg
(1598-1672) Swedish poet. From about 1640, he was court poet to Queen Christina. He wrote sonnets, lyrics, and idylls, and the allegorical poem Hercules 1647. A man of great learning, Stiernhielm has been...

Stifter, Adalbert
(1805-1868) Austrian novelist and painter. Stifter showed humans and nature in harmony, and his novels recall his childhood spent in the country. His principal novels are...

Stigand
(died 1072) English prelate. In 1047 he became bishop of Winchester, England, and undertook negotiations between Edward the Confessor and Godwin in 1051-52. When the latter re-established his position in...

Stigler, George J(oseph)
(1911-1991) US economist. His analysis of wage rate differences in labour markets is the starting-point of all later work on `search models` of unemployment, according to which unemployment is interpreted...

Stiglitz, Joseph E
(1942) US economist. He taught at several universities before settling at Princeton in 1979. He is known best by other economists for his highly technical analysis of the competitive process. He was born...

stigmata
Impressions or marks corresponding to the five wounds Jesus received at his crucifixion, which are said to have appeared spontaneously on St Francis and other saints. ...

Stijl, De
Influential movement in art, architecture, and design founded in 1917 in the Netherlands. The focus of the movement was an attempt to simplify art to pure abstraction; form was reduced to rectangles...

Stiles, Ezra
(1727-1795) US scholar and clergyman. Besides conducting his Newport, Rhode Island, ministry 1755-86, he was a theologian and scientist reputed to be the most learned scholar in New England. He wrote the...

Stilicho, Flavius
(AD 365-408) Roman general of Vandal origin, who campaigned successfully against the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. He virtually ruled the western empire as guardian of Honorius (son of Theodosius I) from 395, but...

still life
In painting and other visual arts, a depiction of inanimate objects, such as flowers, fruit, or tableware. Still-life painting was popular among the ancient Greeks and Romans (who also made...

Still, Clyfford
(1904-1980) US painter. He was a pioneer and central figure of abstract expressionism. His vast, thickly painted canvases are characterized by jagged areas of raw colours. 1954 (1954, Albright-Knox Art...

Stillingfleet, Edward
(1635-1699) English cleric. In 1667 he became prebendary of St Paul's, London, in 1669 canon of Canterbury, in 1677 archdeacon of London, in 1678 dean of St Paul's, and in 1689 bishop of Worcester. He was a...

Stilwell, `Jack`
(1848-1903) US scout and peace officer. He moved to New Mexico and was an army scout 1867-81. He served under Col. George Custer and other leaders in exceptionally dangerous ventures. He was a US deputy...

Stilwell, Joseph Warren
(1883-1946) US general in World War II. In 1942 he became US military representative in China, when he commanded the Chinese forces cooperating with the British (with whom he quarrelled) in Burma (now Myanmar)....

Stimson, Henry Lewis
(1867-1950) US politician. He was war secretary in President Taft's cabinet 1911-13, Hoover's secretary of state 1929-33, and war secretary 1940-45. As secretary of state, he formulated the Stimson...

stipple
To engrave, paint, or draw by means of dots instead of using lines or solid areas of colour or tone. Stipple engraving was first developed in Germany in the 17th century, and introduced to England...

stipple engraving
Method of engraving in which a grainy effect is produced by a series of tiny dots or flecks. The dots can be made on the etching ground by an etching needle or a `roulette`, an instrument with a...

Stirling Bridge, Battle of
Scottish rebel William Wallace's victory over English forces led by John de Warenne on 11 September 1297. Although the Scottish king John Balliol had surrendered Scotland to Edward I the previous...

Stirling, (Archibald) David
(1915-1990) English army colonel and creator of the Special Air Service, which became the elite regiment of the British Army from 1942. In 1967 he cofounded the Watchguard organization, based in Guernsey,...

Stirling, James
(1791-1865) Scottish naval officer and colonial administrator, the first governor of Western Australia 1828-39. Having explored the west coast of Australia in 1827, he persuaded the government to proclaim...

Stirling, James Frazer
(1926-1992) Scottish architect. He was possibly the most influential of his generation. While in partnership with James Gowan (1924), he designed an influential housing estate at Ham Common, Richmond...

Stirner, Max
(1806-1856) German anarchist thinker. He argued that the state, class, and humanity were meaningless abstractions, and that only individuals mattered. In his extreme form of egoism, the aim of human life is the...

Stobaeus, Johannes
Greek anthologist. His collected fragments of Greek authors on a variety of topics have survived in two works, Eclogae and Florilegium, in which there are many references to...

stock
Materials, unfinished goods, or work-in-progress, and finished goods that businesses hold. They need to hold materials and unfinished goods because they...

stock
In finance, the UK term for the fully paid-up capital of a company. It is bought and sold by subscribers not in units or shares, but in terms of its current cash value. In US usage the term stock...

stock exchange
Institution for the buying and selling of stocks and shares (securities). The world's largest stock exchanges are London, New York (Wall Street), and Tokyo. The oldest stock exchanges are Antwerp...

Stock Exchange Automated Quotation
(SEAQ) computerized system of share-price monitoring. From October 1987, SEAQ began displaying market makers' quotations for UK stocks, having been operational previously...

Stock Market Crash
Panic selling on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929; see Wall Street Crash, 1929. ...

stocks
Wooden frame with holes used in Europe and the USA until the 19th century to confine the legs and sometimes the arms of minor offenders, and expose them to public humiliation. The pillory had a...

stocks and shares
Investment holdings (securities) in private or public undertakings. Although distinctions have become blurred, in the UK stock usually means fixed-interest securities - for example, those issued...

Stockton, Frank
(1834-1902) US writer and editor. He was assistant editor of St Nicholas Magazine in New York 1873-81. He wrote for adults, notably his short story, `The Lady or the Tiger?` (1882), and books for...

Stockton, John Potter
(1826-1900) US Democrat senator. After serving as US ambassador to Italy, he was elected to the US Senate for New Jersey; 1865-66, but his right to take the seat...

Stockton, Richard
(1730-1781) American Revolutionary patriot. He was on the executive council for the province of New Jersey 1768-76. He served in the Continental Congress (1776) and signed the Declaration of Independence....

Stockton, Robert (Field)
(1795-1866) US naval officer. He spent 1828-38 in New Jersey, where he prospered from canal construction and railroad investments; he had also been active in trying to get freed slaves to return to Africa and...

Stockwood, (Arthur) Mervyn
(1913-1995) British Anglican cleric. As bishop of Southwark 1959-80, he expressed unorthodox views on homosexuality and in favour of the ordination of women. ...

Stoddard, Solomon
(1643-1729) American Protestant theologian. He helped develop the controversial Half-way Covenant, which permitted church membership to those who, without a full conversion experience, nevertheless showed...

Stoddert, Benjamin
(1751-1813) US public official. He was a Revolutionary militia captain and secretary to the Board of War of the Continental Congress (1779-81). As the first secretary of the navy (1798-1801) he added 50...

Stoicism
Greek school of philosophy, founded about 300 BC by Zeno of Citium. The Stoics were pantheistic materialists who believed that happiness lay in accepting the law of the universe. They emphasized...

Stoke Poges
Village in Buckinghamshire, southern England, 3 km/2 mi north of Slough; population (2001) 4,850. Stoke Poges inspired Thomas Gray to write his `Elegy in a Country Churchyard`; the poet is...

Stoke, Battle of
Battle outside Newark 16 June 1487 in which royalist forces broke the rising against Henry VII by rebels supporting Lambert Simnel's claim to the throne as Edward VI. The rebels, English and Irish...