Copy of `Dorland's Medical Dictionary`

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Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary
Date & country: 31/12/2010, USA
Words: 39128


bias
(bi´әs) (in a measurement process) systematic error. any influence or action at any stage of a study that systematically distorts the findings. (of a statistical estimator) the difference between the expected value of the estimator and the true parameter value.

biauricular
(bi″aw-rik´u-lәr) pertaining to the auricles of the two ears; called also binauricular.

bicalutamide
(bi″kә-loo´tә-mīd) an androgen antagonist used as an adjunct, in combination with a luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone analogue, in treatment of prostatic carcinoma; administered orally.

bicameral
(bi-kam´әr-әl) having two chambers or cavities.

bicapsular
(bi-kap´su-lәr) having two capsules.

bicarbonate
(bi-kahr´bә-nāt) any salt containing the HCO3− anion. blood bicarbonate , plasma bicarbonate the bicarbonate of the blood plasma, an important parameter of acid-base balance measured in blood gas analysis. bicarbonate of soda ...

bicaudal
(bi-kaw´dәl) having two tails.

bicaudate
(bi-kaw´dāt) bicaudal.

bicellular
(bi-sel´u-lәr) made up of two cells. having two chambers or compartments.

bicephalus
(bi-sef´ә-lәs) dicephalus.

biceps
(bi´seps) a muscle having two heads. The biceps muscle of the upper limb flexes and supinates the forearm; the biceps muscle of the thigh flexes and rotates the lower limb laterally and extends the thigh.

biceps brachii muscle
biceps muscle of arm (2 heads): origin,LONG HEAD—upper border of glenoid cavity, SHORT HEAD—apex of coracoid process; insertion, radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm; innervation, musculocutaneous nerve; action, flexes forearm, supinates (turns forward or upward) hand.

biceps femoris muscle
biceps muscle of thigh (2 heads): origin,LONG HEAD—ischial tuberosity, SHORT HEAD—linea aspera of femur; insertion, head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia; innervation,LONG HEAD—tibial nerve, SHORT HEAD— peroneal, popliteal nerves; action, flexes leg, extends thigh.

biceps jerk
biceps reflex.

biceps reflex
contraction of the biceps muscle when its tendon is tapped.

bichloride
(bi-klor´īd) a chloride containing two equivalents of chlorine.

Bicillin C-R
(bi-sil´in) trademark for combination preparations of the antibiotics penicillin g benzathine and penicillin g procaine.

Bicillin L-A
(bi-sil´in) trademark for preparations of penicillin g benzathine, an antibiotic.

bicipital
(bi-sip´ĭ-tәl) having two heads; pertaining to a biceps muscle.

bicipital bursitis
inflammation of the intertubercular bursa in the forelimb of a horse, usually caused by trauma and resulting in lameness and stumbling. Called also intertubercular bursitis.

biconcave
(bi″kon-kāv´) having two concave surfaces.

biconcave lens
one concave on both faces.

bicondylar joint
a condylar joint with a meniscus between the articular surfaces, as in the temporomandibular joint.

biconvex
(bi″kon-veks´) having two convex surfaces.

biconvex lens
one convex on both faces.

bicornate
(bi-kor´nāt) bicornuate.

bicornuate
(bi-kor´nu-āt) having two horns or having horn-shaped branches (cornua).

bicornuate uterus
one with two horns, or cornua.

bicorporate
(bi-kor´pә-rәt) having two bodies.

bicuspid
(bi-kus´pid) having two cusps. a premolar tooth. pertaining to a premolar tooth.

bicuspid aortic valve
a congenital anomaly of the aortic valve, caused by incomplete separation of two of the three cusps; it is generally asymptomatic early in life but is predisposed to calcification and stenosis later on.

bicuspid teeth
premolar teeth.

bicycle ergometer exercise test
an exercise test in which the patient pedals a stationary bicycle ergometer; the test is usually graded, with incremental or continuous increases in power produced by increases in pedal resistance at a given pedal speed. See also treadmill exercise test.

Biedl disease
(be´dәl) Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Bielschowsky head-tilting test
(for types of paresis) tilting the head to the right and the left shoulder with the patient looking at a distance fixation device permits distinction between superior rectus paresis and contralateral superior oblique paresis.

Bielschowsky-Janský disease
(byels-chov´ske yahn´ske) Janský-Bielschowsky disease.

Biemond syndrome, II
(be-maw´) an inherited disorder characterized by iris coloboma, obesity, mental retardation, hypogonadism, and postaxial polydactyly.

Bier amputation
Bier operation osteoplastic amputation of the lower limb with a bone flap cut out of the tibia and fibula above the stump.

Bier block
regional anesthesia by intravenous injection, used for surgical procedures on the forearm or the lower leg; performed in a bloodless field maintained by a pneumatic tourniquet that also prevents anesthetic from entering the systemic circulation. Called also intravenous block and IV block.

Biernacki sign
analgesia of the ulnar nerve in general paresis and tabes dorsalis.

Biesenberger mammaplasty
Biesenberger operation a type of reduction mammaplasty with transposition of the nipple, consisting in excision of the lateral portion of the mammary gland, with rotation of the remaining glandular pedicle attached to the nipple and formation of a skin brassiere.

bifascicular block
the combination of complete right bundle branch block with either left anterior or left posterior fascicular block. This is an imprecise though commonly used term; specific terms defining the structures involved are preferred.

bifid
(bi´fid) cleft into two parts or branches.

bifid tongue
a tongue with a lengthwise cleft.

bifid uvula
bifurcation of the uvula, an incomplete form of cleft palate.

Bifidobacterium
(bi″fid-o-bak-tēr´e-әm) a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria, commonly occurring in the feces.

bifocal
(bi-fo´-) (bi´fo-kәl) of a lens, having two areas with different refractive powers.

bifocal glasses
eyeglasses in which each lens is made up of two segments of different refractive powers, or strength. Generally, the upper part of the lens is used for ordinary or distant vision, and the smaller, lower section for near vision, for close work such as reading or sewing. Bifocal eyeglasses may be prescribed for presbyopia, ...

bifocal lens
one having two segments with different refracting power, the upper for far vision and the lower for near vision. See also bifocal glasses.

biforate
(bi-for´āt) having two perforations or foramina.

bifurcate
(bi-fur´kāt) divided into two branches.

bifurcation
(bi″fәr-ka´shәn) a division into two branches, such as a blood vessel, or a tooth that has two roots. the site of such a division.

bigeminal pulse
one in which two beats occur in rapid succession, followed by a pause; this is usually related to regularly occurring ventricular premature beats. Called also pulsus bigeminus.

bigeminy
(bi-jem´ĭ-ne) occurrence in pairs; especially, the occurrence of two beats of the pulse or two heartbeats in rapid succession.

bilateral
(bi-lat´әr-әl) having two sides; pertaining to both sides.

bilateral bundle branch block
(BBBB) interruption of conduction of cardiac impulses through both bundle branches, clinically indistinguishable from complete atrioventricular block.

bilateral hermaphroditism
that in which gonadal tissue typical of both sexes occurs on each side of the body.

bilateral paralysis
diplegia.

bilayer
(bi´la-әr) a membrane consisting of two molecular layers, such as the cell membrane or the envelope of some viruses. Lipid bilayer, a fluid barrier to permeability, with polar head groups exposed and hydrophobic tails sequestered.

Bilderbeck disease
(bil´dәr-bek″) acrodynia.

bile
(bīl) a clear yellow or orange fluid produced by the liver; it is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder and is poured into the small intestine through the bile ducts when needed for digestion. Bile helps in alkalinizing the intestinal contents and plays a role in the emulsification, absorption, and digestion of fat;...

bile acid therapy
bile acid replacement therapy administration of bile acids for treatment of hyperliposis.

bile acids
steroid acids derived from cholesterol; classified as either primary, those synthesized in the liver (such as cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid), or secondary, those produced from primary bile acids by intestinal bacteria and returned to the liver by enterohepatic circulation (such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid).

bile duct
any of the canals or passageways that conduct bile. There are three: the hepatic duct drains bile from the liver; the cystic duct is an extension of the gallbladder and conveys bile out of that organ. These two ducts may be thought of as branches that drain into the third duct, the common bile duct, a kind of “trunk,” tha...

bile duct adenoma
a small firm white nodule with multiple bile ducts embedded in a fibrous stroma.

bile duct carcinoma
cholangiocarcinoma. cholangiocellular carcinoma.

bile peritonitis
biliary peritonitis choleperitoneum.

bile pigment
any of the coloring matters of the bile, derived from heme, including bilirubin, biliverdin, and several others.

bile salts
conjugates of glycine or taurine with bile acids, formed in the liver and secreted in the bile. They are powerful detergents that break down fat globules, enabling them to be digested.

bile solubility test
(for differentiation of pneumococci from other streptococci) a sample of a broth culture is incubated at pH 7.4 to 7.6 with sodium deoxycholate. A decrease in turbidity (positive test) indicates lysing of the cells. Pneumococci give a positive result, whereas other viridans streptococci give a negative one.

bilharzial carcinoma
schistosomal bladder carcinoma.

bilharziasis
(bil″hahr-zi´ә-sis) schistosomiasis.

biliary
(bil´e-ar-e) pertaining to bile, to bile ducts, or to the gallbladder.

biliary atresia
congenital obliteration or hypoplasia of one or more components of the bile ducts, resulting in persistent jaundice and liver damage.

biliary calculus
gallstone.

biliary catheter
biliary decompression catheter a catheter inserted via a skin incision through the liver and common bile duct into the duodenum in order to provide drainage of bile past obstructed bile ducts and into the small intestine, where the bile can aid digestion. Called also transhepatic biliary catheter.

biliary cirrhosis
a type caused by obstruction or infection of the major extra- or intrahepatic bile ducts (except in primary biliary cirrhosis); it is marked by jaundice, abdominal pain, steatorrhea, and enlargement of the liver and spleen. See primary biliary cirrhosis and secondary biliary cirrhosis.

biliary drainage test
an examination of the contents of the duodenum at the site where the common bile duct empties into it. The test is used when other, more conventional diagnostic tests for gallbladder disease reveal no pathology but the patient's symptoms persist. Specimens are collected with a special tube and examined for leukocytes, cholester...

biliary duct
bile duct.

biliary encephalopathy
bilirubin encephalopathy kernicterus.

biliary tract
the organs, ducts, and other structures that participate in secretion (the liver), storage (the gallbladder), and delivery (hepatic and bile ducts) of bile into the duodenum.

biligenesis
(bil″ĭ-jen´ә-sis) production of bile.

biligenic
(bil″ĭ-jen´ik) producing bile.

biliousness
(bil´yәs-nis) a symptom complex formerly attributed to excessive bile secretion, consisting of nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, and constipation.

bilirachia
(bil″ĭ-ra´ke-ә) the presence of bile pigments in the spinal fluid.

bilirubin
(bil″ĭ-roo´bin) a yellow to orange bile pigment produced by the breakdown of heme and reduction of biliverdin; it normally circulates in plasma and is taken up by liver cells and conjugated to form bilirubin diglucuronide, the water-soluble pigment excreted in the bile. conjugated biliru...

bilirubin test
see specific tests, including Fouchet test and Harrison spot test.

bilirubinemia
(bil″ĭ-roo″bĭ-ne´me-ә) the presence of bilirubin in the blood.

bilirubinuria
(bil″ĭ-roo″bĭ-nu´re-ә) the presence of bilirubin in the urine, a sign of liver disease or duct obstruction.

biliuria
(bil″ĭ-u´re-ә) choluria.

biliverdin
(bil″ĭ-vur´din) a green bile pigment that is formed by catabolism of hemoglobin and converted to bilirubin in the liver.

Billings method
(bil´ingz) cervical mucus method.

billowing mitral valve syndrome
billowing posterior leaflet syndrome mitral valve prolapse syndrome.

Billroth disease
(bil´rōt) traumatic meningocele.

Billroth operation
(bil´rōt) any of various partial or complete gastrectomy operations; the Billroth I procedure is gastroduodenostomy and the Billroth II procedure is gastrojejunostomy.

bilobate
(bi-lo´bāt) having two lobes.

bilobular
(bi-lob´u-lәr) having two lobules.

bilocular
(bi-lok´u-lәr) having two compartments.

biloma
(bi-lo´mә) an encapsulated collection of bile in the peritoneal cavity.

Biltricide
(bil´trĭ-sīd) trademark for a preparation of praziquantel, an anthelmintic.