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mondofacto - Online Medical Dictionary Category: Health and Medicine > Medical Dictionary Date & country: 26/01/2008, UK Words: 116197

substance
The material constituting an organ or body, also called substantia. ... Origin: L. Substantia ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

substance abuse
Maladaptive pattern of drug or alcohol use that may lead to social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substance abuse detection
Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substance abuse disorders
A class of mental disorders in which behavioural and biological changes are associated with regular use of alcohol, drugs, and related substances that affect the central nervous system and personal and social functioning. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substance abuse treatment centres
Health facilities providing therapy and/or rehabilitation for substance-dependent individuals. Methadone distribution centres are included. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substance abuse, intravenous
Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substance dependence
A pattern of behavioural, physiologic, and cognitive symptoms that develop due to substance use or abuse; usually indicated by tolerance to the effects of the substance and withdrawal symptoms that develop when use of the substance is terminated. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substance of lens of eye
That which constitutes the lens of the eye, composed of a nucleus and a cortex and covered by an epithelium. ... Synonym: substantia lentis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substance P
A vasoactive intestinal peptide (1348 D) found in the brain, spinal ganglia and intestine of vertebrates. Induces vasodilatation, salivation and increases capillary permeability. Sequence: RPKPQFFGLM. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

substance withdrawal syndrome
<syndrome> Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substance-related disorders
These non-psychotic disorders include those related to the taking of a drug of abuse (including alcohol), to the side effects of a medication, and to toxin exposure. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substantia
Synonym: substance. ... Origin: L. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia adamantina
Synonym for enamel ... <dentistry> A hard ceramic which covers the exposed part of your teeth. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

substantia alba
Synonym for white matter ... <anatomy> Brain tissue composed of myelin-coated nerve cell fibres. White matter carries information between the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. ... The inner portion of the cerebrum is composed of white matter. ... See: grey matter. ... (13 Nov 1997) ...

substantia basophilia
Synonym for Nissl substance ... The material consisting of granular endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes that occurs in nerve cell bodies and dendrites. ... Synonym: basophil substance, basophilic substance, chromophil substance, Nissl bodies, Nissl granules, substantia basophilia, tigroid bodies, tigroid substance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia cinerea
Synonym for gray matter ... The cortex of the brain which contains nerve cell bodies. The gray matter is in contrast to the white matter, the part of the brain that contains myelinated nerve fibres. The gray matter is so named because it in fact appears gray. The white matter is white because that is the colour of myelin, the insulation covering the …

substantia compacta
Synonym for compact bone ... The compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. ... Synonym: substantia compacta, compact substance, substantia compacta ossium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia compacta ossium
Synonym for compact bone ... The compact, noncancellous portion of bone that consists largely of concentric lamellar osteons and interstitial lamellae. ... Synonym: substantia compacta, compact substance, substantia compacta ossium. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia corticalis
Synonym for cortical bone ... The superficial thin layer of compact bone. ... Synonym: substantia corticalis, cortical substance. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia eburnea
Synonym for dentin ... <dentistry> The calcified tissue below the enamel, enclosing the cavity of the tooth containing the pulp chamber and root canals. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

substantia ferruginea
Synonym for locus ceruleus ... A shallow depression, of a blue colour in the fresh brain, lying laterally in the most rostral portion of the rhomboidal fossa near the cerebral aqueduct; it lies near the lateral wall of the fourth ventricle and consists of about 20,000 melanin-pigmented neuronal cell bodies whose norepinephrine-containing axons have …

substantia fundamentalis
Synonym for ground substance ... The amorphous material in which structural elements occur; in connective tissue, it is composed of proteoglycans, plasma constituents, metabolites, water, and ions present between cells and fibres. ... Synonym: substantia fundamentalis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia gelatinosa
Synonym for gelatinous substance ... The apical part of the posterior horn (dorsal horn; posterior gray column) of the spinal cord's gray matter, composed largely of very small nerve cells; its gelatinous appearance is due to its very low content of myelinated nerve fibres. ... Synonym: substantia gelatinosa, Rolando's gelatinous substance, Rolando's …

substantia gelatinosa centralis
Synonym for central and lateral intermediate substance ... The central gray matter of the spinal cord surrounding the central canal. ... Synonym: substantia intermedia centralis et lateralis, anterior gray column, Stilling's gelatinous substance, substantia gelatinosa centralis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia glandularis prostatae
Synonym for glandular substance of prostate ... The glandular tissue of the prostate as distinct from the stroma and capsule. ... Synonym: substantia glandularis prostatae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia grisea
Synonym for gray matter ... The cortex of the brain which contains nerve cell bodies. The gray matter is in contrast to the white matter, the part of the brain that contains myelinated nerve fibres. The gray matter is so named because it in fact appears gray. The white matter is white because that is the colour of myelin, the insulation covering the …

substantia grisea centralis
Synonym for central gray substance ... In general: the predominantly small-celled gray matter adjoining or surrounding the central canal of the spinal cord and the third and fourth ventricles of the brainstem, in particular: the thick sleeve of gray matter surrounding the cerebral sylvian aqueduct in the midbrain, rostrally continuous with the poste …

substantia innominata
Tissue in the base of the forebrain inferior to the anterior perforated substance, and anterior to the globus pallidus and ansa lenticularis. It contains the nucleus basalis of meynert and may be implicated in alzheimer's disease. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substantia lentis
Synonym for substance of lens of eye ... That which constitutes the lens of the eye, composed of a nucleus and a cortex and covered by an epithelium. ... Synonym: substantia lentis. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia medullaris
Synonym for medulla ... The inner portion of an organ. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

substantia muscularis prostatae
Synonym for muscular substance of prostate ... The smooth muscle in the stroma of the prostate. ... Synonym: substantia muscularis prostatae, musculus prostaticus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia nigra
A large cell mass, crescentic on transverse section, extending forward over the dorsal surface of the crus cerebri from the rostral border of the pons into the subthalamic region; it is composed of a dorsal stratum of closely spaced pigmented (i.e., melanin-containing) cells, the pars compacta, and a larger ventral region of widely scattered cells, …

substantia ossea dentis
Synonym for cementum ... <dentistry> A bony substance covering the root of a tooth. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

substantia perforata anterior
Synonym for anterior perforated substance ... A region at the base of the brain through which numerous small branches of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries (lenticulostriate arteries) enter the depth of the cerebral hemisphere; it is bordered medially by the optic chasm and anterior half of the optic tract, rostrally and laterally by the late …

substantia perforata posterior
Synonym for posterior perforated substance ... The bottom of the interpeduncular fossa at the base of the midbrain, extending from the anterior border of the pons forward to the mamillary bodies, and containing numerous openings for the passage of perforating branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. ... Synonym: substantia perforata posterior, lo …

substantia propria corneae
Synonym for substantia propria of cornea ... Proper substance of cornea, modified transparent connective tissue, between the layers of which are open spaces or lacunae nearly filled with the corneal cells or corpuscles. ... Synonym: substantia propria corneae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia propria of cornea
Proper substance of cornea, modified transparent connective tissue, between the layers of which are open spaces or lacunae nearly filled with the corneal cells or corpuscles. ... Synonym: substantia propria corneae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia propria sclerae
Proper substance of the sclera, the dense white fibrous tissue arranged in interlacing bundles that forms the main mass of the sclera, continuous anteriorly with the substantia propria corneae. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia reticularis
Synonym for reticular substance ... A filamentous plasmatic material, beaded with granules, demonstrable by means of vital staining in the immature red blood cells. ... Synonym: alpha substance, filar mass, filar substance, substantia reticularis, substantia reticulofilamentosa. ... Synonym: reticular formation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia reticulofilamentosa
Synonym for reticular substance ... A filamentous plasmatic material, beaded with granules, demonstrable by means of vital staining in the immature red blood cells. ... Synonym: alpha substance, filar mass, filar substance, substantia reticularis, substantia reticulofilamentosa. ... Synonym: reticular formation. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia spongiosa
Bone in which the spicules or trabeculae form a three-dimensional latticework (cancellus) with the interstices filled with embryonal connective tissue or bone marrow. ... Synonym: substantia trabecularis, cancellous bone, spongy bone, spongy substance, trabecular bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia trabecularis
Synonym for substantia spongiosa ... Bone in which the spicules or trabeculae form a three-dimensional latticework (cancellus) with the interstices filled with embryonal connective tissue or bone marrow. ... Synonym: substantia trabecularis, cancellous bone, spongy bone, spongy substance, trabecular bone. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substantia vitrea
Synonym for enamel ... <dentistry> A hard ceramic which covers the exposed part of your teeth. ... (08 Jan 1998) ...

substernal
1. Deep to the sternum. ... Synonym: infrasternal. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substernal angle
Synonym for infrasternal angle ... The angle between the lower borders of the costal cartilages of the two sides as they approach the sternum. ... Synonym: angulus infrasternalis, substernal angle. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substernal goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland, chiefly of the lower part of the isthmus, palpable with difficulty or not at all. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substernomastoid
Beneath the sternomastoid muscle; denoting a group of deep cervical lymph nodes. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substitute
1. Anything that takes the place of another. ... 2. In psychology, a surrogate. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substituted
1. Exchanged; put in the place of another. ... 2. <chemistry> Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia. Substituted executor, an executor appointed to act in place of one removed …

substitution
1. The act of putting one thing in the place of another, especially the chemical replacement of one element or radical by some other. ... 2. A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion or object is replaced by one that is attainable or acceptable. ... Origin: L. Substitutio, from statuere = to …

substitution mutation
A mutation caused by a nucleotide base being replaced by a different one. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

substitution product
A product obtained by replacing one atom or group in a molecule with another atom or group. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substitution therapy
Replacement therapy, particularly when replacement is not physiological but entails administration of a substitute. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substitution transfusion
Synonym for exchange transfusion ... Removal of most of a patient's blood followed by introduction of an equal amount from donors. ... Synonym: exsanguination transfusion, substitution transfusion, total transfusion. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substitutive therapy
Synonym for allopathy ... That system of medical practice which aims to combat disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the special disease treated; a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. ... Origin: Gr. Other + suffering, to suffer: cf. G. Allopathie, F. …

substrate
<chemistry> A substance upon which an enzyme acts. ... Origin: L. Stratum = layer ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

substrate cycle
Synonym for futile cycle ... <biochemistry> Any seqence of enzyme catalysed reactions in which the forward and reverse processes (catalysed by different enzymes) are consititutively active. ... Frequently used to describe the cycle of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of phosphatidyl inositol derivatives in cell membranes. ... (05 Jan 1998)< …

substrate cycling
A set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously, with at least one of the reactions driven by ATP hydrolysis. The results of the cycle are that ATP energy is depleted, heat is produced and no net substrate-to-product conversion is achieved. Examples of substrate cycling are cycling of gluconeogene …

substrate inhibition
Inhibition of an enzyme activity by a substrate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme; often, this type of inhibition occurs at elevated substrate levels in which the substrate is binding to a second, non-active site on the enzyme. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

substrate specificity
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

substrate-level phosphorylation
Synthesis of high-energy phosphate bonds through reaction of inorganic phosphate with an activated (usually) organic substrate. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

substratum
The solid surface over which a cell moves or upon which a cell grows: should be used in this sense in preference to substrate, to avoid confusion. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

substructure
A tissue or structure wholly or partly beneath the surface. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subsulfate
A basic sulfate; a sulfate that contains some base unneutralised and still capable of combining with the acid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subsultus clonus
Synonym for subsultus tendinum ... A twitching of the tendons, especially noticeable at the wrist, occurring in low fevers. ... Synonym: subsultus clonus, tremor tendinum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subsultus tendinum
A twitching of the tendons, especially noticeable at the wrist, occurring in low fevers. ... Synonym: subsultus clonus, tremor tendinum. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subsuperior segment
Synonym for subapical segment ... An inconstant segment of the inferior lobe of the right and left lungs. ... Synonym: segmentum subapicale, segmentum subsuperius, subsuperior segment. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subsurface cisterna
A cistern of the endoplasmic reticulum that lies close to the plasma membrane; such cisternae occur especially in the cell bodies of neurons. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtalar joint
Formed by the articulation of the talus with the calcaneus. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

subtarsal
Below the tarsus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtegumental
Synonym for subcutaneous ... Under the skin. ... (16 Dec 1997) ...

subtemporal decompression
Decompression of the brain by temporal craniectomy and opening of the dura over the inferolateral surface of the temporal lobe. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtendinous iliac bursa
<anatomy> The bursa at the attachment of the iliopsoas muscle into the lesser trochanter. ... Synonym: bursa subtendinea iliaca, iliac bursa. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtendinous prepatellar bursa
<anatomy> A bursa between the tendon of the quadriceps and the patella. ... Synonym: bursa subtendinea prepatellaris. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtentorial
Beneath the tentorium cerebelli. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subterminal
Situated near the end or extremity of an oval or rod-shaped body. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtetanic
Denoting tonic muscular spasms or convulsions that are not entirely sustained but have brief remissions. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subthalamic fasciculus
Nerve fibres crossing the internal capsule between the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus; this fasciculus contains pallidosubthalamic and subthalamopallidal fibres. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subthalamus
That part of the diencephalon that lies wedged between the thalamus on the dorsal side and the cerebral peduncle ventrally, lateral to the dorsal half of the hypothalamus from which it cannot be sharply delineated. It is composed of the subthalamic nucleus (corpus luysi), the zona incerta, and the fields of Forel; laterally it expands in a winglike …

subthreshold stimulus
Synonym for inadequate stimulus ... A stimulus too weak to evoke a response. ... Synonym: subliminal stimulus, subthreshold stimulus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subthyroideus
A muscular bundle formed of fibres derived from the thyroarytenoid and vocalis muscles. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtile
1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare; as, subtile air; subtile vapor; a subtile medium. ... 2. Delicately constituted or constructed; nice; fine; delicate; tenuous; finely woven. 'A sotil [subtile] twine's thread.' 'More subtile web Arachne can not spin.' (Spenser) 'I do distinguish plain Each subtile line of her immortal face.' (Sir J. Davies) ... 3. A …

subtilisin
<protein> Extracellular serine protease produced by Bacillus spp. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

subtilisins
<enzyme> A family of serine proteinases isolated from bacillus subtilis. ... Registry number: EC 3.4.21.- ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

subtilopeptidase
Synonym for subtilisin ... <protein> Extracellular serine protease produced by Bacillus spp. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

subtilty
1. The quality or state of being subtile; thinness; fineness; as, the subtility of air or light. ... 2. Refinement; extreme acuteness; subtlety. 'Intelligible discourses are spoiled by too much subtility in nice divisions.' (Locke) ... 3. Cunning; skill; craft. 'To learn a lewd man this subtility.' (Chaucer) ... 4. Slyness in design; artifice; guile; …

subtilysin
<protein> Haemolytic surfactant produced by Bacillus subtilis: hexapeptide linked to a long chain fatty acid. ... (18 Nov 1997) ...

subtotal hysterectomy
<procedure> The uterus is sugically removed but the cervix is left is left in place. Also called a partial hysterectomy. ... (12 Dec 1998) ...

subtotal thyroidectomy
<procedure> Removal of most but not all of each lobe of the thyroid. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtraction
1. The act or operation of subtracting or taking away a part. ... 2. <mathematics> The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination; an operation for finding the difference between two numbers or quantities. ... 3. The withdrawing or withholding from a person of some right to which he is entitled by law. …

subtraction technique
Combination or superimposition of two images for demonstrating differences between them (e.g., radiograph with contrast vs. One without, radionuclide images using different radionuclides, radiograph vs. Radionuclide image) and in the preparation of audiovisual materials (e.g., offsetting identical images, colouring of vessels in angiograms). ... (12 …

subtrapezial
Beneath the trapezius muscle; denoting a nerve plexus. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtrochanteric
Below any trochanter. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtrochlear
Below any trochlea. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtuberal
Lying below any tuber. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subtympanic
Below the tympanic cavity. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subulate
Narrow and tapering gradually to a fine point. ... (09 Oct 1997) ...

subumbilical
Synonym for infraumbilical ... Inferior to the umbilicus. ... Synonym: subumbilical. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subungual
Subunguial ... Beneath the finger or toe nail. ... Synonym: hyponychial. ... Origin: L. Unguis, nail ... (05 Mar 2000) ...

subungual abscess
Suppuration extending beneath a fingernail or toenail, usually from a parenychia. ... (05 Mar 2000) ...