1) Instrument of torture 1) Scourge 
Kurbash or Kourbash (qurbāj, from kırbaç, `a whip` ), a whip or strap about a yard in length, made of the hide of the hippopotamus or rhinoceros. It is an instrument of punishment and torture that was used in various Muslim countries, especially in the Ottoman empire. It was a common tool for discipline used on slaves. `Government by kurbash......
a whip with leather thongs, formerly used in Turkey, Egypt, etc.